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Call for papers Would you like to write an article for Diabetes & Primary Care Australia? The new journal from the Primary Care Diabetes Society of Australia To submit an article or if you have any queries, please contact: gary.kilov@pcdsa.com.au. Title page Please include the article title, the full names of the authors and their institutional affiliations, as well as full details of each author’s current appointment. This page should also have the name, address and contact telephone number(s) of the corresponding author. Article points and key words Four or five sentences of 15–20 words that summarise the major themes of the article. Please also provide four or five key words that highlight the content of the article. Abstract Approximately 150 words briefly introducing your article, outlining the discussion points and main conclusions. Introduction In 60–120 words, this should aim to draw the reader into the article as well as broadly stating what the article is about. Main body Use sub-headings liberally and apply formatting to differentiate between heading levels (you may have up to three heading levels). The article must have a conclusion, which should be succinct and logically ordered, ideally identifying gaps in present knowledge and implications for practice, as well as suggesting future initiatives. Tables and illustrations Tables and figures – particularly photographs – are encouraged wherever appropriate. Figures and tables should be numbered consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text. Present tables at the end of the articles; supply figures as logically labelled separate files. If a figure or table has been published previously, acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the material. References In the text Use the name and year (Harvard) system for references in the text, as exemplified by the following: ● As Smith and Jones (2013) have shown … ● As already reported (Smith and Jones, 2013) … For three or more authors, give the first author’s surname followed by et al: ● As Robson et al (2015) have shown … Simultaneous references should be ordered chronologically first, and then alphabetically: ● (Smith and Jones, 2013; Young, 2013; Black, 2014). Statements based on a personal communication should be indicated as such, with the name of the person and the year. In the reference list The total number of references should not exceed 30 without prior discussion with the Editor. Arrange references alphabetically first, and then chronologically. Give the surnames and initials of all authors for references with four or fewer authors; for five or more, give the first three and add “et al”. Papers accepted but not yet published may be included in the reference list as being “[In press]”. Journal article example: Robson R, Seed J, Khan E et al (2015) Diabetes in childhood. Diabetes Journal 9: 119–23 Whole book example: White F, Moore B (2014) Childhood Diabetes. Academic Press, Melbourne Book chapter example: Fisher M (2012) The role of age. In: Merson A, Kriek U (eds). Diabetes in Children. 2nd edn. Academic Press, Melbourne: 15–32 Document on website example: Department of Health (2009) Australian type 2 diabetes risk assessment tool (AUSDRISK). Australian Government, Canberra. Available at: http://www. health.gov.au/preventionoftype2diabetes (accessed 22.07.15) Article types Articles may fall into the categories below. All articles should be 1700–2300 words in length and written with consideration of the journal’s readership (general practitioners, practice nurses, prescribing advisers and other healthcare professionals with an interest in primary care diabetes). Clinical reviews should present a balanced consideration of a particular clinical area, covering the evidence that exists. The relevance to practice should be highlighted where appropriate. Original research articles should be presented with sections for the background, aims, methods, results, discussion and conclusion. The discussion should consider the implications for practice. Clinical guideline articles should appraise newly published clinical guidelines and assess how they will sit alongside existing guidelines and impact on the management of diabetes. Organisational articles could provide information on newly published organisational guidelines or explain how a particular local service has been organised to benefit people with diabetes. — Diabetes & Primary Care Australia —
Editorial Diabetes education We are all aware that diabetes mellitus prevalence is rising, affecting around half a billion people worldwide (International Diabetes Federation, 2015) and approximately 5% of Australians (917 000 people; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). Unfortunately, almost half of people with type 2 diabetes have glycaemic levels out of target range (Si et al, 2010), leading to increased rates of macro- and microvascular complications and early mortality (Holman et al, 2008), as well as increasing healthcare costs (Lee et al, 2013). Diabetes education is pivotal in supporting effective diabetes self-management, and structured diabetes education supports selfmanagement, having been shown to improve blood glucose levels, blood pressure, weight and lipid levels, as well as having a positive effect on blood glucose self-monitoring (Norris et al, 2001; 2002; Ellis et al, 2004; Minet et al, 2010). Despite the advantages of structured education, over 40% of Australians with diabetes do not have access to such programs (Deloittes Access Economics, 2014). To provide an independent analysis of the cost effectiveness of diabetes education, the Australian Diabetes Educator Association (ADEA) commissioned Deloittes Access Economics (2014) to produce the report Benefits of Credentialled Diabetes Educators to people with diabetes and Australia. The report identified that for every $173 investment in diabetes education, there would be a return of $2827 per patient, per annum in healthcare cost savings. These cost savings were due to a reduction in frequency of hospital admission, emergency presentation, GP visits and treatment of related comorbidities. If diabetes education was made available to all Australians with diabetes, the total healthcare cost savings in 2014 would have been $3.9 billion and the lives of thousands of people with diabetes would have been improved. Unfortunately, many private health insurance companies do not fund diabetes education services, and current Medicare funding includes diabetes education as part of the five annual team care arrangement visits, alongside podiatry, dietetics and other associated healthcare providers. This means that many Australians with diabetes either have to pay for sessions with a diabetes educator themselves or miss out entirely. Outof-pocket costs for people with diabetes is one of the main barriers to accessing diabetes education (Deloittes Access Economics, 2014). More is needed to support all Australians with diabetes accessing diabetes education. One way to do this is through private health insurers funding diabetes education. This would be feasible given that diabetes education is a relatively inexpensive cost compared to the healthcare costs incurred later on from sub-optimally managed diabetes (Deloittes Access Economics, 2014), such as the management of blindness, amputation, kidney failure and early mortality. Some therapies, which have less evidence for effectiveness compared to diabetes education, are currently reimbursed by private health insurance companies. Effective support of optimal diabetes management would lead to significant gains in the health of many people, as well as reduced health costs. Of course, private health insurance-funded diabetes education will only increase access to those who have private health insurance. Many people with the poorest diabetes outcomes are those of low socio-economic status and marginalised groups who are likely to not have private health insurance. In this issue, Mark Kennedy and Trisha Dunning provide the evidence for structured education and helpful guidance to encourage uptake (page 10). They highlight the importance of diabetes education in supporting people with diabetes to achieve optimal management of their diabetes while also highlighting the Rajna Ogrin Editor of Diabetes & Primary Care Australia, and Senior Research Fellow, RDNS Institute, St Kilda, Vic. Diabetes & Primary Care Australia Vol 2 No 1 2017 5
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