Transition to a low-carbon economy for New Zealand

5
Table of Contents
Key findings......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Extended summary............................................................................................................................................. 8
New Zealand’s emissions and trends..............................................................................................................11
What can we do to reduce emissions, and in what order? ...........................................................................11
Taking action....................................................................................................................................................11
Section 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 24
1.1 Report framework......................................................................................................................................28
Section 2: Global context.................................................................................................................................. 30
2.1 Co-benefits.................................................................................................................................................33
2.2 UNFCCC 21 st Conference of Parties, Paris, December 2015.....................................................................34
Section 3: New Zealand’s emissions and trends .............................................................................................. 40
3.1 Historical trends ........................................................................................................................................42
3.2 Targets and policies ..................................................................................................................................47
3.3 Future trends ............................................................................................................................................48
3.4 New Zealand’s emissions and trends in a global context .........................................................................50
Section 4: Taking action.................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1 A socio-technical transition.......................................................................................................................54
4.2 Assessing emissions...................................................................................................................................54
4.3 Influences on behaviour ...........................................................................................................................59
4.4 Encouraging behaviour change.................................................................................................................60
4.5 Changing our ‘carbon cultures’.................................................................................................................61
4.6 Tourism emissions......................................................................................................................................65
4.7 Policy measures to mitigate climate change ............................................................................................67
4.8 Enabling policy development ...................................................................................................................73
Section 5: Sectoral mitigation options ............................................................................................................. 76
5.1 Heat and power supply..............................................................................................................................77
5.2 Transport....................................................................................................................................................90
5.3 Buildings...................................................................................................................................................112
5.4 Industry....................................................................................................................................................124
5.5 Agriculture...............................................................................................................................................131
5.6 Forests and other land-use......................................................................................................................148
Section 6: Emission reduction pathways........................................................................................................ 162
6.1 Review of approaches to producing mitigation pathways......................................................................164
6.2 Mitigation pathways for New Zealand.....................................................................................................173
Annex 1: Summary of possible mitigation actions for New Zealand............................................................... 180
Annex 2: Individuals consulted as part of the Review.................................................................................... 188
Annex 3: References....................................................................................................................................... 189