SOYBEAN and BEES

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Primordium: Derived from Latin primordium: the first, the beginning. Prophylls: A plant structure resembling a leaf (as a bracteole) or consisting of a modified or rudimentary leaf (as a foliar primordium). Protoderm: A plant tissue formed by the apical meristem of shoots and roots that subsequently gives rise to the epidermis. Puberulent: Of a leaf, stem, etc. slightly downy with very short hairs; minutely pubescent Ribosome: A complex molecular machine found within all living cells that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Sporangia: An enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores. Sporogenous: An elongated, spirally thickened, water-attracting cell in the capsule of a liverwort, derived from sporogenous tissue and assisting in spore dispersal. Sporopollenin: A major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains Stamen: The male reproductive organ of plants. Staminal sheath: A protection coating of the stamens. Staminal tube: Filaments of the stamens united so as to form a tube. Style: An elongated part of a carpel, or group of fused carpels, between the ovary and the stigma. Suspensor: The chain of cells that anchors a plant embryo in the surrounding gametophyte tissue. In flowering plants, the suspensor attaches the embryo to the embryo sac and extends to push the embryo into the endosperm.
Synergid: One of two small cells lying near the egg in the mature embryo sac of a flowering plant. Tonoplast: The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm in a cell. Tunica: The outer layer or layers of cells of the meristem at a shoot tip, which produces the epidermis and cells beneath it. Unicarpellate: Having a single carpel (=pistil) which is the female part of the flower. Consists of the stigma, style and ovary. Zygote: The result of the fusion of the sperm with the egg (haploid reproductive cells, or gametes). The zygote is a diploid cell that will start the cellular division to develop into a seed. SoybeAn and bees 147
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
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cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
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Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
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soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
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flowered varieties are inter-mixed
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Table 5. Differences on yield compo
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Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
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Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
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