IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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the Czech Republic the forest cockchafer occurs on 12 000 ha, causing an estimated amount of damage of 800 000 €. In both countries, an increasing occurrence is noticed (Tab. 2). The second most important soil dwelling pest after the two Melolontha spp. is Phylloperta horticola which is present on 31 000 ha and damaging nearly the same area. Most of the area is in Austria where the populations are strongly increasing. The species is widely distributed in Switzerland but has no pest status, however, the populations are increasing. Other scarab species are of minor importance. Noteworthy are the damages caused by Amphimallon solstitiale and A. majale. The latter species was cryptic until 2003 when heavy damages occurred on golf courses and other sport grounds in alpine regions of Switzerland. Since some years, Hoplia spp., mainly H. philanthus, are new pests in Germany again. Table 2: Estimated importance of Melolontha melolontha and M. hippocastani in various European countries. (B.br. = Beauveria brongniartii). Pest insect Country Size of area colonised (ha) Melolontha melolontha Melolontha hippocastani Size of area with economic damage (ha) Estimated amount of damage (EURO) Tendency of population development Austria >30 000 30 000 20 000 slightly increasing Belgium present no data increasing Control strategies B.br. Czech Rep. 500 5 16 000 increasing insecticides Denmark Present no data France 100 000 35 000 no data increasing mechanical Germany ca. 3 000 several increasing insecticides, 100 ha B.br., mechanical Italy 13 000 1 500 no data stable insecticides, B.br., mechanical. Poland 1 012 1 012 – – insecticides, mechanical Switzerland 9 500 1 300 1 000 B.br. Czech Republic 12 000 250 800 000 strongly increasing insecticides, B. bassiana Germany 31 000 ca. 5 000 increasing insecticides, B.br. Curculionidae and wireworms also turned out to be important soil pests. In Poland, several Curculionid species are occurring in forests on about 27 000 ha (Tab. 1), and the species Hylobius abietis, Pissodes notatus and Brachyderes incanus are causing economic damage on about 22 500 ha. In several European countries, wireworms are of increasing importance. They occur on 9 600 ha and cause damages on about 2 000 ha of arable land. 11
12 The control strategies used against scarabs and other soil dwelling pests are mainly chemical insecticides, biological control (Beauveria brongniartii, B. bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and entomoparasitic nematodes), and mechanical means. Discussion This presentation on the occurrence and importance of Scarabs and other soil dwelling pest insects in Europe documents, that several species are important pests, most of them have a wide distribution, and damage is caused on thousands of hectares. Although the questionnaire was sent to representatives of all European countries known to have Melolontha populations, the information received and presented here must be considered as incomplete and as a rough estimation of the real situation. This does not refer only to Melolontha spp. and other white grubs, but in particular also for the wireworm situation. For example, we did not have exact data from the UK, although wireworms, especially Agriotes obscurus, A. sputator and A. lineatus, have become increasingly important pests of potato in recent years (Parker, 2005) In farmer’s journals also the wireworm situation is presented as a widely distributed problem. According to these papers the area of damages done by these pests must be much bigger and the financial consequences for the farmers, mainly for potato growers, are enormous and justify the initiation of specific research and control projects. The lack of information on the occurrence and damage of pest insects is considered to be the result of lacking staff charged with monitoring of the pest situation. This is of disadvantage for the farmers who are uninformed and can not present proper data and adequately articulate their problem on the political level. It is also disadvantageous to scientists who are interested to develop control solutions. It is well known, that the development of effective and environmentally safe control methods needs many years of intensive research. For example, in the UK, the insecticide aldrin was the standard product for wireworm control until 1989, when it was withdrawn. That means, no significant research on wireworms was done in the UK between 1960-1988 (Parker, 2005). Exact data on the pest status are needed to plan and develop strategies for environmental friendly pest control methods. This can be best achieved with the installation of an official monitoring system. Acknowledgements We thank all colleagues from the plant protection and forest services for sending back the filled in questionnaire and for supporting this presentation. References Popov, P.A. 1960: Untersuchungen über die Gattung Melolontha in Bulgarien. – Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 67: 399-407. Parker, W.E. 2005: Practical implementation of a wireworm management strategy – lessons from the UK potato industry. – IOBC/wprs Bull. 28(2): 87-90.
Page 1 and 2: IOBC / WPRS Working group „Insect
Page 3: Preface The Working Group “Integr
Page 6 and 7: iv ERICSSON Jerry University of Bri
Page 8 and 9: vi PÁZMÁNDI Christian Centre for
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: x Metarhizium anisopliae for white
Page 14 and 15: xii
Page 16 and 17: Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
Page 18 and 19: stands (Levine et al. 2002) to feed
Page 20 and 21: In conclusion, the chemical control
Page 22: Kuhlmann, U. & W.A.C.M. Burgt 1998:
Page 25: 10 Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic
Page 29 and 30: 14 1) Case study: Soil application
Page 31 and 32: 16 2) Case study: Genetic diversity
Page 33 and 34: 18 Bidochka, M.J., Menzies, F.V. &
Page 38 and 39: Results and discussion The first co
Page 40 and 41: Isolation of Beauveria brongniartii
Page 42 and 43: grown in the dark for 3 weeks at 22
Page 44: genotypes (A, B, D, and F) were re-
Page 47 and 48: 32 Since 1974 the financial losses
Page 49 and 50: 34 there is no more a strict three
Page 54 and 55: Numbers of captured beetles were an
Page 56 and 57: Mean captues +/- SE per trap & day
Page 58 and 59: dilution for plating (see above). F
Page 60: 45 “New” white grubs
Page 63 and 64: 48 The goal of this study was to de
Page 65 and 66: 50 In spring 2003 the density of M.
Page 67 and 68: 52 (Germany). The first treatment w
Page 69 and 70: 54 Application timing of H. bacteri
Page 74 and 75: Results and discussion Collection o
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Discussion During this study the en
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64 Materials and methods Source of
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66 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 2
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68 During this study, selectivity a
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71 Wireworms
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74 Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae
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76 % CATEGORIZATION OF MORBIDITY FI
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78 of adults caught can reliably pr
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Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasit
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Results and discussion Before spray
Page 100:
References Parker, W.E. & Howard, J
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88 insecticide residues. Nonetheles
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90 References Cockbill, G.F., Hende
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92 Results and discussion a. Taxono
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94 published; some information has
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96 C2a: no sensitive crops in the s
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98 Furlan, L., Tóth, M., Ujvary, I
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100 Roberts, A.W.R. 1928: On the li
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102 Results and discussion Crop rot
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104 % damage by wireworms 100 80 60
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106 noticed that grass-clover in cr
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108 % damage by wireworms 60 50 40
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110 Materials and methods Soil Soil
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112 Emigration - deterrence of wire
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114 Table 1. The effect of broadcas
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116
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118 presence and abundance of wirew
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120 Furthermore, A. obscurus larvae
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122 Horton, D.R. & Landolt, P.J. 20
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124 Bait trapping 48 bait traps wer
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126 Acknowledgements We thank Anton
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128 history can be obtained (Scheu
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130 lower left hand corner of fig.
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132 Eggers, T. & Jones, T.H. 2000:
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134 pheromone combinations for each
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136 Fig. 2. Click beetle spp. captu
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138 Fig 4. Click beetle spp. captur
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140 Fig 6. Click beetle spp. captur
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142 Siirde, K., Lääts, K., Erm, A
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Fig. 2. Comparison of several trap
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Fig. 5. Catches of WCR in VARs+ tra
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Table 1. Performance characteristic
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Miscellaneous
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158 Material and methods Field tria
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160 Figure 2: Abundances of Collemb
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162
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164 but also when used against the
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166 based EPN product in this exper
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168
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170 branches. Beetles can walk up t
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172 1999/ 2000, I 1999/ 2000, C 200
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174
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176 Experimental design During the
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178 Acknowledgements We thank Stefa
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180 Spore suspension Conidia of M.
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182 Data about the stability of spo
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184 dence of host presence and appl
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186 Material and methods All habita
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188 Hajek, A.E. & Leger, R. J. St.
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190 Risk Assessment of Fungal Biolo
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192 It is scheduled that our future
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IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005

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