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CHINA References Chen, X. (2014). “Hospice Care: Pass Away with Warmth.” China Social Protection, 12:64–65. Dong, S., S. Guo, L. He, M. Liang (2015). “Study of Present Situation and Countermeasures of China’s Hospital Rankings.” Chinese Hospital Management, 35(3):38–40. Fu, C., and J. Yang. (2013). “Influence of Carrying Out Zero Price Addition Policy of Drugs on Public Hospital Expenses in Shenzhen.” Chinese Hospital Management, 33(2):4–6. Jiang, C., J. Ma. (2015). Analyzing the role of overall basic medical insurance in the process of universal health coverage. Chinese Health Service Management 2(320):108–10. Jiang, L., S. Song, W. Guo (2014). “Study on the Models and Development Status of Regional Longitudinal Medical Alliance in China.” Medicine and Society 27(5):35–38. Liu, Y. 2015. “Development Opportunities and Challenges of Commercial Health Insurance in China.” Foreign Business and Trade, 4(250):51–54. National Bureau of Statistics (2014). China Statistical Yearbook 2014. China Statistics Press, Beijing. National Health and Family Planning Commission (2014). China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook 2014. China Union Medical University Press, Beijing. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2015). OECD.Stat. DOI: 10.1787/data-00285-en. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. Zhao, D., S. He, R. Zhang, B. Sun, Y. Chen (2015). “Analysis on Commercial Health Insurance Among Stakeholders in China.” Health Economics Research, 5(337):37–39. 38 The Commonwealth Fund
The Danish Health Care System, 2015 Karsten Vrangbaek University of Copenhagen What is the role of government? Universal access to health care is the underlying principle inscribed in Denmark’s Health Law, which sets out the government’s obligation to promote population health and prevent and treat illness, suffering, and functional limitations. Other core principles include high quality; easy and equal access to care; service integration; choice; transparency; access to information; and short waiting times for care. The law also assigns responsibility to regions and municipalities for delivering health services. The national government sets the regulatory framework for health services and is in charge of general planning and supervision. Five administrative regions governed by democratically elected councils are responsible for the planning and delivery of specialized services, but also have tasks related to specialized social care and coordination. The regions own, manage, and finance hospitals and the majority of services delivered by general practitioners (GPs), office-based specialists, physiotherapists, dentists, and pharmacists. Municipalities are responsible for financing and delivering nursing home care, home nurses, health visitors, some dental services, school health services, home help, and treatment for drug and alcohol abuse. Municipalities are also responsible for general prevention and rehabilitation tasks; the regions are responsible for specialized rehabilitation. Who is covered and how is insurance financed? Publicly financed health care: Public expenditures in 2013 accounted for 84 percent of total health spending, representing 10.4 percent of GDP in 2013 (OECD, 2015a). It should be noted, however, that Danish cost reporting with regard to the “gray zone” of long-term care tends to include more activities (services) than reporting requirements do in many other member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Søgaard 2014). All registered Danish residents are automatically entitled to publicly financed health care, which is largely free at the point of use. In principle, undocumented immigrants and visitors are not covered, but a voluntary, privately funded initiative by Danish doctors, supported by the Danish Red Cross and Danish Refugee Aid, provides this population with access to care. Health care is financed mainly through a national health tax, set at 8 percent of taxable income. Revenues are allocated to regions and municipalities, mostly as block grants, with amounts adjusted for demographic and social differences; these grants finance 77 percent of regional activities. A minor portion of state funding for regional and municipal services is activity-based or tied to specific priority areas, usually defined in the annual economic agreements between the national government and the municipalities or regions. The remaining 20 percent of financing for regional services comes from municipal activity-based payments, which are financed through a combination of local taxes and block grants. Private health insurance: Complementary voluntary insurance, purchased on an individual basis, covers statutory copayments—mainly for pharmaceuticals and dental care—and services not fully covered by the state (e.g., physiotherapy). Some 2.2 million Danes have such coverage, which is provided almost exclusively by the not-for-profit organization Danmark (Sygeforsikringen “Danmark,” 2014). International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2015 39
Page 1 and 2: JANUARY 2016 2015 International Pro
Page 3: 2015 International Profiles of Heal
Page 6 and 7: Table 1. Health Care System Financi
Page 8 and 9: Table 3. Selected Health System Per
Page 11 and 12: The Australian Health Care System,
Page 13 and 14: AUSTRALIA low-income adults, childr
Page 15 and 16: AUSTRALIA In 2013, the federal gove
Page 17 and 18: What is being done to reduce dispar
Page 19: References AUSTRALIA Australian Bur
Page 22 and 23: CANADA What is covered? Services: T
Page 24 and 25: CANADA funding to 145 not-for-profi
Page 26 and 27: CANADA Organization of the Health S
Page 28 and 29: CANADA provides recommendations to
Page 30 and 31: CANADA Health Council of Canada (20
Page 32 and 33: CHINA Private health insurance: Com
Page 34 and 35: CHINA is not substantially more exp
Page 36 and 37: CHINA Organization of the Health Sy
Page 40 and 41: DENMARK In addition, nearly 1.5 mil
Page 42 and 43: DENMARK Social psychiatry and care
Page 44 and 45: DENMARK Quality data for a number o
Page 46 and 47: DENMARK portion is small, it makes
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Page 50 and 51: ENGLAND immunization, and vaccinati
Page 52 and 53: ENGLAND Hospitals: Publicly owned h
Page 54 and 55: ENGLAND Organization of the Health
Page 56 and 57: ENGLAND How are costs contained? Ra
Page 58 and 59: ENGLAND Organisation for Economic C
Page 60 and 61: FRANCE VHI finances 13.8 percent of
Page 62 and 63: FRANCE The average income of primar
Page 64 and 65: FRANCE What are the key entities fo
Page 66 and 67: FRANCE inequities in prevention rel
Page 68 and 69: FRANCE Nolte, E., C. Knai, and M. M
Page 70 and 71: GERMANY There were 42 substitutive
Page 72 and 73: GERMANY The 16 state governments de
Page 74 and 75: GERMANY management system, by the s
Page 76 and 77: GERMANY What major innovations and
Page 78 and 79: INDIA Private health insurance: The
Page 80 and 81: INDIA provide after-hour care, reim
Page 82 and 83: INDIA are provided by other ministr
Page 84 and 85: INDIA How are costs contained? Ther
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ISRAEL Together, these two types of
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ISRAEL Primary care physicians are
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ISRAEL Organization of the Health S
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ISRAEL • Using electronic health
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ITALY during hospitalization (Thoms
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ITALY Some regions are promoting ca
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ITALY Organization of the Health Sy
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ITALY although the degree of evolut
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ITALY The author would like to ackn
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JAPAN What is covered? Services: Al
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JAPAN incentives for providers to c
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JAPAN Organization of the Health Sy
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JAPAN The author would like to ackn
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THE NETHERLANDS receive faster acce
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THE NETHERLANDS Hospital payment ra
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THE NETHERLANDS Organization of the
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THE NETHERLANDS References Organisa
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NEW ZEALAND provided in GP clinics.
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NEW ZEALAND management (e.g., clean
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NEW ZEALAND including such informat
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NEW ZEALAND largely through efficie
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NORWAY Primary, preventive, and nur
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NORWAY Patients are free to choose
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NORWAY What are the major strategie
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NORWAY The National System for the
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SINGAPORE Medifund is the governmen
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SINGAPORE Public hospital funding i
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SINGAPORE Public consultation: The
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SINGAPORE To keep demand for servic
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SWEDEN What is covered? Services: T
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SWEDEN Hospitals: There are seven u
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SWEDEN Care, which promotes use of
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SWEDEN What major innovations and r
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SWITZERLAND Insurers offer premiums
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SWITZERLAND Hospitals: About 70 per
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SWITZERLAND Organization of the Hea
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SWITZERLAND To control pharmaceutic
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UNITED STATES What is covered? Serv
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UNITED STATES Administrative mechan
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UNITED STATES The Institute of Medi
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UNITED STATES adopted at least a ba
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The COMMONWEALTH FUND Affordable, q
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