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COUNTDOWN TO ANNIHILATION: <strong>GENOCIDE</strong> <strong>IN</strong> <strong>MYANMAR</strong><br />
In both Germany and Rwanda the use of ethnically marked identity cards became central in the<br />
implementation of the genocide. For the vast majority of Rohingya, the absence of an identity card or<br />
the possession of a white or green identity card marks them out as people without citizenship and<br />
entitlement.<br />
Dehumanisation and stigmatisation techniques are reinforced through segregation and systematic<br />
isolation. 275 Social and physical exclusion are key elements of genocide controlled by the state. In<br />
Germany, Jews were banned from public places, excluded from work in a wide range of professions,<br />
ghettoised and later forced into concentration camps where they were systematically weakened to<br />
the point of death. In the Rohingya camps, villages and Aung Mingalar ghetto a deeply weakened and<br />
traumatised population endures the barest of lives and denial of basic human rights with the ever-present<br />
fear of violent attack.<br />
In addition to a high level of cooperation between the state security forces and the bureaucracy, the participation<br />
and complicity of the majority of the local population is a necessary prerequisite for genocide. 276<br />
Once a group has been classified and clearly identifiable or segregated in ghetto and camp-like spaces,<br />
the distinction between ‘us’ and ‘them’ is physically reinforced. The state and its proxies can then continue<br />
with an unhindered programme of dehumanisation aimed at securing the complicity of the local<br />
population through a combination of propaganda, coercion and terror. The Rakhine people, who themselves<br />
have suffered decades of oppression and neglect at the hands of the Myanmar government to<br />
the point where their own culture is under threat, are particularly receptive to nationalist and religious<br />
propaganda.<br />
In Myanmar’s genocidal process, two stages remain: extermination and ‘symbolic enactment’. While<br />
extermination or mass killing on the scale of the German, Rwandan, Kosovan or Cambodian genocides<br />
is not inevitable, it cannot be ruled out. This report demonstrates that the infrastructure and ideological<br />
base for mass killings exist, and that the elimination of the Rohingya, though not always visible, is well<br />
under way. Myanmar’s Rohingya are being slowly annihilated through sporadic massacres, mass flight,<br />
systematic weakening and denial of identity.<br />
Elements of ‘symbolic enactment’ are also present – not least in the state’s elimination and denial of the<br />
‘Rohingya’ ethnicity and its effective removal of the word from the lexicon of the Myanmar language.<br />
This report concludes with an urgent warning to civil society in Myanmar, to international civil society,<br />
to the government of Myanmar and to international states. A genocidal process is underway in Myanmar<br />
and if it follows the path outlined in this report, it is yet to be completed. It can be stopped but not without<br />
confronting the fact that it is, indeed, a genocide.<br />
The government is not killing us with guns but is indirectly killing us through a lack of healthcare<br />
and forcing us to leave to third countries. We are prisoners, living in a prison. We are not<br />
getting a normal food supply. We have no education here. We have nothing here. How can we<br />
continue with life here? 277<br />
275 Lecomte, J M, Teaching about the Holocaust, p. 49.<br />
276 Mukimbiri, J, ‘The Seven Stages of the Rwandan Genocide’, p. 823.<br />
277 Rohingya man, Thae Chaung, IDP camp 7 November 2014.<br />
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