SOYBEAN and BEES

More documents

Recommendations

Info

the mean density did not reach the rate of 1 grain cm -2 day -1 during 19 flowering days. The results of the wind tunnel experiment also showed that the plants had almost no airborne release of pollen and the dispersal distance was shorter than theoretical value due to clustered dispersal. This study showed little airborne pollen in and around the soybean field and the dispersal is restricted to a small area. Therefore, wind-mediated pollination appears to be negligible, reinforcing that all cross-pollination on soybeans involves animal pollinators, especially bees. 100 SoybeAn and bees
Soybean pest control and the impact on pollinators There are several insect pests attacking soybeans during its life cycle, since sowing to almost harvest. Major pests are defoliators, pod sucking and feeders. The critical period for negative impacts of chemical pest control on pollinators occurs when flowers are present on soybean plants. This period may range from 15 to 30 days, depending on several aspects, but especially if soybean cultivars are determinate or indeterminate. On determinate types, the R2 stage is characterized by full bloom, and the uppermost node develops flowers, so vertical plant growth stops. At R3 stage (pod set or beginning pod) the blooming period is over and almost no flowers are present on the plants. The blooming period for a determinate cultivar averages 15 days, the maximum being around 20 days. In the case of indeterminate cultivars, blooming continues after R3, sometimes up to R5 (beginning seed), extending for ca. 30 days. This is a very important and crucial difference as far as impact of pest control on pollinators is involved, because, on determinate varieties, the blooming period does not overlap with pod formation and filling. Therefore, it is not necessary to control pod sucking or pod feeding pests while flowers are open in the plants. Contrarily, on indeterminate varieties – which are the most commonly cultivated in Brazil – pods and flowers are present on the same time on the plants. Therefore, while flowers attracts pollinators, pods might (or not) be attacked by pests, needing control practices (Figure 24). In the majority of the soybean cultivars grown in Brazil, the vegetative part of the cycle (VE to Vn) represents roughly one third of the whole cycle. Nevertheless, this general rule depends on the cultivar, the latitude and altitude, climatic conditions (rain and daily and night temperature) and on soil pH and fertility (FERREIRA et al., 1983). To illustrate, higher temperatures induces shorter soybean cycles, and the first flower appears earlier than under normal temperatures. The same is valid for hydric or nutritional stresses (low N, P and K levels on the soil). SoybeAn and bees 101
Page 1 and 2:
SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3 and 4:
Copies of this publication can be a
Page 6 and 7:
Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
Page 8 and 9:
continuous development and use of p
Page 11 and 12:
PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Page 13 and 14:
the pest abundance and the level of
Page 15 and 16:
Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
Page 17 and 18:
SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
Page 19 and 20:
es from pod set to physiological ma
Page 21:
Luckily for the growers - and for t
Page 24 and 25:
The tassel starts to develop inside
Page 26 and 27:
Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
Page 28 and 29:
ing region is the throat and the fl
Page 30 and 31:
Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
Page 32 and 33:
In the microgametogenesis, the unic
Page 34 and 35:
dynamics, and the flux of ions are
Page 36 and 37:
Once confirmed, agricultural practi
Page 39 and 40:
Soybean reproductive development So
Page 41 and 42:
Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
Page 43 and 44:
Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
Page 45 and 46:
monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
Page 47 and 48:
(Severson, 1983). He observed that
Page 49 and 50: stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
show all

SOYBEAN and BEES

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?