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UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE | ALLIANCE 21 AUSTRALIA AND THE US ASIAN ALLIANCE NETWORK Endnotes 1. The White House Office of the Press Secretary, ‘Fact sheet: Advancing the rebalance to Asia and the Pacific’, Washington DC, 16 November 2015. 2. These intra-Asian linkages have been described as an ‘Asia power web’ in a Center for a New American Security analysis. Patrick M. Cronin, Richard Fontaine, Zachary M. Hosford, Oriana Skylar Mastro, Ely Ratner and Alexander Sullivan, ‘The Emerging Asia Power Web: The Rise of Bilateral Intra-Asian Security Ties’, Center for a New American Security, Washington DC, June 2013. 3. William T. Tow, ‘Rebalancing and order building: Strategy or illusion?’, William T. Tow and Douglas Stuart, eds. The New US Strategy Towards Asia: Adapting to the American Pivot, London and Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 31, 46. 4. Australian Department of Defence, 2016 Defence White Paper, Canberra, February 2016, for example paragraphs 2.17, 5.22. 5. Ely Ratner, ‘Australia’s new activism: The view from Washington’, The Interpreter, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 23 July 2014. 6. This paper defines alliances as commitments for mutual defence support and military cooperation. Stephen M. Walt, ‘Why Alliances Endure or Collapse’, Survival, vol. 39, no. 1, Spring 1997, pp. 156-179, at p. 157. 7. Michael Birnbaum, ‘Gates rebukes European allies in farewell speech’, Washington Post, 10 June 2011. 8. Constanze Stelzenmüller, ‘Europe to Planet America: Stay with us, but don’t stampede us’, Policy Brief, German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paris, September 2015. 9. David Rothkopf, ‘Does America need new ‘special relationships’?’, Foreign Policy, 4 August 2015. Richard Sokolsky and Jeremy Shapiro, ‘It’s hard to get good help these days: The problem with US allies’, Order from Chaos, Brookings Institution, 28 May 2015. 10. Barack Obama, ‘Remarks at the United States Military Academy (West Point) Commencement Ceremony,’ United States Military Academy, 28 May 2014. No other state comes close; China, by contrast, has two allies: Pakistan and North Korea. 11. Ashton Carter, ‘Remarks on the Next Phase of the US Rebalance to the Asia-Pacific’, McCain Institute, Arizona State University, 6 April 2015. 12. US military spending is 35-40 per cent of global military spending, and US allies spend around 30 per cent of the total. Michael E. O’Hanlon, ‘Dollars at work: What Defense spending means for the U.S. economy’, Order from Chaos, Brookings Institution, 20 August 2015. 13. Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: American and Europe in the New World Order, Vintage, New York, 2004, p. 17; Robert Kagan, ‘Superpowers don’t get to retire: what our tired country still owes the world’, New Republic, 26 May 2014; and Ashley J. Tellis, ‘Seeking Alliances and Partnerships: The Long Road to Confederationism in US Grand Strategy’, in Ashley J. Tellis, Abraham M. Denmark, and Greg Chaffin, eds., US Alliances and Partnerships at the Center of Global Power, Strategic Asia 2014-15, National Bureau of Asian Research, Seattle and Washington, DC, 2014, p. 12. 14. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1969, p. 378. 15. Victor D. Cha, ‘Powerplay: Origins of the US Alliance System in Asia’, International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3, Winter 2009/10, pp. 158-196, at pp. 158-9, 168, 190. 16. In particular, they were concerned that South Korea and Taiwan might band together to get the US to take on China and North Korea. Cha, p. 189. 17. US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, 1960, Preamble. 18. Joseph S. Nye Jr., ‘East Asian Security: The Case for 13
UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE | ALLIANCE 21 AUSTRALIA AND THE US ASIAN ALLIANCE NETWORK Deep Engagement’, Foreign Affairs, 1 July 1995. 19. United States Security Strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region, November 25 1998, section 2. See also Tow, ‘Rebalancing and order building: Strategy or illusion?’, p. 36. 20. Tom Donilon, ‘The United States and the Asia-Pacific in 2013’, Speech to the Asia Society, New York, March 11 2013. 21. Robert E. Osgood, Alliances and American Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1968, p. 22; Walt, ‘Why Alliances Endure or Collapse’, pp. 158, 173. 22. Walt, ‘Why Alliances Endure or Collapse’, p. 171. 23. Bruce Jones, Still Ours To Lead: America, Rising Powers, and the Tension Between Rivalry and Restraint, Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C., 2014, pp. 5, 27. 24. Joseph S. Nye Jr, ‘The American Century: RIP?’, The National Interest, September 24 2015. 25. Cha, ‘Powerplay’, pp. 195-96. It likewise preserved South Korea’s historical resentments. See also Robert Kelly, ‘East Asia’s history wars: South Korea and Japan (Yes, once again)’, Asian Security Blog, 2 November 2015. 26. John J. Mearsheimer, ‘Why the Ukraine Crisis is the West’s Fault’, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2014, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 77-89. 27. Rod Lyon, ‘The US and assurance anxieties in Asia’, The Strategist, ASPI, 16 September 2015; and ‘Philippines Sends SOS to the International Community’, Philippine Star, 2 May 2012. Concerns about alliance entanglement can also be greater during strategic adjustments. 28. Michael Beckley, ‘The Myth of Entangling Alliances’, International Security, vol. 39, no. 4, Spring 2015, pp. 7-48; David Santoro, ‘America’s Treaty Allies: worth going to war over?’ The National Interest, 28 April 2014. 29. Lyon, ‘The US and assurance anxieties in Asia’; and Barack Obama and Benigno Aquino III, Remarks by President Obama and President Benigno Aquino III of the Philippines in Joint Press Conference, Washington DC, 28 April 2014. 30. Michael Wesley on the shifting power dynamics and the Indo-Pacific’s emergence, ‘Australia’s Alliance in a Changing Asia’, Alliance 21 Report, United States Studies Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, August 2012, pp. 2-4. 31. Japan Ministry of Defence (JMOD), Guidelines for Japan-US Defence Cooperation, Tokyo, 2015; Craig Whitlock and Anne Gearan, ‘Agreement will allow U.S. to fly long-range surveillance drones from base in Japan’, Washington Post, 2 October 2013; and Reiji Yoshida, ‘U.S. to station Ospreys at Yokota Air Base starting in 2017,’ The Japan Times, 12 May 2015. 32. Prashanth Parameswaran, ‘Philippine Court Upholds New US Defense Pact’, The Diplomat, 12 January 2016. 33. KJ Kwon and Paula Hancocks, ‘South Korea, U.S. to discuss THAAD missile defense system’, CNN, 7 February 2016. 34. ‘Thailand tilts away from the US’, The Wall Street Journal Editorial, 30 June 2015. 35. Susan E. Rice, ‘America’s future in Asia’, Remarks at Georgetown University, 20 November 2013; and Scott Snyder, ‘The US-ROK Alliance and the US Rebalance to Asia’, in Tellis, Denmark and Chaffin, ‘US Alliances and Partnerships at the Center of Global Power’, pp. 61-85. 36. White House Fact Sheet, ‘Advancing the rebalance to Asia and the Pacific’, 16 November 2015. 37. Toko Sekiguchi, ‘Japan to Provide Patrol Vessels to the Philippines’, The Wall Street Journal, 4 June 2015. 38. Michael J. Green, Kathleen H. Hicks, and Zack Cooper, ‘Federated Defense in Asia’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, December 2014; and Michael J. Green and Lt. Gen. 14
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