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The Commonwealth Fund is a private foundation that promotes a high performance health care system providing better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency. The Fund’s work focuses particularly on society’s most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, minority Americans, young children, and elderly adults. The Fund carries out this mandate by supporting independent research on health care issues and making grants to improve health care practice and policy. An international program in health policy is designed to stimulate innovative policies and practices in the United States and other industrialized countries.
2015 International Profiles of Health Care Systems Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States EDITED BY Elias Mossialos and Martin Wenzl London School of Economics and Political Science Robin Osborn and Dana Sarnak The Commonwealth Fund <strong>JANUARY</strong> 2016 Abstract: This publication presents overviews of the health care systems of Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, England, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Each overview covers health insurance, public and private financing, health system organization and governance, health care quality and coordination, disparities, efficiency and integration, use of information technology and evidence-based practice, cost containment, and recent reforms and innovations. In addition, summary tables provide data on a number of key health system characteristics and performance indicators, including overall health care spending, hospital spending and utilization, health care access, patient safety, care coordination, chronic care management, disease prevention, capacity for quality improvement, and public views. To learn more about new publications when they become available, visit the Fund’s website and register to receive email alerts. Commonwealth Fund pub. 1857.
Page 1: JANUARY 2016 2015 International Pro
Page 6 and 7: Table 1. Health Care System Financi
Page 8 and 9: Table 3. Selected Health System Per
Page 11 and 12: The Australian Health Care System,
Page 13 and 14: AUSTRALIA low-income adults, childr
Page 15 and 16: AUSTRALIA In 2013, the federal gove
Page 17 and 18: What is being done to reduce dispar
Page 19: References AUSTRALIA Australian Bur
Page 22 and 23: CANADA What is covered? Services: T
Page 24 and 25: CANADA funding to 145 not-for-profi
Page 26 and 27: CANADA Organization of the Health S
Page 28 and 29: CANADA provides recommendations to
Page 30 and 31: CANADA Health Council of Canada (20
Page 32 and 33: CHINA Private health insurance: Com
Page 34 and 35: CHINA is not substantially more exp
Page 36 and 37: CHINA Organization of the Health Sy
Page 38 and 39: CHINA References Chen, X. (2014).
Page 40 and 41: DENMARK In addition, nearly 1.5 mil
Page 42 and 43: DENMARK Social psychiatry and care
Page 44 and 45: DENMARK Quality data for a number o
Page 46 and 47: DENMARK portion is small, it makes
Page 48 and 49: 48
Page 50 and 51: ENGLAND immunization, and vaccinati
Page 52 and 53:
ENGLAND Hospitals: Publicly owned h
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ENGLAND Organization of the Health
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ENGLAND How are costs contained? Ra
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ENGLAND Organisation for Economic C
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FRANCE VHI finances 13.8 percent of
Page 62 and 63:
FRANCE The average income of primar
Page 64 and 65:
FRANCE What are the key entities fo
Page 66 and 67:
FRANCE inequities in prevention rel
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FRANCE Nolte, E., C. Knai, and M. M
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GERMANY There were 42 substitutive
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GERMANY The 16 state governments de
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GERMANY management system, by the s
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GERMANY What major innovations and
Page 78 and 79:
INDIA Private health insurance: The
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INDIA provide after-hour care, reim
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INDIA are provided by other ministr
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INDIA How are costs contained? Ther
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86
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ISRAEL Together, these two types of
Page 90 and 91:
ISRAEL Primary care physicians are
Page 92 and 93:
ISRAEL Organization of the Health S
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ISRAEL • Using electronic health
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96
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ITALY during hospitalization (Thoms
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ITALY Some regions are promoting ca
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ITALY Organization of the Health Sy
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ITALY although the degree of evolut
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ITALY The author would like to ackn
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JAPAN What is covered? Services: Al
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JAPAN incentives for providers to c
Page 112 and 113:
JAPAN Organization of the Health Sy
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JAPAN The author would like to ackn
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THE NETHERLANDS receive faster acce
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THE NETHERLANDS Hospital payment ra
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THE NETHERLANDS Organization of the
Page 122 and 123:
THE NETHERLANDS References Organisa
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NEW ZEALAND provided in GP clinics.
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NEW ZEALAND management (e.g., clean
Page 128 and 129:
NEW ZEALAND including such informat
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NEW ZEALAND largely through efficie
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132
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NORWAY Primary, preventive, and nur
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NORWAY Patients are free to choose
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NORWAY What are the major strategie
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NORWAY The National System for the
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142
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SINGAPORE Medifund is the governmen
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SINGAPORE Public hospital funding i
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SINGAPORE Public consultation: The
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SINGAPORE To keep demand for servic
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152
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SWEDEN What is covered? Services: T
Page 156 and 157:
SWEDEN Hospitals: There are seven u
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SWEDEN Care, which promotes use of
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SWEDEN What major innovations and r
Page 162 and 163:
SWITZERLAND Insurers offer premiums
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SWITZERLAND Hospitals: About 70 per
Page 166 and 167:
SWITZERLAND Organization of the Hea
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SWITZERLAND To control pharmaceutic
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170
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UNITED STATES What is covered? Serv
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UNITED STATES Administrative mechan
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UNITED STATES The Institute of Medi
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UNITED STATES adopted at least a ba
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The COMMONWEALTH FUND Affordable, q
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