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The Art of Inequality: Architecture, Housing, and Real Estate A Provisional Report
The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, Columbia University Reinhold Martin, Director Jacob Moore, Program Coordinator Susanne Schindler, Adjunct Associate Research Scholar The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture was founded in 1982. Its mission is to advance the study of American architecture, urbanism, and landscape. Located within the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation at Columbia University, it sponsors programs and research projects focusing on issues of both scholarly and general interest. See buellcenter.org. This report was produced as a part of House Housing: An Untimely History of Architecture and Real Estate, a multi-year research project conducted by the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture. The initiative seeks to encourage a public, historically informed conversation about the intersection of architecture and real estate development. House Housing consists of a diverse body of research that draws on multiple types of media. It appears in numerous locations in the form of exhibitions, panel discussions, and publications, among others, and relates to different institutional frames. Objects of inquiry range from architect-designed houses to prefabricated apartment blocks to suburban gated communities. These architectures are analyzed in light of their position at the intersection of design, policy, and finance. Bracketed references have been made throughout the text not only to relevant sections within the report, but also to “episodes” of the larger House Housing project. See the final pages of the report and house-housing.com for more information. Research Team Alissa Anderson, Erik Carver, Adele Cassola, Ryan Meehan, Nabila Morales Pérez, Cezar Nicolescu, Julie Pedtke, Pollyanna Rhee, Manuel Shvartzberg Carrió, Sonya Ursell Image Credits Photographs: Emily Kloppenburg, Ilaria Ortensi, with Thomas Roma, editor Plans: Nabila Morales Pérez Design Team MTWTF: Glen Cummings, Aliza Dzik, Michela Povoleri Special thanks go to colleagues who provided valuable insight in an early workshop on this undertaking: Robert Beauregard, Clara Irazábal, Catherine Fennell, Jesse Keenan, Leah Meisterlin, Richard Plunz, Sara Stevens, and Mabel Wilson. We’re also grateful to Elizabeth Blackmar, Jordan Carver, Anne Kockelkorn, William Morrish, Thomas Roma, and Juliette Spertus, who provided critical feedback on the project’s general scope and on matters of detail. 1st Edition, Printed in EU by ORO grafisch projectmanagement, in September, 2015. Copy Editor Ryan Meehan © 2015 The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data The Art of Inequality: Architecture, Housing, and Real Estate: a Provisional Report / edited by Reinhold Martin, Jacob Moore, Susanne Schindler. — 1st edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Architecture and society—United States. 2. Housing—United States. 3. Real estate development—United States. 4. Architecture, Domestic—United States. 5. Architecture— Economic aspects—United States. I. Martin, Reinhold, 1964– editor. II. Moore, Jacob (Program coordinator), editor. III. Schindler, Susanne, 1970– editor. IV. Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture, issuing body. NA2543.S6A758 2015 720.1’03—dc23 No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher, except in the context of reviews. Every reasonable attempt has been made to identify owners of copyright. Errors or omissions will be corrected in subsequent editions. The Art of Inequality: Architecture, Housing, and Real Estate A Provisional Report Reinhold Martin, Jacob Moore, Susanne Schindler Editors The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture
Page 1: In 2013, in the United States, the
Page 5 and 6: Preface The Art of Inequality: Arch
Page 7 and 8: Introduction What is inequality? Or
Page 9 and 10: to tangible evidence drawn from rea
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 Defining Inequality Jacob Moore
Page 13 and 14: ership rate, this became especially
Page 15 and 16: 26 27
Page 17 and 18: 1.1.4 Race in Place Since the late
Page 19 and 20: American Apartheid (Cambridge, MA:
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Page 23 and 24: Perhaps predictably, the practices
Page 25 and 26: According to the CEA’s narrative,
Page 27 and 28: 50 51
Page 29 and 30: additional direct provision of aid
Page 31 and 32: 22. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical
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Page 35 and 36: and renovated instead of demolished
Page 37 and 38: Residents displaced by the redevelo
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Page 41 and 42: ut the separation of residents of t
Page 43 and 44: 1. This was encouraged among other
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Page 47 and 48: Part 2 Architecture 90 91
Page 49 and 50: ity is challenged as a matter of mo
Page 51 and 52: further downtown, on which stands t
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lower end, then, the annual housing
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of income or consumption expenditur
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10 ft 20 ft Lorcan O’Herlihy Arch
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10 ft 20 ft Broadmoor Development C
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sanitation, maintenance, medical, e
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10 ft 20 ft Classic Homes, Windsor,
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10 ft 20 ft Dattner Associates and
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38. “Aksarben Village,” Robert
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3.1 Contracts 3.1.1 Private propert
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3.1.4 the will theory of contract:
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sonal liability, generating a compl
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so as not to include ‘peculiar ad
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avoid conflicts buy access lawfully
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Phase II-Expansion Rents Rise Rapid
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3.2.4 lative frenzies drive up asse
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3.2.5 Real Estate Finance & Investm
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3.3 Schools developments in the fie
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1964 1967 1970s ject field (with
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1996 Stephen E. Roulac, Roulac Glob
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25. James A. Graaskamp, “Redefini
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3.4.2 600 Harrison Avenue, Boston,
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3.4.4 TerraSol, Salt Lake City, UT
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1. In the foreword to a publication
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dictionary of real estate terms glo
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Appendix 214 215
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Botein, Hilary. “New York State H
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Glaeser, Edward. “There are Worse
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Kopczuk, Wojciech, Emmanuel Saez, a
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Renner, Andrea. Housing Diplomacy:
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Weiss, Marc A. “Researching the H
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1939 1937 1934 1933 1932 FHA DENIES
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