AncillaryServices.KirschenChapter5Slides.LTEdits.pdf

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Balancing Generation and Load … Continued • Generators can only operate within a narrow range of frequencies • Protection devices disconnect generators from rest of the system when the frequency is too low, causing further imbalance between load and generation • A large sudden regional imbalance between load and generation in a system connected to other systems can cause the disconnection of their tie-lines. • System operator must maintain frequency within limits © Daniel Kirschen & Leigh Tesfatsion 2011 12
Balancing Generation and Load … Continued • Rate of change in frequency inversely proportional to total inertia of generators and rotating loads • Frequency changes much less in large interconnected systems than in small isolated systems • Local imbalance in an interconnected system causes a change in tie-line flows Tie-line Inadvertent flow © Daniel Kirschen & Leigh Tesfatsion 2011 13
Page 1 and 2: System Reliability and Ancillary Se
Page 3 and 4: Key Definition: Ancillary Services
Page 5 and 6: System Reliability = Adequacy + Sec
Page 7 and 8: Corrective Action • Taken only if
Page 9 and 10: Needs for Ancillary Services (Secti
Page 11: Balancing Generation and Load…Con
Page 15 and 16: Balancing Generation and Load … C
Page 17 and 18: Balancing Services…Continued Diff
Page 19 and 20: Example: Load (MW) Over 5 Trading P
Page 21 and 22: Actual Power Produced Over the 5 Pe
Page 23 and 24: Sources of Imbalance & correspondin
Page 25 and 26: Regulation Service in More Detail:
Page 27 and 28: Spinning/Non-Spinning Reserve Servi
Page 29 and 30: Network Issues: Contingency Analysi
Page 31 and 32: Example: Thermal Capacity A B Figur
Page 33 and 34: Example: Transient Stability • As
Page 35 and 36: Example: Voltage Stability … Cont
Page 37 and 38: Voltage Control & Reactive Support
Page 39 and 40: Example: Voltage Control under Norm
Page 41 and 42: Example: Reactive support After Lin
Page 43 and 44: Other Forms of Ancillary Services
Page 45 and 46: Obtaining Ancillary Services (A/S)
Page 47 and 48: How much A/S should be procured …
Page 49 and 50: One Possibility: Compulsory A/S Pro
Page 51 and 52: Disadvantages of Compulsory Provisi
Page 53 and 54: Another Possibility: Have an A/S Ma
Page 55 and 56: Disadvantages of an A/S Market •
Page 57 and 58: Advantages of Demand-Side Provision
Page 59 and 60: Who Should Pay for A/S? • Differe
Page 61 and 62: Example: Allocating Cost of Reserve
Page 63 and 64:
Selling A/S • Selling A/S is a bu
Page 65 and 66:
Notation: 1 2 x 1 x 2 P min P max R
Page 67 and 68:
First-Order Necessary Conditions fo
Page 69 and 70:
Case 1: • No binding constraints
Page 71 and 72:
Case 3: • Unit operates at minimu
Page 73 and 74:
Case 6: • Reserves limited by ram
Page 75:
Case 8: • Generator at minimum ou
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