Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests-0838581358.pdf

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36 Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests Pseudohyphae Budding yeast Figure 2–5. KOH preparation showing mycelial forms (pseudohyphae) and budding yeast typical of Candida albicans. b. Look for needle-shaped, negatively birefringent urate crystals (crystals parallel to the axis of the compensator appear yellow) in gout or rhomboidal, positively birefringent calcium pyrophosphate crystals (crystals parallel to the axis of the compensator appear blue) in pseudogout. c. See Figure 2–6 for examples of positive synovial fluid examinations for these two types of crystals. E. Pulse Oximetry Indications To measure oxygen saturation in a noninvasive and often continuous fashion.
Laboratory Procedures in the Clinical Setting 37 Gout Pseudogout Figure 2–6. Examination of synovial fluid for crystals, using a compensated, polarized microscope. In gout, crystals are needle-shaped, negatively birefringent, and composed of monosodium urate. In pseudogout, crystals are rhomboidal, positively birefringent, and composed of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. In both diseases, crystals can be found freefloating or within polymorphonuclear cells. Contraindications a. Hypotension, hypothermia, low perfusion states, severe or rapid desaturation, and severe anemia (hemoglobin < 5 g/dL) cause inaccurate readings. b. Hyperbilirubinemia, methemoglobinemia, fetal hemoglobinemia, and carboxyhemoglobinemia can falsely elevate oxygen saturation measurements. c. Excessive ambient light, simultaneous use of a blood pressure cuff, the presence of intravascular dyes (eg, methylene blue), and electrical interference (eg, MRI scanners, electrosurgery) can also cause erroneous readings. Approach to the Patient The patient should be positioned close to the pulse oximeter and should hold the probe site still. The sampling area should have good circulation and be free of skin irritation. Procedural Technique a. Plug the pulse oximeter into a grounded AC power outlet or make sure that sufficient battery power is available. Turn the oximeter on and wait until self-calibration is complete.
Page 2 and 3: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Ab Antib
Page 4 and 5: McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2001 b
Page 6 and 7: Associate Authors G. Thomas Evans,
Page 8 and 9: In this environment, students, hous
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Test /Range/Collection Physiologic
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188 Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Test
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TABLE 4-1 (CONTINUED). Drug Effecti
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TABLE 4-1 (CONTINUED). Quinidine Sa
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Organism Specimen /Diagnostic Tests
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Sinusitis Organism Specimen /Diagno
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Cellulitis Organism Specimen /Diagn
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Test Indications Advantages BRAIN E
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Test Indications Advantages NECK Ev
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Test Indications Advantages THYROID
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Test Indications Advantages CHEST E
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Test Indications Advantages LUNG Ev
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Test Indications Advantages BREAST
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Test Indications Advantages ABDOMEN
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Test Indications Advantages ABDOMEN
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GI Upper GI study (UGI) $$ GI Enter
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GI Hypaque enema $$ GI Esophageal r
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GALL- BLADDER Ultrasound (US) $ GAL
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Test Indications Advantages LIVER S
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LIVER/ BILIARY TREE Percutaneous tr
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Test Indications Advantages PANCREA
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GENITO- URINARY Renal scan (radionu
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Test Indications Advantages BONE Bo
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MUSCULO- SKELETAL SYSTEM Magnetic r
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AORTA AND ITS BRANCHES Magnetic res
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Normal Isotonic hyponatremia Serum
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Signs and symptoms Typical for PE A
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TABLE 8-1. ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES:
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TABLE 8-3. ANEMIA, MICROCYTIC: LABO
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TABLE 8-4 (CONTINUED). Serum- Ascit
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TABLE 8-5 (CONTINUED). Suspected Pr
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TABLE 8-6 (CONTINUED). Opening CSF
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TABLE 8-8 (CONTINUED). Test/Range/C
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TABLE 8-8 (CONTINUED). Test/Range/C
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TABLE 8-10. HEPATIC FUNCTION TESTS.
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TABLE 8-11 (CONTINUED). Lipoprotein
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TABLE 8-13. PLEURAL FLUID: PLEURAL
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TABLE 8-14. PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC MET
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TABLE 8-18. RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
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TABLE 8-19 (CONTINUED). Gram Type o
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TABLE 8-23 (CONTINUED). PREGNANCY H
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TABLE 8-24 (CONTINUED). Daily Speci
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TABLE 8-26. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE:
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TABLE 8-27. WHITE BLOOD CELLS: WHIT
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TABLE 8-28 (CONTINUED). Not Indicat
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404 Index Acetaminophen (cont.) tox
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406 Index Agammaglobulinemia, prote
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408 Index Amitriptyline therapeutic
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410 Index Anti-insulin antibodies,
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412 Index Arthropathy, neuropathic,
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414 Index Bacteremia (cont.) perine
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416 Index Biliary tract (cont.) obs
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418 Index Brain abscess neighborhoo
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420 Index Candida (cont.) test sele
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422 Index Cervical cancer -fetoprot
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424 Index Chronic obstructive airwa
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426 Index Colitis (cont.) ulcerativ
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428 Index Corynebacterium jeikeium,
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430 Index D D antigen, Rh, testing
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432 Index Digibind, digoxin monitor
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434 Index Echinococcus multilocular
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436 Index Enterobacteriaceae, test
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438 Index Esophageal reflux study,
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440 Index Fecal contamination, urin
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442 Index Furosemide carbon dioxide
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444 Index Glomerulonephritis (cont.
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446 Index Haemophilus influenzae, t
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448 Index Hemolytic anemia cold agg
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450 Index Hepatotoxic drugs (cont.)
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452 Index Hypercoagulability. See a
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454 Index Hyponatremia (cont.) hype
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456 Index Immunodiffusion in fungal
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458 Index Intravascular hemolysis h
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460 Index Kidney disease (cont.) 1
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462 Index Left ventricular hypertro
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464 Index Liver (cont.) cancer of (
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466 Index Lymphadenopathy (cont.) m
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468 Index Medial cutaneous nerve of
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470 Index Mixed connective tissue d
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472 Index Myeloma (cont.) IgG level
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474 Index Neisseria meningitidis, t
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476 Index Nucleic acid assay in muc
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478 Index Paget’s disease (cont.)
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480 Index Pericholecystic fluid, ul
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482 Index Pneumonectomy, evaluation
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484 Index Precordial leads, ECG, lo
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486 Index Protoporphyria, free eryt
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488 Index QRS complex (cont.) in in
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490 Index Renal failure (cont.) cal
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492 Index Rickets 1,25(OH) 2 -resis
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494 Index Seafood, raw, cellulitis
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496 Index Specimen identification,
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498 Index Steroids (cont.) phosphor
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500 Index Synovial fluid sampling i
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502 Index Therapeutic drug monitori
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504 Index Tourniquet, prolonged use
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506 Index Tube feedings, serum osmo
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508 Index Uterus (cont.) enlarged,
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510 Index Vitamin B 6 deficiency (p
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NOTES Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hil
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