AncillaryServices.KirschenChapter5Slides.LTEdits.pdf

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How much A/S should be procured? • System Operator is responsible for procuring A/S • Works on behalf of the users of the system • A/S are used mostly for contingencies • Availability is more important than actual usage • What if not enough A/S is procured? • Can’t ensure the reliability of the system • Can’t maintain the quality of the supply • What if too much A/S is procured? • Life of the system operator is easy • A/S costs are passed on to system users • But possible wastage of resources (e.g., excess reserves) © Daniel Kirschen & Leigh Tesfatsion 2011 46
How much A/S should be procured … Continued • System Operator should perform a cost/benefit analysis • Should balance benefits of A/S against their cost • Optimal balancing can require the solution of complicated probabilistic optimization problems • In practice, reliability standards that approximate the optimal solution have often been used instead. • Benefits of A/S: • Improvement in system reliability and the quality of energy supply • Costs of A/S: • A/S procurement payments • Typically system operators cover their A/S procurement payments by imposing charges on system loads by load share © Daniel Kirschen & Leigh Tesfatsion 2011 47
Page 1 and 2: System Reliability and Ancillary Se
Page 3 and 4: Key Definition: Ancillary Services
Page 5 and 6: System Reliability = Adequacy + Sec
Page 7 and 8: Corrective Action • Taken only if
Page 9 and 10: Needs for Ancillary Services (Secti
Page 11 and 12: Balancing Generation and Load…Con
Page 13 and 14: Balancing Generation and Load … C
Page 15 and 16: Balancing Generation and Load … C
Page 17 and 18: Balancing Services…Continued Diff
Page 19 and 20: Example: Load (MW) Over 5 Trading P
Page 21 and 22: Actual Power Produced Over the 5 Pe
Page 23 and 24: Sources of Imbalance & correspondin
Page 25 and 26: Regulation Service in More Detail:
Page 27 and 28: Spinning/Non-Spinning Reserve Servi
Page 29 and 30: Network Issues: Contingency Analysi
Page 31 and 32: Example: Thermal Capacity A B Figur
Page 33 and 34: Example: Transient Stability • As
Page 35 and 36: Example: Voltage Stability … Cont
Page 37 and 38: Voltage Control & Reactive Support
Page 39 and 40: Example: Voltage Control under Norm
Page 41 and 42: Example: Reactive support After Lin
Page 43 and 44: Other Forms of Ancillary Services
Page 45: Obtaining Ancillary Services (A/S)
Page 49 and 50: One Possibility: Compulsory A/S Pro
Page 51 and 52: Disadvantages of Compulsory Provisi
Page 53 and 54: Another Possibility: Have an A/S Ma
Page 55 and 56: Disadvantages of an A/S Market •
Page 57 and 58: Advantages of Demand-Side Provision
Page 59 and 60: Who Should Pay for A/S? • Differe
Page 61 and 62: Example: Allocating Cost of Reserve
Page 63 and 64: Selling A/S • Selling A/S is a bu
Page 65 and 66: Notation: 1 2 x 1 x 2 P min P max R
Page 67 and 68: First-Order Necessary Conditions fo
Page 69 and 70: Case 1: • No binding constraints
Page 71 and 72: Case 3: • Unit operates at minimu
Page 73 and 74: Case 6: • Reserves limited by ram
Page 75: Case 8: • Generator at minimum ou

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