IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Melolontha IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005 pp. 9-12 Scarabs and other soil pests in Europe: Situation, perspectives and control strategies Siegfried Keller 1 , Gisbert Zimmermann 2 1 Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland 2 Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Abstract: Scarabs and other soil dwelling pest insects are of increasing importance in Central Europe. In order to get an overview on the present situation, the damages caused, the population development and on the control strategies used, a questionnaire was sent to representatives of several European countries. Answers were obtained from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, part of France (Lorraine), Germany, Italy (South Tyrolia, Aosta), Poland and Switzerland. The results show, that both Melolontha species occur on about 200 000 ha (M. melolontha on 155 000 ha, M. hippocastani on 43 000 ha) in Europe, while economic damage is caused on about 80 000 ha. The garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola, is present on 31 000 ha, mainly in Austria, causing economic damage on nearly the same area. Curculionids are important pests in Polish forests on 27 000 ha, while wireworms are of increasing importance in several other European countries occurring on about 9.600 ha. Generally, chemical insecticides, biological (e.g. Beauveria brongniartii) and mechanical means (e.g. rotary hoes, nets) are used for control. – The information received must be considered as incomplete. The necessity for optimisation and installation of monitoring systems is discussed. Keywords: Melolontha, white grubs, soil dwelling pest insects, Europe, damage, control strategies Introduction The larvae of the two cockchafer species Melolontha melolontha and M. hippocastani, the June beetles (Amphimallon solstitiale und A. majale) and the garden chafer (Phylloperta horticola) are actually considered to be the most damaging white grubs in Central Europe. There is no overview on the present situation, on the damages caused, on the trends of the population development and on the strategies used for their control. Apart from these scarab species there are other soil dwelling pest insects in Europe of regional or general distribution like Curculionidae, Elateridae (wireworms), Noctuidae and Tipulidae whose importance is also not recorded and summarized. This study aims to present data on the occurrence and importance of these pest insects in different European countries. Such informations are needed to set priorities for control strategies, unite research activities, and to justify research projects. Material and methods A questionnaire was sent to representatives of the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. The questions concerned the area colonised, the area with economic damage worth to be controlled, the financial yield losses, the tendency of population development and methods used to control these pest species. Additional informations were requested on problems with other soil dwelling pests. Answers were obtained from eight countries, i.e. 9
10 Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, part of France (Lorraine), Germany, Italy (South Tyrolia, Aosta), Poland and Switzerland. Results Both Melolontha species colonise about 200 000 ha (M. melolontha 155 000 ha) and cause economic damage on about 80 000 ha (M. melolontha 70 000 ha) (Tab. 1). M. melolontha occurs in all eight European countries. In the alpine region (Austria, northern Italy, Switzerland) the population densities of M. melolontha are considered as stable although in some areas they are decreasing and in others they are increasing. The largest populations exist in France although only the department Lorraine is considered, followed by Austria (Tab. 2). From Bulgaria we have no actual data, however, a paper from 1960 (Popov, 1960) reveals a nearly landwide medium to heavy outbreak of M. melolontha. Table 1: Summary of the estimated importance of scarabs and other soil dwelling pest insects in 8 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland). Pest insect Size of area colonised (ha) Melolontha melolontha Size of area with economic damage (ha) Control strategies used 155 000 70 000 insecticides, Beauveria brongniartii, mechanical means (nets) 42 700 7 950 insecticides, B. brongniartii M. hippocastani Amphimallon solstitiale 1 100 45 insecticides A. majale 100 60 Metarhizium anisopliae (trials) Phylloperta 31 000 30 000 insecticides, nematodes, horticola mechanical Hoplia spp. 3 3 nematodes wireworms (Elateridae) 9 600 2 000 insecticides Noctuidae 35 25 insecticides Tipulidae 50 50 insecticides Curculionidae Others: 27 125 22 670 insecticides, nematodes, mechanical Anomala dubia 28 28 Polyphylla fullo 2 2 M. hippocastani has pest status in Germany where over 30 000 ha of forests are colonised by this species, mainly in the southern parts, while nearly 5 000 ha are damaged. In
Page 1 and 2: IOBC / WPRS Working group „Insect
Page 3: Preface The Working Group “Integr
Page 6 and 7: iv ERICSSON Jerry University of Bri
Page 8 and 9: vi PÁZMÁNDI Christian Centre for
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: x Metarhizium anisopliae for white
Page 14 and 15: xii
Page 16 and 17: Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
Page 18 and 19: stands (Levine et al. 2002) to feed
Page 20 and 21: In conclusion, the chemical control
Page 22: Kuhlmann, U. & W.A.C.M. Burgt 1998:
Page 27 and 28: 12 The control strategies used agai
Page 29 and 30: 14 1) Case study: Soil application
Page 31 and 32: 16 2) Case study: Genetic diversity
Page 33 and 34: 18 Bidochka, M.J., Menzies, F.V. &
Page 38 and 39: Results and discussion The first co
Page 40 and 41: Isolation of Beauveria brongniartii
Page 42 and 43: grown in the dark for 3 weeks at 22
Page 44: genotypes (A, B, D, and F) were re-
Page 47 and 48: 32 Since 1974 the financial losses
Page 49 and 50: 34 there is no more a strict three
Page 54 and 55: Numbers of captured beetles were an
Page 56 and 57: Mean captues +/- SE per trap & day
Page 58 and 59: dilution for plating (see above). F
Page 60: 45 “New” white grubs
Page 63 and 64: 48 The goal of this study was to de
Page 65 and 66: 50 In spring 2003 the density of M.
Page 67 and 68: 52 (Germany). The first treatment w
Page 69 and 70: 54 Application timing of H. bacteri
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Results and discussion Collection o
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Discussion During this study the en
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64 Materials and methods Source of
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66 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 2
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68 During this study, selectivity a
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71 Wireworms
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74 Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae
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76 % CATEGORIZATION OF MORBIDITY FI
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78 of adults caught can reliably pr
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Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
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Results and discussion Before spray
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References Parker, W.E. & Howard, J
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88 insecticide residues. Nonetheles
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90 References Cockbill, G.F., Hende
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92 Results and discussion a. Taxono
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94 published; some information has
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96 C2a: no sensitive crops in the s
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98 Furlan, L., Tóth, M., Ujvary, I
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100 Roberts, A.W.R. 1928: On the li
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102 Results and discussion Crop rot
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104 % damage by wireworms 100 80 60
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106 noticed that grass-clover in cr
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108 % damage by wireworms 60 50 40
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110 Materials and methods Soil Soil
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112 Emigration - deterrence of wire
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114 Table 1. The effect of broadcas
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116
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118 presence and abundance of wirew
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120 Furthermore, A. obscurus larvae
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122 Horton, D.R. & Landolt, P.J. 20
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124 Bait trapping 48 bait traps wer
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126 Acknowledgements We thank Anton
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128 history can be obtained (Scheu
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130 lower left hand corner of fig.
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132 Eggers, T. & Jones, T.H. 2000:
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134 pheromone combinations for each
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136 Fig. 2. Click beetle spp. captu
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138 Fig 4. Click beetle spp. captur
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140 Fig 6. Click beetle spp. captur
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142 Siirde, K., Lääts, K., Erm, A
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Fig. 2. Comparison of several trap
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Fig. 5. Catches of WCR in VARs+ tra
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Table 1. Performance characteristic
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Miscellaneous
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158 Material and methods Field tria
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160 Figure 2: Abundances of Collemb
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162
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164 but also when used against the
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166 based EPN product in this exper
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168
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170 branches. Beetles can walk up t
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172 1999/ 2000, I 1999/ 2000, C 200
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174
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176 Experimental design During the
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178 Acknowledgements We thank Stefa
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180 Spore suspension Conidia of M.
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182 Data about the stability of spo
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184 dence of host presence and appl
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186 Material and methods All habita
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188 Hajek, A.E. & Leger, R. J. St.
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190 Risk Assessment of Fungal Biolo
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192 It is scheduled that our future
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IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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