SOYBEAN and BEES

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AUTHOR Decio Luiz Gazzoni Agronomist, M.Sc. in Entomology, Researcher at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, PR, Brazil
Page 1 and 2: SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3: Copies of this publication can be a
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Brazil, aligned with inter
Page 9: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
Page 12 and 13: Soybean flower abscission is very h
Page 14 and 15: In order to minimize the adverse im
Page 16 and 17: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 18 and 19: . Reproductive stages Stage Stage t
Page 20 and 21: R1. Beginning bloom. R2. Full bloom
Page 23 and 24: Types of reproductive structure of
Page 25 and 26: Flowers with functional male and fe
Page 27 and 28: ) Reproductive I. Androecium (from
Page 29 and 30: Flowers may be directly attached to
Page 31 and 32: Pollen Pollen is a fine to coarse p
Page 33 and 34: Fertilization A pollen tube is part
Page 35 and 36: Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A C B Fi
Page 37: with the two polar nuclei of the me
Page 40 and 41: are white and purple, controlled by
Page 42 and 43: Trichomes occur on the pistil and a
Page 44 and 45: Illustration: Decio Luiz Gazzoni St
Page 46 and 47: Robacker et al. (1983) studied the
Page 48 and 49: The volume of nectar on each flower
Page 50 and 51: from genetic male sterile plants (m
Page 52 and 53: According to Erbar (2003), there ar
Page 54 and 55:
as much as 2.5% outcrossing may occ
Page 56 and 57:
don at the chalazal side of the emb
Page 58 and 59:
Table 3. Seed and pod chronological
Page 60 and 61:
tra floral nectar (EFN) attracts an
Page 62 and 63:
According to the first scenario men
Page 64 and 65:
sible that the nectar production dy
Page 66 and 67:
• Nectar secretion via trichomes
Page 68 and 69:
has been demonstrated among alfalfa
Page 70 and 71:
honeybees can discriminate between
Page 72 and 73:
An endogenous rhythm in volatile pr
Page 74 and 75:
mon roseus involved seven levels of
Page 76 and 77:
Häusermann, 1960) and its presence
Page 78 and 79:
is the main characteristic of the n
Page 80 and 81:
The cytoplasmic side of the walls o
Page 83 and 84:
Soybean yield, bees and entomophilo
Page 85 and 86:
and Wasser, 1981). Nectar productio
Page 87 and 88:
Some authors commented that the low
Page 89:
open soybean area, the yield increa
Page 92 and 93:
concentration on the open area was
Page 95 and 96:
Soybeans and pollinators relations
Page 97 and 98:
The attractiveness of a bee to a pl
Page 99 and 100:
et al. (2003) conducted studies in
Page 101 and 102:
Soybean pest control and the impact
Page 103 and 104:
REFERENCES ABERNATHY, R. H.; PALMER
Page 105 and 106:
BAKER, H. G.; BAKER, I. The predict
Page 107 and 108:
BÚRQUEZ, A.; SARUKHAN, K. and PEDR
Page 109 and 110:
CHIARI, W. C.; HOFFMANN-CAMPO, C. B
Page 111 and 112:
DAVIS, A. R.; GUNNING, B. E. S. The
Page 113 and 114:
ERICKSON, E. H.; GARMENT, M. B. Soy
Page 115 and 116:
FUJITA, R.; OHARA, M.; OKAZAKI, K.;
Page 117 and 118:
GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de;
Page 119 and 120:
HAMPTON, M.; XU, W. W.; KRAM, B. W.
Page 121 and 122:
HILLWIG, M.S.; LIU, X.; LIU, G.; TH
Page 123 and 124:
JUNG, A. H. Impacto de inseticidas
Page 125 and 126:
LACHER, V. Elektrophysiologisehe un
Page 127 and 128:
MANNING, A. Some evolutionary aspec
Page 129 and 130:
NYE, W. P.; PEDERSEN, M. W. Nectar
Page 131 and 132:
PIEKLUM, W. E. Developmental morpho
Page 133 and 134:
RIX, E. M.; RAST, D. Nectar sugars
Page 135 and 136:
SHEPPARD, W. S.; JAYCOX, E. R.; PAR
Page 137 and 138:
TODA, H.; YAMAGUCHI, K.; SHIBAMOTO,
Page 139 and 140:
WEBER C. R.; HANSON, W. D. Natural
Page 141:
ZER, H.; FAHN, A. Floral nectaries
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Cleistogamic: Of or relating to a f
Page 146 and 147:
Primordium: Derived from Latin prim
Page 149:
Apoio CGPE 13022 MINISTÉRIO DA AGR
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