The History of Cell Morphology

The History of Cell Morphology
Cell morphology (cytomorphology), also known as cytology (cytological examination), is a
traditional and classic clinical diagnostic method, which has a long history. Its method is simple,
practical and direct, and its characteristics have been taken as effective in a very long period of
time. In addition, it is also the most fundamental and important method for blood diseases,
especially the blood cancer diagnosis. It might be significant to use numerous photomicrographs
to identify and heighten study of morphologic abnormalities in cell size, shape, and color.
However, with the rapid development in modern science fields like atosiban, the diagnosis
process of cell morphology is changing. In fact, cell morphology is accompanied by the invention
of microscope (equipment or tools), the blood staining dye (staining technique), as well as the
discovery and improvement of bone marrow puncture technology.
The optical microscope was first invented in 1590 by Jansen (a glasses maker) and his son from
the Dutch, though the compound microscope was only 10 times magnification. The invention is
still showing its epoch-making significance because there is no cytology without microscope.
Blood cytology is generated from the discovery of blood dye. In 1898, Ehrlich and Lazarus
introduced a mixture containing Orange G, methyl green and magenta acidic, mixing three acid
staining solution for peripheral blood stained sheets. The mixture can be used for clearly
distinguishing the type of white blood cell. Such invention is extremely significant for the advance
of modern science, prompting the fast development of disciplines in blood cells (morphology),
such as calcitonin salmon.
Since the 1920s, bone marrow puncture for clinical has laid the foundation for bone marrow
(cytology) check. Since then, the term bone marrow examination has been used to follow the
conventions while electron microscopy examination, cellular and molecular biology examination,
and hematopoietic cells that make bone marrow cells the specimens are not in the category of
bone marrow examination. Application of bone marrow puncture is another milestone in the
history of blood disease diagnosis.
From then on, cell morphology based on bone marrow is continuously leading the definition and
diagnosis of blood diseases and disease categories, and provides clinical treatment & prognosis
evaluation information. Until the 1970s, it is the golden era of cell morphology, which also drives
the rapid development of clinical hematology.
In the history of hematologic disease diagnosis, cytology, as a whole, can form the basis of basic
disciplines and other newborn subjects, followed by establishing cell physiology (combine
cytology and physiology), cell biology (combine cytology and biology), cell chemistry (combine
morphology and biochemistry), cytogenetic (combine cytology and genetics), cell and molecular
biology (combine cytology and molecular studies), amino acid abbreviations, as well as some
other disciplines.

In the 1970s and 1980s, cytogenetic techniques have become maturer and streaming phenotype
detection technology also comes into the clinical application. Morphology could meet the clinical
diagnosis (especially blood cancer) to assess prognosis and guide treatment. For example,
ph-positive ALL needs adjust the treatment plan. The process has highlighted the lack of
diagnostics demands, such as in-depth knowledge of atypical diagnosis for difficult cases and
further classification and pathological mechanisms of blood cancer.
In some other aspects, morphology couldn’t drive the development of clinical hematology, and
also occasionally sentences the wrong direction, without providing a better basis for judgment.
Since 1990s, new technology in cellular genetics, cellular immunology and molecular aspects of
cells has made considerable progress; many projects in clinical laboratories can provide better
diagnosis and prognosis as well as individualized molecular targeted therapy of information.
These new technologies can gradually replace cell morphology and then become the leader of
defining blood cancer (especially new diseases) and diagnosis of specific types, which is another
driving force for the rapid development of clinical hematology.
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