Transition to a low-carbon economy for New Zealand

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184 Transition to a low-carbon economy for New Zealand | 2016 Medium term H M M L M L M L L M L M L M M L M Industry Invest in generation of renewable electricity or heat for on-site use. Forest and land use Discourage landowners from converting forest stands to other land uses. Agriculture Select supplementary feeds with a lower GHG emissions based on life-cycle analysis; integrate manure and feed management to minimise use of nitrogen fertiliser. Enhance manure management and biogas production from pigs, poultry, dairy and use organic waste feedstocks where available in horticulture. Selectively breed cattle and sheep that emit relatively lower volumes of methane Transport for individuals Avoid driving, especially in rush hour traffic and consider not owning a car. Use biofuels, LPG, CNG and biogas where available in preference to gasoline and diesel fuels. Minimise particulate emissions from diesel fuel by substitution with renewable hydrogen, biofuels, or improved battery electric hybrid vehicles. Transport for local government Monitor passenger flows and optimise public transport options. Install smart-control systems for road transport management, freight logistics and efficiency at airports and ports. Implement congestion charging in major cities using number plate recognition. Transport for central government Require regular vehicle emission testing to ensure vehicle fuel efficiency is optimised and black carbon emissions are minimised. Evaluate national infrastructure for renewable hydrogen. Encourage smart-control systems for road transport management, freight logistics and efficiency at airports and ports. Electricity Increase shares of renewables closer to 100% by improved integration of variable generation through more flexible grids, demand-side management with back-up generation in the mix for dry years. Assess potential for CCS based on latest technologies in place overseas. Heat Encourage more solar water heating installations on commercial buildings and air-to-water heat pumps.
Annexes 185 Medium to long term H L Industry Explore potential to couple bioenergy with CCS technology to achieve negative GHG emissions in future. Forest and land use Plant more trees on farms, with complementary land uses and eco-services. Electricity L Evaluate and demonstrate potential for a) ocean energy technologies and b) CCS for any remaining thermal power stations such as gas peaking plants Heat L Displace all remaining coal combustion heat plant with low-carbon alternatives. Transport for central government L Encourage installation of national infrastructure for renewable hydrogen. Encourage port facilities to accommodate larger maritime freighters Long-term Agriculture M ? Introduce new nitrification inhibitors on pasture having tested for no side-effects or food contamination. H ? Deploy methane inhibiting technologies for ruminant animals (inhibitors, vaccines, selective breeding). H ? Move towards low-emitting land-uses. Note the cost of this would critically depend on the profitability and viability of alternative land-uses. Agriculture, forestry and land use M Increase soil carbon by improved management practices. Transport for individuals L Live near work place and tele-commute where possible to minimise travel. Transport for local government H L Develop very rapid electric vehicle recharging and hydrogen infrastructure. Provide real-time information on travel times, congestion, public transport timetables, recharging and hydrogen refilling stations. Transport for central government L Support research on novel low-C emission technologies. Transport for individuals H Use community owned, driverless vehicles Transport for central government M L Encourage use of biofuels in transport for domestic aviation. Build fast-rail infrastructure. NOTE: Establishing an effective carbon pricing regime to support these immediate and short-term changes, especially those relating to behavioural changes by householders and businesses, would increase the rate of mitigation, as would simplifying the resource consenting process to make it less challenging and expensive for low-carbon projects and potentially more incentivising.
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