0745685749 enemies democracy

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vi The Inner Enemies of Democracy 4 The Tyranny of Individuals 78 Protecting individuals 78 Explaining human behaviour 81 Communism and neoliberalism 87 The fundamentalist temptation 91 Neoliberalism’s blind spots 97 Freedom and attachment 101 5 The Effects of Neoliberalism 104 Blame it on science? 104 The law retreats 109 Loss of meaning 113 Management techniques 116 The power of the media 125 Freedom of public speech 128 The limits of freedom 134 6 Populism and Xenophobia 139 The rise of populism 139 Populist discourse 142 National identity 147 Down with multiculturalism: the German case 150 Britain and France 153 The debate about headscarves 156 One debate can hide another 162 Relations with foreigners 166 Living together better 168 7 The Future of Democracy 173 Democracy, dream and reality 173 The enemy within us 179 Towards renewal? 184 Notes 189 Index 197
1 Democracy and its Discontents The paradoxes of freedom The question of freedom entered my life early on. Until the age of twenty-four, I lived in a totalitarian country, Communist Bulgaria. The main thing everyone around me complained about was the shortages – the difficulty of getting hold of not just basic commodities but those little ‘extras’ that brighten up life, such as food, clothing, toiletries and furnishings. But the lack of freedom still came next on the list of gripes. The country’s leaders exercised control over countless activities through a whole range of different organizations, through occupation, neighbourhood and age group, as well as through the party apparatus, the police force and the political police known as ‘State Security’. Our whole life was monitored, and the slightest deviation from the party line risked being denounced. This obviously included all the areas that could be related to the political principles laid down, from literature and the human sciences to public institutions. But it also included more neutral aspects of life, aspects that it would be difficult to imagine, in other circumstances, as having any ideological meaning at all: the choice of a place of residence or of a profession, and even something as seemingly frivolous as your preference for a particular garment. Wearing a 1
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