ALLIANCE NETWORK

UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE | ALLIANCE 21
AUSTRALIA AND THE US ASIAN ALLIANCE NETWORK
Endnotes
1. The White House Office of the Press Secretary, ‘Fact sheet: Advancing the
rebalance to Asia and the Pacific’, Washington DC, 16 November 2015.
2. These intra-Asian linkages have been described as an ‘Asia power
web’ in a Center for a New American Security analysis. Patrick
M. Cronin, Richard Fontaine, Zachary M. Hosford, Oriana Skylar
Mastro, Ely Ratner and Alexander Sullivan, ‘The Emerging Asia
Power Web: The Rise of Bilateral Intra-Asian Security Ties’, Center
for a New American Security, Washington DC, June 2013.
3. William T. Tow, ‘Rebalancing and order building: Strategy or
illusion?’, William T. Tow and Douglas Stuart, eds. The New
US Strategy Towards Asia: Adapting to the American Pivot,
London and Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 31, 46.
4. Australian Department of Defence, 2016 Defence White Paper,
Canberra, February 2016, for example paragraphs 2.17, 5.22.
5. Ely Ratner, ‘Australia’s new activism: The view from Washington’, The
Interpreter, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 23 July 2014.
6. This paper defines alliances as commitments for mutual defence support
and military cooperation. Stephen M. Walt, ‘Why Alliances Endure or
Collapse’, Survival, vol. 39, no. 1, Spring 1997, pp. 156-179, at p. 157.
7. Michael Birnbaum, ‘Gates rebukes European allies in
farewell speech’, Washington Post, 10 June 2011.
8. Constanze Stelzenmüller, ‘Europe to Planet America: Stay
with us, but don’t stampede us’, Policy Brief, German Marshall
Fund of the United States, Paris, September 2015.
9. David Rothkopf, ‘Does America need new ‘special relationships’?’,
Foreign Policy, 4 August 2015. Richard Sokolsky and Jeremy
Shapiro, ‘It’s hard to get good help these days: The problem with US
allies’, Order from Chaos, Brookings Institution, 28 May 2015.
10. Barack Obama, ‘Remarks at the United States Military Academy
(West Point) Commencement Ceremony,’ United States Military
Academy, 28 May 2014. No other state comes close; China,
by contrast, has two allies: Pakistan and North Korea.
11. Ashton Carter, ‘Remarks on the Next Phase of the US Rebalance to the
Asia-Pacific’, McCain Institute, Arizona State University, 6 April 2015.
12. US military spending is 35-40 per cent of global military spending, and
US allies spend around 30 per cent of the total. Michael E. O’Hanlon,
‘Dollars at work: What Defense spending means for the U.S. economy’,
Order from Chaos, Brookings Institution, 20 August 2015.
13. Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: American and Europe in the
New World Order, Vintage, New York, 2004, p. 17; Robert Kagan,
‘Superpowers don’t get to retire: what our tired country still owes the
world’, New Republic, 26 May 2014; and Ashley J. Tellis, ‘Seeking
Alliances and Partnerships: The Long Road to Confederationism
in US Grand Strategy’, in Ashley J. Tellis, Abraham M. Denmark,
and Greg Chaffin, eds., US Alliances and Partnerships at the
Center of Global Power, Strategic Asia 2014-15, National Bureau
of Asian Research, Seattle and Washington, DC, 2014, p. 12.
14. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State
Department, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1969, p. 378.
15. Victor D. Cha, ‘Powerplay: Origins of the US Alliance
System in Asia’, International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3, Winter
2009/10, pp. 158-196, at pp. 158-9, 168, 190.
16. In particular, they were concerned that South Korea and Taiwan might band
together to get the US to take on China and North Korea. Cha, p. 189.
17. US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, 1960, Preamble.
18. Joseph S. Nye Jr., ‘East Asian Security: The Case for
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