IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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Results and discussion The first count of the grubs in the infested site was on the 29 th of April 2004. On the same day, in the afternoon, the mechanical, biological and chemical treatments were carried out. The grubs were more or less homogeneously distributed in the plots. With an average of about 200 grubs per m 2 the infestation was at a very high level. Among all plots the Beauveria plot was the most infested one. After five weeks, on the 3 rd of June, a first monitoring was made to check the success of the treatments. The second and final monitoring of the year 2004 took place on the 31 st of August, also in the hope to see long-term effects of the Beauveria fungus. The results of all three counts can be seen in figure 1. Grubs per m 2 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Monitoring on 29th of April 1st count on 3rd of June 2nd count on 31st of August Var 1 Var 2 Var 3 Var 4 Var 5 Var 6 Figure 1. Mean values of the cockchafer grubs in the six variants at three different dates (before treatment, after 5 weeks, before hibernation) On the 3 rd of June it was observed that only 50 % of the grubs survived in the untreated plots. The degree of naturally fungal infection with Beauveria brongniartii was in the untreated variant the highest one, even higher than in the Beauveria plots (not to see in figure 1). The rotary hoe showed an overwhelming reduction of the cockchafer’s population. Both Carbofuran and Imidacloprid (Confidor) provided quite good results but it is very uncertain whether the chemical treatment is the assignable cause because both variants were milled, too. The Gasur variant however showed no decreasing effect in comparison to the untreated variant. On the 31 st of August it was noticed that the number of the grubs was again reduced to about 50 % in the untreated variant. Furthermore the good effect of the rotary cultivator could be confirmed. The slight increase of the grubs in the variant with the single use of the rotary hoe can be disregarded. But referring to the two insecticides Carbofuran and Imidacloprid (Confidor) the situation was quite different than considered as before. Carbofuran seemed to have no additional effect on the impact of the rotary hoe whereas Confidor yielded the best result. Nearly no grubs could be found at the end of August though the grubs which were 23
24 detected on the 3 rd of June looked at that time very healthy. Maybe the Confidor has a longterm effect on the feeding behaviour and therefore the healthiness of the grubs. It could be assumed that the efficacy of the Beauveria fungus was not satisfactory but in the end there was a decrease of 80 % of the starting number of the grubs in this variant. Such a reduction means for a biological method of pest control an extremely promising result. The big advantage of the use of Beauveria brongniartii is the long-term effect as is known and the conservation of the turf. The result in the Imidacloprid (Gasur) variant of having no effect on the grubs’ population could also be confirmed. All in all it can be summarised that for the moment the single use of a rotary hoe, used at the best possible time, is a practicable method to reduce the grubs of the Common cockchafer in the Hessenthal-Mespelbrunn valley to a tolerable level. The handicap is that the milling destroys the turf. So for a long-time strategy of controlling the grubs the Beauveria fungus will be preferred. Open questions are: How to spread the fungal spores in grassland sites which are too steep for the slit seedling machine? Who pays for all the actions needed in the valley to renew the turf? And last but not least, how to communicate the necessity of controlling Melolontha melolontha to the public because in Bavaria this species is a symbol of intact nature and still regarded as threatened? Acknowledgements We thank Kerstin Jung and Gisbert Zimmermann (BBA Darmstadt) for the technical support concerning Beauveria brongniartii. Furthermore we want to thank our collegues Hans-Jürgen Wöppel, Oswald Behl and Konrad Rüdinger (Office for Agriculture in Würzburg) and Niko Versch (Office for Agriculture in Aschaffenburg) for the support in designing the plots and carrying out the different treatments. References Benker, U. & Leuprecht, B. 2004: Bekämpfungserfahrungen im Spessart und Vorkommen von Maikäfern und verwandten Scarabaeiden in Bayern. – Nachrichtenbl. Dt. Pflanzenschutzd. 56 (5): 95-98
Page 1 and 2: IOBC / WPRS Working group „Insect
Page 3: Preface The Working Group “Integr
Page 6 and 7: iv ERICSSON Jerry University of Bri
Page 8 and 9: vi PÁZMÁNDI Christian Centre for
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: x Metarhizium anisopliae for white
Page 14 and 15: xii
Page 16 and 17: Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
Page 18 and 19: stands (Levine et al. 2002) to feed
Page 20 and 21: In conclusion, the chemical control
Page 22: Kuhlmann, U. & W.A.C.M. Burgt 1998:
Page 25 and 26: 10 Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic
Page 27 and 28: 12 The control strategies used agai
Page 29 and 30: 14 1) Case study: Soil application
Page 31 and 32: 16 2) Case study: Genetic diversity
Page 33 and 34: 18 Bidochka, M.J., Menzies, F.V. &
Page 40 and 41: Isolation of Beauveria brongniartii
Page 42 and 43: grown in the dark for 3 weeks at 22
Page 44: genotypes (A, B, D, and F) were re-
Page 47 and 48: 32 Since 1974 the financial losses
Page 49 and 50: 34 there is no more a strict three
Page 54 and 55: Numbers of captured beetles were an
Page 56 and 57: Mean captues +/- SE per trap & day
Page 58 and 59: dilution for plating (see above). F
Page 60: 45 “New” white grubs
Page 63 and 64: 48 The goal of this study was to de
Page 65 and 66: 50 In spring 2003 the density of M.
Page 67 and 68: 52 (Germany). The first treatment w
Page 69 and 70: 54 Application timing of H. bacteri
Page 74 and 75: Results and discussion Collection o
Page 76: Discussion During this study the en
Page 79 and 80: 64 Materials and methods Source of
Page 81 and 82: 66 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 2
Page 83 and 84: 68 During this study, selectivity a
Page 86: 71 Wireworms
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74 Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae
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76 % CATEGORIZATION OF MORBIDITY FI
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78 of adults caught can reliably pr
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Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
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Results and discussion Before spray
Page 100:
References Parker, W.E. & Howard, J
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88 insecticide residues. Nonetheles
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90 References Cockbill, G.F., Hende
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92 Results and discussion a. Taxono
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94 published; some information has
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96 C2a: no sensitive crops in the s
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98 Furlan, L., Tóth, M., Ujvary, I
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100 Roberts, A.W.R. 1928: On the li
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102 Results and discussion Crop rot
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104 % damage by wireworms 100 80 60
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106 noticed that grass-clover in cr
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108 % damage by wireworms 60 50 40
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110 Materials and methods Soil Soil
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112 Emigration - deterrence of wire
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114 Table 1. The effect of broadcas
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116
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118 presence and abundance of wirew
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120 Furthermore, A. obscurus larvae
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122 Horton, D.R. & Landolt, P.J. 20
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124 Bait trapping 48 bait traps wer
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126 Acknowledgements We thank Anton
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128 history can be obtained (Scheu
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130 lower left hand corner of fig.
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132 Eggers, T. & Jones, T.H. 2000:
Page 149 and 150:
134 pheromone combinations for each
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136 Fig. 2. Click beetle spp. captu
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138 Fig 4. Click beetle spp. captur
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140 Fig 6. Click beetle spp. captur
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142 Siirde, K., Lääts, K., Erm, A
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Page 162 and 163:
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Fig. 2. Comparison of several trap
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Fig. 5. Catches of WCR in VARs+ tra
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Table 1. Performance characteristic
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Miscellaneous
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158 Material and methods Field tria
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160 Figure 2: Abundances of Collemb
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162
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164 but also when used against the
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166 based EPN product in this exper
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168
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170 branches. Beetles can walk up t
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172 1999/ 2000, I 1999/ 2000, C 200
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174
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176 Experimental design During the
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178 Acknowledgements We thank Stefa
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180 Spore suspension Conidia of M.
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182 Data about the stability of spo
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184 dence of host presence and appl
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186 Material and methods All habita
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188 Hajek, A.E. & Leger, R. J. St.
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190 Risk Assessment of Fungal Biolo
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192 It is scheduled that our future
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IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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