Discrimination

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CONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ 4 Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 5 Foreword........................................................................................................................ 8 Introduction................................................................................................................... 10 I. International Standards – Turkey’s Obligations......................................................... 13 A. The Right to Education............................................................................................... 13 B. Prohibition of Discrimination.................................................................................... 18 II. The Aim of Education, Curriculum and Textbooks.................................................... 20 A. The Aim of Turkish ‘National’ Education................................................................... 20 B. Curriculum................................................................................................................. 21 C. Textbooks................................................................................................................... 22 III. Forms of Discrimination/Discriminatory Practices in Turkey’s Education System........................................................................................ 24 A. Language-Based Discrimination:............................................................................... 24 i. The Right to Learn One’s Mother Tongue/Elective Language Courses.................................. 24 ii. The Right to Mother Tongue Education – Mother Tongue- Based Multilingual Education................................................................................................. 31 B. Discrimination Based on Religion/Belief:.................................................................. 44 iii. Compulsory Religious Culture and Morals Course............................................................. 44 iv. Elective Christianity/Judaism Courses................................................................................ 54 v. Elective Courses: The Holy Qur’an, The Life of the Prophet Muhammad, Fundamental Religious Knowledge........................................................................................ 55 vi. Provision of Places of Worship in Schools.......................................................................... 57 vii. İmam Hatip Religious Schools.......................................................................................... 58 viii. Discrimination and Harassment for Reasons of Religion/Belief...................................... 60 C. Discrimination Based on Colour or Ethnic Origin...................................................... 61 ix. School Registration, Registration Fees and Donations....................................................... 61 x. Segregation......................................................................................................................... 62 xi. Registration in Special Education Institutions................................................................... 63 xii. School Dropout Rates....................................................................................................... 64 xiii.Harassment and Other Discriminatory Treatment............................................................ 65 xiv.Educational Disadvantage Caused by Poverty and Socio-Economic Conditions.................................................................................................... 66 xv. Urban Renewal and Access to Education........................................................................... 70 IV. Evaluation and Recommendations........................................................................... 71 Bibliography................................................................................................................... 78 Index.............................................................................................................................. 82
Discrimination Based on Colour, Ethnic Origin, Language, Religion and Belief in Turkey’s Education System Foreword This report was prepared on the basis of fieldwork carried out within the scope of the project Mobilizing Civil Society for Monitoring Equality in the Formal Education System in Turkey (Monitoring Equality in Education) and data collected by the member organizations of the project’s monitoring network. The aim was to bring to light the forms of discrimination based on colour, ethnic origin, language, religion and belief in Turkey’s formal education system during the 2014-15 academic year. Launched on 1 March 2014 and running until 31 October 2015, the Monitoring Equality in Education project was led by Minority Rights Group International (MRG) in partnership with the History Foundation with financial support from the European Union (EU). Through this project, which aims to secure on the basis of equality the educational rights guaranteed by international standards for the different communities living in Turkey and to fight the discrimination within the education system faced by these groups, a monitoring network composed of 17 non-governmental organizations was established. The project also sought to strengthen the mechanisms with which network members can monitor discrimination against students within the education system and increase their capacity for advocacy in this field on the local and international level. Established in June 2014, the Monitoring Discrimination in Education Network consists of the Federation of Caucasian Associations (KAFFED), the Armenian Culture and Solidarity Association, the Federation of Syriac Associations, the Mesopotamia Culture and Solidarity Association (MEZODER), the Laz Institute, the Kurdish Institute of Istanbul, the Mersin Anti-Discrimination Platform, the Association of Protestant Churches, the Zero Discrimination Association, the Izmir Roma Culture Welfare and Solidarity Association, the Roma Rights Forum (ROMFO), the Edirne Roma Education Volunteers’ Association, the Association for Human Rights and Solidarity for the Oppressed (MAZLUMDER), the Migration Foundation, the Mardin branch of the Education and Science Workers’ Union (Eğitim-Sen), MRG, and the History Foundation. Various academic institutions and NGOs working in the field of the right to education also participated in the network’s activities as observers. The Monitoring Guide on Discrimination in Education [Eğitimde Ayrımcılığı İzleme Rehberi], which was prepared by
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Nurcan Kaya is a jurist specializin
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Discrimination

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