Treatment of Sex Offenders

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30 L.A. Craig and M. Rettenberger Table 2.3 Risk items from third-generation dynamic frameworks Stable dynamic factors Sexual interests (obsession/preoccupation) Attitudes supportive of sexual offense Relationships/socioaffective functioning (intimacy deficits) Third-generation dynamic frameworks SRA/SARN (Thornton, 2002 ; Webster et al. 2006 ) Sexual preoccupation (obsession) Sexual preference for children Sexualized violence Other offense-related sexual interests (fetish) Adversarial sexual attitudes Sexual entitlement Child abuse- supportive beliefs The belief women are deceitful Personal inadequacy Emotional congruence with children Grievance stance Emotional loneliness (lack of intimate relationships) Self-regulation/ self-management Impulsive, unstable lifestyle Not knowing how to solve life’s problems Out of control emotions or urges (emotional dysregulation) Stable-2007 (Hanson et al., 2007 ) Sexual preoccupation/sex drive Sex as a coping strategy Deviant sexual interests Sexual entitlement Pro-rape attitudes Child molester attitudes Lack of lovers/intimate partners Emotional identification with children Hostility toward women General social rejection/loneliness Lack of concern for others Impulsive acts Poor cognitive problem- solving skills Negative emotionality/hostility Acute-2007 (Hanson et al., 2007 ) Victim access Hostility sexual preoccupation Collapse of social supports Rejection of supervision Emotional collapse Substance abuse
2 A Brief History of Sexual Offender Risk Assessment 31 Stable-2007 and Acute-2007 One of the most influential research projects about dynamic risk factors in sexual offenders was the Dynamic Predictors Project (DPP; Hanson & Harris, 2000 ; Hanson et al., 2007 ; Harris & Hanson, 2010 a, 2010b). The starting point for this research was a study published by Hanson and Harris ( 2000 ) where they investigated the differences between two approximately equally large samples of sexual offenders known to have reoffended sexually while on community supervision ( n = 208) and of sexual offenders who have not reoffended ( n = 201). With a focus specifically on the risk factors which could have changed in the time periods proceeding the reoffense, Hanson and Harris ( 2000 ) identified two separate types of dynamic risk factors: on the one hand relatively stable enduring traits (e.g., attitudes, cognitive distortions, or self-regulation deficits) and, on the other hand, temporally rapidly changeable acute risk factors located rather in the environment and situational context. This led to the development of the Sex Offender Risk Assessment Rating (SONAR; Hanson & Harris, 2001 ) which consisted of five stable dynamic risk factors (intimacy deficits, social influences, attitudes, and general as well as sexual self-regulation) and four acute dynamic risk factors (substance abuse, negative mood, anger/hostility, and opportunities for victim access). Due to conceptual and clinical concerns, the SONAR was later separated into two measures, the Acute-2000 and Stable-2000. In 1999, Hanson et al. ( 2007 ) initiated the Dynamic Supervision Project (DSP), a prospective longitudinal field trial examining the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Acute-2000 and Stable-2000. A total of 156 parole and probation officers from every Canadian province as well as from the US states of Alaska and Iowa who were trained in the application of the Static-99, the Stable-2000, and the Acute-2000 completed risk assessments on N = 997 sexual offenders. After an average follow-up of 3 years, the accuracy of the Static-99 for the prediction of sexual recidivism was expectably high (AUC = 0.74). The same was true for the Acute-2000 (AUC = 0.74) although the Stable-2000 (AUC = 0.64) performed less well. For the Stable-2000, not all risk factors showed the hypothesized linear relationship with recidivism or any incremental predictive accuracy beyond the Static-99. In a subsequent revision, the three attitude items were dropped due to a lack of prognostic relevance, and the revised Stable-2007 demonstrated higher predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.67) and incremental predictive power beyond the Static-99 alone (Hanson et al., 2007 ). The Acute-2000 was only a subset of the included risk factors which was significantly related to all outcome measures (sexual, violent, and general criminal recidivism). This result led to a revision (e.g., Acute-2007) which separated two different factors: factors relevant for the prediction of violent and sexual recidivism (victim access, hostility, sexual preoccupation, and rejection of supervision) and general criminality factor which contains all seven abovementioned specified risk factors. The option of an eighth unspecified unique risk factor was dropped in the revised Acute-2007 version. Another interesting, and especially for policy makers in applied risk assessment settings, relevant finding was that the Static-99/Stable-2007 risk prediction system showed higher predictive accuracy (up to AUC = 0.84) when used
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Chapter 4 Risk Formulation: The New
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108 R.J. Wilson and M.H. Miner Conv
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Chapter 6 Polygraph Testing of Sex
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6 Polygraph Testing of Sex Offender
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Chapter 7 The Strengths of Treatmen
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7 The Strengths of Treatment for Se
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Chapter 8 Responsivity Dynamic Risk
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8 Responsivity Dynamic Risk Factors
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Chapter 9 Early Detection and Inter
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9 Early Detection and Intervention
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Chapter 10 Community Control of Sex
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10 Community Control of Sex Offende
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256 K.N. Daly legal significance of
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Chapter 12 The Shortcomings of Sexu
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12 The Shortcomings of Sexual Offen
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282 P. Lussier practitioners have r
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Treatment of Sex Offenders

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