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2618 Afr. J. Agric. Res. The diameter of the flower (mm) V0 0 V1 1 0 V2 20 V3 30 Vermicompost concentrations (%) Figure 13. The effect of different levels of vermicompost on the flower diameter ( X ±SE) in Lilium Navona. The vertical bars indicate standard errors of three replications. Flower (number) V0 0 V1 10 V2 20 Vermicompost concentrations (%) V3 30 Figure 14. The effect of different levels of vermicompost on the number of flowers ( X ±SE) in Lilium Navona. The vertical bars indicate standard errors of three replications.
Flowering (days) V0 0 V0 0 V1 10 V2 20 V3 30 Vermicompost concentrations (%) Moghadam et al. 2619 Figure 15. The effect of different levels of vermicompost on the time of flowering ( X ±SE) in Lilium Navona. The vertical bars indicate standard errors of three replications. growth and development of shoot tissues. The alteration in different aspect of cellular metabolisms including content of phytohormones could be arising from the different compounds present in the used vermicompost. It is proposed that the humic acid present in vermicompost may affect biochemical processes in plants (Sahni et al., 2008). Applications of vermicompost significantly increased the contents of vitamin C, phenols and flavonoids of treated plants (Wang et al., 2010). The gibberellic acid (GA) is involved in many aspects of development throughout the life-cycle of higher plants. They also mediate certain environmental effects on plant development (Hedden, 1999). Gibberellins (GAs) are signaling molecules that regulate and integrate developmental processes during the entire life-cycle of higher plants, including shoot elongation and root development (Lange et al., 2005).There is growing evidence for the presence of root based GA biosynthesis from many plant species, including pumpkin, pea, Arabidopsis and rice (Lange et al., 2005). GA biosynthesis and signaling is limited to the root tip (Kaneko et al., 2003). One of the highest GA1 expressions was observed in root tips (Silverstone et al., 1997). Regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis by endogenous and environmental stimuli is an important factor in the control of plant morphogenesis (Hedden, 1999). It has been shown that GA promotes root growth in Arabidopsis (Lange et al., 2005). GA signaling may enable integration of aerial and root development (Gou et al., 2010). The hormone-like activities of vermicompost leads to increased rooting, root biomass, plant growth and development (Edwards, 1983, Satchell et al., 1984; Edwards et al., 1985; Tomati et al., 1988; Sainz et al., 1998; Bachman and Metzger, 2008). Vermicompost shows hormone-like activity and increased the number of roots, and consequently, improved nutrient uptake and plant growth and development (Alvarez and Grigera, 2005). Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhanced root elongation, lateral root emergence, and H+-ATPase activity of the plasma membrane of maize roots (Canellas et al., 2002). The obtained results from the present research indicated that the application of the used vermicompost led to better growth and development of vermicompost treated plants as they were shown with higher number of leaves, leaf dry mass, fresh stem and dry mass, stem height and diameter, root number and length. The increased number of leaves induced by the applied vermicompost could lead to stimulated photosynthesis and increased leaf dry mass. Thus, the observed enhanced growth and development in vermicompost treated plants, especially, at 20 and 30% level of significance could result from the improved nutrition, stimulated rooting, induced changes of metabolic process and humic acid present in vermicompost.
Page 1 and 2: African Journal of Agricultural Res
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. N.A. Amusa Editor, Af
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents: Volume 7 Number
Page 11 and 12: Available online at http://www.acad
Page 13 and 14: diversity and ecosystem productivit
Page 15 and 16: almost with the same species elsewh
Page 17 and 18: Biomass (t/ha) 300 250 200 150 100
Page 19 and 20: plant community. Oikos, 89: 428-439
Page 21 and 22: geomorphologic units such as landsc
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2. Hypsometric map of the st
Page 25 and 26: Land classification map Figure 3. A
Page 27 and 28: Manual landform classification Figu
Page 31 and 32: The most CTK level was gained in le
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Comparison of average effe
Page 35 and 36: existed in amino acids and other pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Characteristics of the use
Page 41 and 42: V0 0 V1 10 Vermicompost concentrati
Page 43 and 44: Stem height (cm) V0 0 V1 10 V2 20 V
Page 45: Leaf (number) V0 0 V1 10 V2 20 V3 3
Page 49 and 50: Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Vasko-Benne
Page 51 and 52: about 366 ppm in 1998 (FAO, 2001).
Page 53 and 54: Statistical analysis The statistica
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Soil EC, pH, calcite, SOC,
Page 57 and 58: area is 7.4 indicating the moderate
Page 59 and 60: Vacca A, Loddo S, Erra G, Aru A (20
Page 61 and 62: (GPMP) also exhibit significant bio
Page 63 and 64: Liver index (%) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1
Page 65 and 66: (MDA) has been the most widely used
Page 69 and 70: to analyse similar studies on lives
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. Parameter estimates of the
Page 73 and 74: ased on a cross-sectional household
Page 77 and 78: parasites (1.2%; n = 1), predation
Page 79 and 80: et al., 2004), Ethiopia (Halima, 20
Page 83 and 84: Table 1. The evaluation system of i
Page 85 and 86: AI(CNY) AI (CNY) area (ha) Area (ha
Page 87 and 88: YRPA/YFGPA(kg/hm 2 ) YRPA/YFGPA (kg
Page 89 and 90: NBI/PBIK/REOI NBI/PBIK/REOI 6.0 5.0
Page 91 and 92: only improved but also increased. T
Page 93 and 94: discounted this direct relationship
Page 95 and 96: Plant available water (%) Wakindiki
Page 97 and 98:
African Journal of Agricultural Res
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 1. Bulblet regeneration from
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obtained with a medium containing 2
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Table 1. Descriptive statistics of
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Table 5. Standardized coefficients
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Figure 2. F-actin and the movement
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Figure 2. Reciprocating mechanism.
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Table 1. Program for controlling th
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TC it �� f ( xis, s, �)
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Table 3. Parameter estimates of the
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alone. The efficiency scores are pa
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Indices TFP index 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.
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Table 7. TFP grow th and its compon
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secondary literature and key inform
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Table 3. Farmers’ knowledge and a
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Table 7. Varieties grown by farmers
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Table 11. Reasons why farmers do no
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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The authors are gra
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Precipitation (mm) 55 50 45 40 35 3
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The increase in pH in the treatment
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organic manure and fertilizers on c
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Conferences and Advert September 20
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