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52 MEETING OUR GREATEST CHALLENGES: OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL PARTNERING WITH COMMUNITIES TO EXPAND OPPORTUNITY Since the start of the Administration, the President has called on the Federal Government to disrupt an outdated, top-down approach to working with communities, and to think creatively about how to make the our efforts more user-friendly and responsive to the ideas and concerns of local citizens. Too often in the past, innovative efforts to expand opportunity at the State and local level have been stymied by less flexible Federal approaches and a failure to recognize community assets alongside their challenges. In communities facing limited local revenues and capacity, the imperative for the Federal Government to serve as a strong partner only increases. The need for this community-level focus and collaboration is clear. Groundbreaking new research shows that the place in which a child grows up has a significant impact on his or her prospects for upward economic mobility. 1 A child’s zip code should never determine her destiny, but today, the neighborhood she grows up in impacts her odds of graduating high school, her health outcomes, and her lifetime economic opportunities. This inequality of opportunity in childhood is not just a moral failure, it is also an economic failure for the Nation and its cities and communities. Every year, the United States incurs an estimated half-trillion dollar cost as a result of allowing millions of America’s children to grow up in poverty. 2 Over the course of the past six years, the Administration has been steadily testing new ways of working in partnership with the communities that our programs serve—from southeastern Kentucky to Fresno, California to Detroit, and also in Indian Country. These collaborative efforts take a comprehensive approach to community revitalization instead of addressing 1 Chetty, Raj and Hendren, Nathaniel, “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility.” Harvard University, April 2015, available at: http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/images/nbhds_exec_summary.pdf 2 Holzer, Harry; Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore; Duncan, Greg; & Ludwig, Jens, “The Economic Costs of Poverty: Subsequent Effects of Children Growing Up Poor.” Center for American Progress, January 2007, available at: https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/01/pdf/poverty_report.pdf problems in isolation; work with local leaders to support their vision for their communities; and embrace creative new solutions to old problems to learn and apply what works and stop doing what does not. The first step in this approach is ensuring that the Federal Government is working in a coordinated way across agencies, and then improving how it interacts with individual communities as a partner. It also requires investments in the basic building blocks for program success, such as data infrastructure to measure outcomes and assess need across communities. By modernizing Federal programs to meet urban, suburban, and rural communities where they are, and updating Federal policies to respond to the ways that people live, we can better meet the demands of communities that are striving for a better quality of life. Early initiatives such as Strong Cities, Strong Communities, which strengthens towns, cities, and regions by improving the capacity of local governments to develop and execute their local vision and strategies, and the Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative, which has helped nearly 200 communities pursue local solutions to revitalize and transform neighborhoods, have informed many other initiatives and programs as place-based approaches have spread. The Budget increases the Administration’s support for such holistic community solutions through investments that include the Administration’s Promise Zone initiative, which establishes partnerships between the Federal Government, local communities, and businesses to create jobs, increase economic security, expand educational opportunities, increase access to quality, affordable housing, and improve public safety. The competitively-chosen Promise Zones are high-poverty urban, rural, and tribal communities that partner with local government, and business and community leaders to make investments that reward hard work and expand opportunity. In exchange, the Federal Government partners with these communities to help them secure the resources and flexibility
THE <strong>BUDGET</strong> FOR FISCAL YEAR 2017 53 they need to help them achieve their goals. To date, the President has designated 13 Promise Zones, and seven more will be announced in 2016. The Budget supports all 20 Promise Zones through intensive, tailored Federal assistance at the local level. The Budget continues to propose Promise Zone tax incentives to stimulate growth and investments in targeted communities, such as tax credits for hiring workers and incentives for capital investment within the Zones. The Budget further supports efforts to transform distressed communities by expanding the Department of Education’s Promise Neighborhoods program and the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Choice Neighborhoods program. These programs have already provided critical funding for comprehensive and community-driven approaches to improving the educational and life outcomes of residents in over 100 distressed communities. The Budget provides $128 million for Promise Neighborhoods and $200 million for Choice Neighborhoods, an overall increase of $130 million over 2016 enacted levels for the two programs. This additional funding would support implementation grants for approximately 15 new Promise Neighborhoods and six new Choice Neighborhoods, and numerous other planning grants for communities to engage with stakeholders to create plans for future revitalization. To support private-sector partnerships and investments that play a key role in strengthening communities, the President also proposed to expand and make permanent the New Markets Tax Credit, which promotes investments in low-income communities. Under legislation signed into law by President Obama in December, $3.5 billion in New Markets Tax Credits will be available annually through 2019. The Budget would make the program permanent with an annual allocation of $5 billion. HOUSING AND HOMELESSNESS Improving Mobility with Housing Choice Vouchers. In addition to the studies mentioned above related to the impact of poverty on families and children new research demonstrates moving to higher-opportunity areas with a rental subsidy can generate large benefits for children’s long-term earnings and educational attainment, especially for young children. These findings have significant policy implications. Though we must continue to prioritize revitalizing distressed communities, this research demonstrates the need to also invest in and make improvements to HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, which provides rental assistance to over 2.2 million extremely low- to very low-income households to enable them to rent modest units in the private market. The goal of the HCV program is not only to make decent, safe and sanitary housing affordable for low-income families, but also to improve the ability of families to rent in safer neighborhoods with more jobs and better schools. The President proposes $20.9 billion for the HCV program in 2017, an increase of $1.2 billion over the 2016 enacted level, to expand opportunities for very low-income families. This includes additional funding for Public Housing Authorities’ (PHAs) to ensure they have sufficient resources to promote mobility and greater access to opportunity, as well as cover fundamental functions, such as housing quality inspections and tenant income certifications. In addition, the Budget requests $15 million for a new mobility counseling pilot designed to help HUD-assisted families move to and stay in higher-opportunity neighborhoods. These funds will be distributed to about 10 regional housing program sites with participating PHAs and/ or private non-profits over a three-year period to provide outreach to landlords and counseling to voucher recipients on the benefits of opportunity-rich, low-poverty neighborhoods, as well as facilitate regional collaboration. A portion of the funding would also support an evaluation
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BUDGET OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT FISCA
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THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS Budget of the
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168 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Mark T. Er
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170 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Mario Roy
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT B
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