Cross-border financial serv - Lenz & Staehelin

Shelby R. du Pasquier / Philipp Fischer – Cross-border financial services in and from Switzerland GesKR 4 2010
Reverse solicitation does not fall within the ambit of the
AIFM Directive. The number of EU-based investors in
an AIF will thus not be a relevant criterion when examining
the applicability of the AIFM Directive.
We shall summarize hereinafter the provisions of the
AIFM Directive which could be of relevance for Swiss
financial institutions intending to operate in the EU.
a. Between 2013 and 2015: national private
placement regimes
At the outset, it is expected that the domestic private
placement regimes of each EU Member State will be
the main route of access to EU-based investors by non-
EU-based AIF managers (such as Swiss fund managers).
Such private placement regimes are to be defined at a
domestic level in each EU Member State, but their application
will nevertheless be subject to the minimum
requirements set forth in Article 35i of the AIFM Directive:
• The non-EU-based AIF manager must comply with
the transparency requirements set forth in Articles
19 (preparation of an annual report), 20 (disclosure
to investors) and 21 (reporting to supervising authorities)
of the AIFM Directive (Article 35i (1) (a) of
the AIFM Directive).
• Cooperation arrangements for the purpose of systemic
risk oversight must be put in place between
the regulator of the non-EU-based AIF manager
and the regulator of the EU Member State in which
the private placement is to take place. ESMA is to
develop guidelines with respect to these cooperation
arrangements (Article 35i (1) (b) of the AIFM Directive).
• The jurisdiction in which the non-EU-based AIF, or
AIF manager, is registered has not been characterized
as a «non-cooperative country and territory»
by the FATF (Article Article 35i (1) (c) of the AIFM Direc- Directive).
It is important to point out at this juncture that the
AIFM Directive does not force EU Member States to
implement a private placement regime, which remains
optional.
The above rules only govern the marketing of AIF to
professional investors 161 . That being said, pursuant to
Article 35j of the AIFM Directive, EU Member States
may allow AIF managers to market shares or units
of AIF to retail investors. In such event, EU Member
States may, in their discretion, impose stricter requirements
than those set forth in the AIFM Directive.
initial investment (Article 2a (2) (a) and (b) of the AIFM Directive).
161 Pursuant to Article 3 (1) (ah) of the AIFM Directive, the term
«professional investor» is equivalent to the term «professional client»
under the MiFID (see FN 156).
b. After 2015: general availability of a «EU passport»
for non-EU-based AIF and AIF managers
After 2015 and subject to ESMA’s green light 162 , a non-
EU-based AIF manager could obtain a EU passport,
meaning the possibility to market any AIF, be it a (EU-
or non-EU-based) AIF, in the EU without having to
comply with specific requirements in every EU Member
State (Article 35f of the AIFM Directive).
Such a EU passport would only be granted to a non-
EU-based AIF manager that undertakes to comply with
substantially all of the provisions of the AIFM Directive
(Article 35d of the AIFM Directive) 163 . This could
be costly and burdensome, especially in light of the provisions
of the AIFM Directive dealing with compensation,
leverage, depositaries, conflict of interests, organizational
and capital requirements, restrictions with
respect to outsourcing and valuation.
Furthermore, a non-EU-based AIF manager would
have to satisfy inter alia the following additional requirements
in order to obtain a EU passport (Article
35d (7) of the AIFM Directive):
• The State of the non-EU-based AIF manager and its
«EU Member State of reference» 164 have entered into
a cooperation agreement which allows an efficient
exchange of information for prudential purposes
(Article 35d (7) (d) of the AIFM Directive).
• The State of the non-EU-based AIF manager has not
been blacklisted by the FATF (Article 35d (7) (e) of
the AIFM Directive).
• A double taxation treaty which fully complies with
Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention has
been put in place between the State of the non-EUbased
AIF manager and its EU Member State of reference
(Article 35d (1) (f) of the AIFM Directive).
If the non-EU-based AIF manager satisfies these requirements,
it may, as a general rule, obtain a EU passport
for the marketing of EU AIF in the EU.
Should the non-EU-based AIF manager intend to obtain
a EU passport for the marketing of non-EU-based
162 The deadline for ESMA’s review corresponds to two years after
the expiration of the two year period allocated to the EU Member
States for the implementation of the AIFM Directive in their domestic
legislation (Article 54a (1) of the AIFM Directive). On the
basis of the ESMA’s positive recommendation, the EU Commission
is to determine the entry into force of the provisions dealing
with non-EU-based AIF and AIF managers (Article 54a (6) of the
AIFM Directive).
163 As indicated under Section III.2.2a above, under the domes- domestic
private placement regime, the non-EU-based AIF managers
would only have to comply with certain transparency provisions
(Articles 19, 20 and 21 of the AIFM Directive)
164 The determination of the «EU Member State of reference» is to
occur in accordance with the criteria set forth in Article 35d (4) of
the AIFM Directive. In substance, the EU Member State of reference
is the EU Member State in which most of the activities of the
non-EU-based AIF manager is to occur.
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