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<strong>BUITEMS</strong> Quality & Excellence in Education Rational Design of Retaining Walls Integral error is Δ =14.9%. The error of approximation analytical solution was estimated by comparing the areas of pressure diagrams. As shown in Figure 1.3 for the majority of cases, the error does not exceed 25%. Figure1.3. Error (%) of the analytical solution depending on the angle of internal friction. 108
<strong>BUITEMS</strong> Quality & Excellence in Education Rational Design of Retaining Walls 2. Formation of Energetically Equi-Strength Element of Retaining Wall. 2.1 Basic Assumptions For simplifying, the following conditions are assumed: Retaining wall is infinitely long caisson-type structure (Fig. 2.1). In this regard, we consider it as the plane problem; As The I-shape element is taken as design element (Fig. 2.2), and the width of the flanges is equal to the distance between the buttresses (ribs), and the height of the cross section is equal to the total thickness of the wall (regulating parameter), the thickness of the flanges and ribs are assigned based on the technological possibility (quality requirements of vertical concreting);- During the forming of algorithm for determining the height of the section of wall element its self weight is neglected. (to reserve); Ultimate tensile strength of reinforced concrete generated by conditional reduction value Rbt + mRs R + red = 1+ m n A s £ R B , where m = - reinforcement ratio, A B A s ; A b – cross sectional area of reinforcement and concrete I-beam, respectively. R s ; R bt – ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement and concrete; R b – ultimate compressive strength of concrete (prism strength); E s n = ; Eb E s ; E b – modules of deformations of the first kind of reinforcement and concrete, respectively; considered that the «σε» diagram of concrete in tension, compression and shear are known; Lateral (active) soil pressure σ =σ(z) is represented by a trapezoid with ordinates q 1 (top), q 2 (bottom); In the final form retaining wall is a set of composed of I-shape (box-like) elements of constant cross section with the internal cavity of variable cross section. The sign of strain in the appointment of the ultimate strength determined on the basis of sign of parameter Lode- Nadai -1 £ c e £ +1. (2.1) 2.2. Geometrical Characteristics of Element of Wall. Needed characteristic of cross-section, for further calculations (Fig. 2.2) are: 3 2 BH BH I x = j - moment of inertia; = j 12 6 2 BH S x = h - static moment, where: j = a + 6(1 -a)(1 - b ) 2 b , (2.3) 8 W x - section modulus; (2.2) h = a + 4(1- a)(1- b ) b (2.4) d D a = ; b = , δ, Δ – known quantities, a ˛[0,1], b ˛[0,0.5]. B H Figure 2.1. Design scheme of retaining wall 109
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