Daehan Min-kuk (Republic of Korea) - Palgrave Connect

KOREA
Daehan Min-kuk
(Republic of Korea)
Capital: Seoul
Population: 44-6lm. (1995)
GNPper capita: US$8,483 (1994)
HDI/world rank: 0-886/29 (1993)
KEY HISTORICAL EVENTS. Korea was
united in a single kingdom under the Silla dynasty from
668. China relinquished its tributary rights over Korea
in 1895. Korea had already concluded trade agreements
with the USA (1882), the UK and Germany (1883).
After the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5 Korea was
virtually a Japanese protectorate until it was formally
annexed by Japan on 29 Aug. 1910.
For the partition of Korea after the Second World
War and the Korean War of 1950-53, see THE
STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1991-92, p. 781. A North Korean-UN agreement of 6
Sept. 1976 established a joint security area 850 metres wide, divided into 2 equal
parts to ensure the separation of the two sides.
On 13 Dec. 1991 the prime ministers of North and South Korea signed a declaration
of non-aggression and reconciliation, agreeing to respect each other's political
systems, not to interfere in each other's internal affairs or slander each other.
The passage of a new labour law in secret parliamentary session in the absence of
the opposition in Dec. 1996 provoked public demonstrations and a general strike.
On 21 Jan. 1997 President Kim Young Sam met opposition leaders and agreed to
amend the law. On 23 Jan. 1997 the OECD recommended to the government that it
should hold discussions with trade unions. On 27 Feb. 1997 President Kim agreed
to resubmit the law to parliament for amendment.
TERRITORY AND POPULATION. South Korea is bounded in the north
by the demilitarized zone (separating it from North Korea), east by the Sea of Japan
(East Sea), south by the Korea Strait (separating it from Japan) and west by the
Yellow Sea. The area is 99,263 sq. km. The population (census, 1 Nov. 1990) was
43,412,000 (urban, 74-4%). Results of an official survey in Nov. 1995, 44,606,000
(22,209,000 females) (84% urban); density, 443 per sq. km. Vital statistics rates per
1,000 in 1990: Birth, 15-6; death, 5-8; divorce, 20-8; infant mortality, 12-82; growth,
9-8%. Expectation of life, 1993, 72-8 years.
In 1995, 15,917 South Koreans emigrated (8,535 to USA, 3,612 to New Zealand,
3,289 to Canada, 417 to Australia) and 7,057 returned home. 5-22m. Koreans lived
abroad in 1996.
There are 9 provinces (do) and 6 cities with provincial status. Area and population
in 1994:
Province
Seoul (city)
Pusan (city)
Taegu (city)
Inchon (city)
Kwangju (city)
Taejon (city)
Kyonggi
Kangwon
Cities with sver 400,000 inhabitants (census 1990):
Seoul
Pusan
Taegu
Inchon
Kwangchu
Area
(in sq. km)
605
526
456
313
501
537
10,769
16,898
10,627,790
3,797,566
2,228,834
1,818,293
1,144,695
Population
(in 1,000)
10,799
3,847
2,347
2,208
1,274
1,235
7,438
1,531
Taejon
Ulsan
Puchon
Suweon
Seongnam
795
Province
North Chungchong
South Chungchong
North Cholla
South Cholla
North Kyongsang
South Kyongsang
Cheju
1,062,084
682,978
667,777
644,968
540,764
Area
(in sq. km)
7,437
8,317
8,052
11,812
19,443
11,771
1,825
Chonchu
Chongchu
Masan
Anyang
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Population
(in 1,000)
1,427
1,845
2,005
2,198
2,876
3,968
514
517,104
497,429
496,639
480,668
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796 KOREA
CLIMATE. The extreme south has a humid warm temperate climate while the
rest of the country experiences continental temperate conditions. Rainfall is concentrated
in the period April to Sept. and ranges from 40" (1,020 mm) to 60" (1,520
mm). Pusan. Jan. 36°F (2-2°C), July 76°F (24-4°C). Annual rainfall 56" (1,407 mm).
Seoul. Jan. 23°F (-5°C), July 77°F (25°C). Annual rainfall 50" (1,250 mm).
CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. The 1988 Constitution provides
for a President, directly elected for a single 5-year term, who appoints and heads a
State Council, and a National Assembly (299 members) directly elected for 4 years
(253 from constituencies and 46 from party lists in proportion to the overall vote).
Presidential elections were held on 18 Dec. 1992. The electorate was 29,422,658;
turn-out was 81-9%. Kim Young Sam was elected by 42% of votes cast.
Presidential elections were scheduled for 18 Dec. 1997.
Elections to the National Assembly were held on 11 April 1996. 1,389 candidates
stood. The electorate was 31,526,918; turn-out was 63-9%. The New Korea Party
won 139 seats with 34-5% of votes cast; the National Congress for New Politics, 79
with 25-3%; the United Liberal Democrats, 50 with 16-2%; the Democratic Party,
15 with 11-2%; ind, 16 with 11-9%.
President: Kim Young Sam (b. 1927; DLP; sworn in 25 Feb. 1993).
On 26 Feb. 1997 the government resigned. Koh Kun (b. 1938) was appointed
Prime Minister on 4 March 1997.
National flag: White charged in the centre with the yang-um in red and blue and
with 4 black p 'algwae trigrams.
National anthem: 'Tong hae mulgwa' ('Until the East Sea is drained'); words
anonymous, tune by An Ik Tae.
Local Government. The 15 provinces are divided into 136 districts (Gun) and
68 cities (Shi). Elections were held on 27 June 1995 for the 9 provinces and 6 cities
of provincial status and 5,700 other local government posts. The DLP gained 5
governorships, the DP 4, the UPP 4 and ind 2.
DEFENCE. Peacetime operational control, which had been transferred to the
Combined Forces Command (CFC) under a US general in July 1950 on the outbreak
of the Korean War, was restored to South Korea in Dec. 1994. In the event of
a new crisis, operational control over the Korean armed forces will revert to CFC.
Conscription is 26 months in the Army and 30 months in the Navy and Air Force.
Conscripts may choose or be required to exchange military service for civilian
work.
Army. The Army is organized in 19 infantry and 3 mechanized infantry divisions, 2
independent infantry brigades, 7 special forces brigades, 3 air defence artillery
brigades, 3 counter-infiltration brigades, 1 army aviation command, 5 surface-to-air
and 3 surface-to-surface missile battalions. Equipment includes 800 Type 88,
400 M-47 and 850 M-48A5 main battle tanks. Army aviation equipment includes
250 Hughes 500 and McDonnell Douglas 530 and 60 AH-IF helicopters for antiarmour
operations, observation and liaison, and 18 CH-47D transport helicopters
and 70 Bell UH-1 utility helicopters. Delivery of 150 UH-60 Black Hawk transport
helicopters began in 1991 and is scheduled to continue until 1998. Strength (1997)
548,000 (140,000 conscripts). Paramilitary Civilian Defence Corps, 3-5m.
Navy. A substantial force of 60,000 (19,000 conscripts), including 25,000 marines
(1996), continues its steady modernization programme. Current strength includes
4 German-designed ocean-going diesel submarines, 3 midget submarines (175
tonnes), 7 aged (1943^46) ex-US destroyers, and 33 locally-built frigates with
modern US and European weapons, 4 corvettes, 11 fast missile craft, together with
a patrol force of 100 inshore craft. There are 14 coastal mine counter-measure
vessels and an amphibious force of 8 tank landing ships, 7 medium landing ships,
together with 35 amphibious craft. Major auxiliaries include 2 replenishment and 2
transport tankers, 2 large tugs, 4 survey vessels and 35 service craft. The Navy aviation
element operates 8 P-3-C Orion, 15 shore-based S-2E Tracker anti-submarine
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KOREA 797
aircraft and 25 Hughes 500MD, 12 Super-Lynx and 10 Alouette helicopters, some
of which embark in frigates and destroyers.
Main bases are at Chinhae, Inchon and Pusan.
The Coastguard numbering some 5,000 (mostly shore-based) operates 10 offshore,
26 coastal and 38 inshore patrol craft as well as 9 light helicopters.
Air Force. In 1996 the Air Force had a strength of 52,000 men and 450 combat aircraft.
Its combat aircraft include 100 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, about 180 F-4D/E
Phantoms, 200 F-5E/F tactical fighters, 15 RF-4E Phantom reconnaissance fighters,
10 0-2A and 10 OV-I forward air control aircraft and 10 Hughes 500 Defender
helicopters. There are also 12 CN-235, 10 C-130 Hercules turboprop-engined transports,
2 HS.748s, 1 Boeing 737 for VIP transport; UH-1, Bell 212 and Bell 412
transport helicopters, and Hawk T-41, T-33, T-37C and T-38 trainers.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Membership. The Republic of Korea is a member of the UN and OECD.
ECONOMY
Policy. The seventh 5-year social and economic plan, which began in 1992, has
been replaced by a new plan for 1993-97. An annual plan for 1995 aimed at controlling
growth and strengthening national competitiveness. Part of the plan ('the
core industrial sector system') was to make conglomerates (chaebol) more competitive
by restricting the industrial areas in which they may engage. The major conglomerates
had selected their core industries and companies early in 1994. Restrictions
on chaebols were relaxed in 1995 where family owners reduced their holdings
to less than 20%.
40 state-owned or state-invested companies are scheduled for privatization between
1995 and 1998.
Performance. GDP growth rate was 7% in 1996 (9% in 1995).
Budget. Revenue and expenditure (in 1,000,000m. won) at the 1997 budget: 67,770
and 71,600. Sources of revenue: National tax, 64,230; non-tax, 3,540. Expenditure
includes defence, 14,270; infrastructure, 10,130; education, 18,630; agriculture and
fisheries, 6,670; technology, 3,220; environment, 2,110.
Currency. The unit of currency is the won (KRW) notionally of 100 chon. Notes
are in denominations of 10,000, 5,000 and 1,000 won and coins in denominations of
500, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1 won. Notes and coins to the value of 9,234,600m. won
were in circulation in 1993. In June 1995 foreign exchange reserves were
US$28,380m.; gold reserves were US$34m. Inflation was 4-5% in 1996. In March
1997, £1 = 1,410-19 won; US$1 = 864-35 won; DM1 =512-01 won.
Banking and Finance. The central bank and bank of issue is the Bank of Korea
{Governor, Lee Kyung Shik). In June 1996 bank deposits totalled 326,030,000m.
won, of which 146,850,000m. won were savings and time deposits.
There are 23 national and provincial commercial banks, the 6 largest being Cho
Hung, Commercial Bank, Korea First, Hanil, Bank of Seoul and Korea Exchange.
There were 52 foreign banks in 1994, granted parity of treatment with domestic
banks in July 1991, when the ceiling on their funds was lifted.
In addition, there are non-bank financial institutions consisting of 20 insurance
companies, the Land Bank of Korea, the Credit Guarantee Fund, 32 short-term
financial companies, 237 mutual credit companies, and the Merchant Banking Corporation.
The use of real names in financial dealings has been required since 1994.
There is a stock exchange in Seoul.
Weights and Measures. The metric system is in use alongside traditional
measures. 1 sok= 144 kg. 1 pyong = 3-3 sq. metres.
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Electricity. Electricity generated (1994) was 188,348m. kWh; installed capacity
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798 KOREA
(1993) was 27-65 kW. Sources of power in 1993: Nuclear, 40%; oil, 28-5%; coal,
15%; liquefied natural gas, 12-3%; hydro-electric, 4-2%.
Minerals. In 1991, 1,788 mining companies employed 60,983 people. Mineral
deposits are small except tungsten. Output, 1993, included (in tonnes): Anthracite
coal, 9-44m.; iron ore, 0-2m.; tungsten ore (1990), 2,451; limestone, 77m.; graphite,
59,100; lead ore, 14,818; zinc ore, 27,616.
Agriculture. Cultivated land was 207m. ha in 1992, of which l-31m. ha were rice
paddies. In 1995, the farming population was 5-16m. and there were l-55m. farms.
There were some 65,000 farms over 10 ha. The agricultural workforce was 2-8m. in
1994.
In 1995, 106m. ha were sown to rice. Production (1993, in tonnes): Rice,
5,315,000; barley, 354,389; wheat, 552,000; potatoes, 243,000; beans, 212,000.
There were 64,159 tractors in 1992.
Livestock in 1992 (in 1,000): Draught cattle, 2,019; milch cows, 508; pigs, 5,463;
sheep, 505; chickens, 73,324; ducks, 1,000.
Forestry. Forest area was 6-47m. ha in 1992. Total stock (1995) was 257-3m. cu.
metres. In 1995, 71% of the national forest was privately owned. Timber output was
l-7m. cu. metres in 1992.
Fisheries. In 1992, there was a total of 94,135 boats (959,056 gross tonnes).
783 deep-sea fishing vessels were operating overseas in 1991. The fish catch
(inland and marine) was 3-34m. tonnes in 1993.
INDUSTRY. Manufacturing industry is concentrated primarily on oil, petrochemicals,
chemical fibres, construction, iron and steel, cement, machinery,
shipbuilding, automobiles and electronics. Tobacco manufacture is a government
monopoly. Industry is dominated by giant conglomerates (chaebol). There were
2-77m. businesses in 1995, of which 224,654 were incorporated. 521,496 businesses
were in catering, 314,283 in manufacturing, 298,136 in services and 211,425 in
transport and communications.
Production in 1992 (in 1,000 tonnes): Paper and products, 2,568; artificial fertilizers,
3,077; plastic products, 727; pig-iron, 19,238; steel bars, 1,055; steel angles,
1,999; (in 1,000 sq. metres); Cotton fabrics, 469; silk fabrics, 18; synthetic fabrics,
3,434; petrol, 5,476,000 kilolitres; shoes, 19-4m. pairs; l-6m. cars; 0-3m. lorries;
7-17m. microwave ovens; l-3m. electronic calculators.
Labour. In 1996 the population of working age (15 to 59 years) was 33-56m. The
economically-active population was 20-79m., of whom 0-42m. were registered
unemployed. In 1995, 4-77m. persons were employed in manufacturing, 1 l-22m. in
services, l-93m. in building, 27,000 in mining and l-74m. in agriculture, fisheries
and forestry. 5-84m. persons were self-employed in 1995. An annual legal minimum
wage is set by the Minimum Wage Council each Sept, applicable to firms with
more than 10 employees; in 1995-96 it was 288,250 won per month. In Sept. 1996
the average monthly wage was 1,334m. The working week averaged 52-4 hours in
1995. There were 235 labour disputes in 1992; 1,520,364 working days were lost.
Legislation abolishing security of job tenure and giving employers powers to
introduce flexible working hours and use substitute labour in the event of strikes
was rushed through parliament in Dec. 1996, provoking public protests and a
general strike.
Trade Unions. In 1993 there were 7,531 unions with a total membership of
1,735,000. The government-recognized Federation of Korean Trade Unions groups
l-4m. of these. Civil servants may not join unions. Since 1997 unions have been
permitted to engage in political activities, and the ban on more than one union in
one work place is scheduled for abolition in 2002.
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS. Foreign debt was US$78,440m. in
1995. Since 1991 foreign partners in joint ventures holding less than 50% of the
capital have needed only to report, instead of seek approval for, their projects. Tax
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KOREA 799
concessions for foreign investments have been reduced. Since 1994 foreign investors
have been able to buy 15% of the equity of most Korean companies. Since June
1995 South Korean businesses and individuals have been permitted to make investments
and set up branch offices in North Korea. South Korea donated 015m.
tonnes of rice to North Korea in 1995.
Commerce. In 1995 exports were US$125,058m., imports, US$135,119m. Trade in
1994 with major partners (in USSlm.): Imports: Japan, 25,390; USA, 21,578;
China, 5,463; Germany, 5,159. Exports: USA, 20,553; Japan, 13,523; Hong Kong,
8,015; China, 6,203.
Major exports in 1994 included (in US$lm.): Transistors and chips, 11,848; textiles,
7,838; clothing, 5,653; ships, 4,945; motor cars, 4,470; iron and steel, 4,456;
telecommunications equipment, 3,687; office machines, 3,607; chemicals, 2,116.
Major imports included: Machinery and transport equipment, 37,408; mineral fuels,
15,415; chemicals, 9,763; inedible raw materials, 9,405; food, 4,761. Rice imports
were prohibited until 1994, but following the GATT Uruguay Round the rice
market opened to foreign imports in 1995.
Total trade between Korea and UK (British Department of Trade returns, in
£1,000 sterling): / m (99} ]994 jgg5 /gg6
Imports to UK 933,946 1,077,735 1,069,209 1,561,755 2,038,376
Exports and re-exports from UK 654,060 796,380 970,978 1,153,116 1,303,560
Tourism. In 1995, 3,818,740 Koreans travelled abroad and 3,753,197 foreign
nationals visisted South Korea (3,580,024 in 1994).
COMMUNICATIONS
Roads. In 1993 there were 61,295 km of roads. 11-6m. passengers and 345-8m.
tonnes of freight were carried in 1994. In 1995 motor vehicles totalled 8,022,652
(7,540,888 private) including 1,756,347 lorries, 601,571 buses and 5,632,838 passenger
cars. There were 11,585 road deaths in 1992 (13,429 in 1991).
Railways. In 1995 the National Railroad totalled 3,120 km of 1,435 mm gauge
(557 km electrified) and 20 km of 762 mm gauge. In 1995 railways carried 817m.
passengers and 574m. tonnes of freight.
There are metros in Seoul (132 km) and Pusan (26-1 km).
Civil Aviation. There are international airports at Seoul (Kimpo), Kimhae
and Chaeju. The national carrier is Korean Air which in 1995 operated
6 A300B4-200s, 5 A300B4-600s, 16 A300B4-600Rs, 2 A300F4-200s, 3 B-727-200
Advs, 4 B-747-200Bs, 2 B-747-200B(F)s, 1 B-747-200C, 8 B-747-200Fs,
2 B-747-300s, 1 B-747-300 Combi, 16 B-747-400s, 1 B-747-400 Combi,
2 B-7475Ps and 34 other aircraft. Asiana Airlines also provides services, and the
foreign airlines Aeroflot, Air Canada, Air China, Air France, Air New Zealand,
Alitalia, All Nippon Airways, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Eastern Airlines,
China Northern Airlines, Continental Airlines and Air Micronesia, Delta,
Garuda Indonesia, JAL, Japan Air System, KLM, Lufthansa, Malaysia Airlines,
Northwest Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Swissair, Thai
Airways, United Airlines, Uzbekistan Airways, VASP and Vietnam Airlines. In
1994, 184m. passengers and 0-3 lm. tonnes of cargo were carried on domestic
routes and 13-08m. passengers and 1-1 lm. tonnes of cargo on international routes.
Shipping. In 1992 there were 48 ports, including 27 for international trade. In 1995
the merchant marine comprised 684 vessels totalling 1949m. DWT, representing
2-95% of the world's tonnage. 234 vessels (49-56% of tonnage) were registered
under foreign flags. Total GRT, 7-01m., including oil tankers, 0-52m. GRT and container
ships, M5m. GRT. 7-87m. passengers and 234m. tonnes of freight were
carried on domestic routes in 1994, and 041m. passengers and 35342m. tonnes of
cargo on international routes.
Telecommunications. Post offices totalled 3,390 in 1995; public telephones,
310,451; telephone subscribers, 18-08m.; telex subscribers, 4,006. l-65m. mobile
phones were in use in 1995. The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) is a public
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800 KOREA
corporation which broadcasts 4 national radio programmes (1 commercial), regional
programmes and a service for Koreans living abroad. An external service, Radio
Korea, broadcasts in 10 languages. There is also a commercial network, an educational
service and 4 religious networks. KBS transmits 3 TV channels (1 educational);
colour by NTSC) and there is a commercial channel. Local commercial TV
based on major cities began in 1994. Cable TV was inaugurated in March 1995 and
had lm. subscribers in June 1996. There were 42m. radio and 8-7m. television
receivers in 1993.
Cinemas. In 1988 there were 696 with a seating capacity of 240,000. 96 full-length
films were produced in 1992.
Press. In 1992 there were 77 dailies and 4,994 periodicals. 29,56? book titles were
published 1994.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Justice. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts
and Family Court. The 14 Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President
for renewable 6-year terms; the Chief Justice appoints other judges. The President
appoints the Prosecutor-General. The death penalty is authorized.
Religion. The main religions have been Shamanism, Buddhism (introduced
A.D. 372) and Confucianism, which was the official faith from 1392 to 1910. Catholic
converts from China introduced Christianity in the 18th century, but a ban on
Roman Catholicism was not lifted until 1882. The Anglican Church was introduced
in 1890 and became an independent jurisdiction in 1993 under the Archbishop of
Korea. In 1995 it had 84 churches, 110 priests and some 52,000 faithful. Religious
affiliations of the population in 1991 (and 1985): Buddhism, 23-7% (27-7%);
Protestantism, 16-3% (18-6%); Roman Catholicism, 4-8% (5-7%); Confucianism,
1-5% (1%); others, 0-9% (1%); no religion, 52-9% (46%).
Education. After 1 or 2 years of kindergarten, education is compulsory from 6 to
12, followed by the options of middle school till 15 and general or vocational high
school to 18.
In 1992-93 there were 8,526 kindergartens with 263,562 pupils and 21,117 teachers;
6,122 elementary schools with 4,561,078 pupils and 137,819 teachers; 2,539
middle schools with 2,336,206 pupils and 93,439 teachers; 1,735 high schools with
2,123,621 pupils and 95,208 teachers; 126 junior colleges with 294,412 students
and 10,146 teachers; 11 teacher training colleges with 14,347 students and 603 teachers;
121 colleges and universities with 814,426 students and 37,031 teachers;
9 open colleges with 231,197 students and 1,179 teachers; and 287 other institutions
with 185,370 students and 8,199 teachers.
106,458 South Koreans were studying abroad in 1994.
Health. In 1992 there were 236 general hospitals (with 76,619 beds), 337 other hospitals
(36,425), 4,901 oriental medical hospitals and clinics (2,096) and 6,639 dental
hospitals and clinics. There were 48,390 physicians, 6,839 oriental medical doctors,
11,285 dentists, 8,012 midwives, 101,140 nurses, and 39,564 pharmacists.
Social Security. In 1992 502m. persons were covered by the National Pension System
introduced in 1988. Employers and employees make equal contributions; persons
joining by choice or in rural areas pay their own contributions. The System
covers age pensions, disability payments and survivors' pensions. Recipients of
benefit in 1992 included: Public livelihood aid, 2-42m.; veterans, 174,100.
Under a sytem of unemployment insurance introduced in July 1996, workers laid
off after working at least 1 year for a member employer are entitled to benefits
averaging 50% of their previous wage for a period of 30 to 210 days.
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES
Of Korea in Great Britain (4 Palace Gate, London, W8 5NF)
Ambassador: Choi Dong Jin.
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KOREA 801
Of Great Britain in Korea (4 Chung-Dong, Chung-Ku, Seoul)
Ambassador: Stephen D. Brown.
Of Korea in the USA (2370 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C., 20008)
Ambassador: Kun Woo Park.
Of the USA in Korea (Sejong-Ro, Seoul)
Ambassador: James T. Laney.
Of Korea at the United Nations:
Ambassador: Park Soo Gil.
Further Reading
National Bureau of Statistics. Korea Statistical Yearbook
Bank of Korea. Economic Statistics Yearbook
Cumings, B., Korea's Place in the Sun: a Modern History. New York, 1997
Das, D. K., Korean Economic Dynamism. London, 1991
Eckert, C. J. etal, Korea OldandNew: a History. Harvard Univ. Press, 1991
Gibney, F., Korea's Quiet Revolution: from Garrison State to Democracy. New York, 1992
Kang, M.-H. The Korean Business Conglomerate: Chaebol Then and Now. Univ. of California
Press, 1996
Kim, D.-H. and Tat, Y.-K. (eds.) The Korean Peninsula in Transition. London, 1997
Simons, G., Korea: the Search for Sovereignty. London, 1995
Song, P.-N., The Rise of the Korean Economy. 2nd ed. OUP, 1994
Tennant, R., A History of Korea. London, 1996
National statistical office: National Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Board, Seoul
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