Neem Vs Entomophagous Insects
Neem based pesticides and its safety to predators and parasitoids
Neem based pesticides and its safety to predators and parasitoids
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<strong>Neem</strong> and Entomophages:<br />
Impact and Strategies in Pest Management<br />
Dr. S. Raguraman<br />
Professor<br />
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
India
Is neem ‘a a good combiner’<br />
with entomophages in IPM?<br />
Yes !<br />
No ?<br />
Yes !!
Quotable Quotes<br />
“<strong>Neem</strong> products and parasitoids are perfect combiners in<br />
terms of IPM in rice” - Saxena (1989)<br />
“<strong>Neem</strong> seed kernel water extract is the best product of neem<br />
in containing the population of insect pests and in sparing<br />
the natural enemies” - Schmutterer (1990)<br />
“<strong>Neem</strong> seed extracts can be combined with natural enemies<br />
in the management of insect pests by understanding the<br />
biological effects on them” - Raguraman (1993)<br />
“Derivatives of neem are unlikely to cause substantial<br />
environmental damage and these products appear safer than<br />
synthetic neurotoxins” - Stark (2004)<br />
“<strong>Neem</strong> and bioagents are nature’s s twin gifts to mankind for<br />
their utility in the IPM” - Opender Koul (2004)<br />
“In the new millennium, ‘integrated biological control’<br />
includes natural enemies vis-à-vis other biopesticides<br />
synchronizing with ecological and behavioural aspects of<br />
insect pests” - Raguraman & Opender Koul (2004)
Entomophages<br />
Parasitoids<br />
• Egg parasitoids<br />
• Larval parasitoids<br />
• Pupal parasitoids<br />
Predators<br />
• <strong>Insects</strong><br />
• Spiders
Parasitoids<br />
Egg parasitoids<br />
• Telenomus remus<br />
• Trichogramma chilonis<br />
• Trichogramma pretiosum<br />
• Gryon fulviventre<br />
Larval Parasitoids<br />
• Diaraetiella rapae<br />
• Aphidius cerasicola<br />
• Bracon hebetor<br />
• Diadegma semiclausum<br />
• Cotesia glomerata<br />
Pupal parasitoid<br />
• Tetrastichus israeli
How to test the NEEM on<br />
Entomophages ?<br />
IOBC Method<br />
Laboratory<br />
• Toxicity<br />
Semi field<br />
Field<br />
• Toxicity<br />
• Recovery<br />
• Recovery<br />
But laboratory studies<br />
should include<br />
Oviposition deterrent effect<br />
Choice study<br />
No choice study<br />
Feeding deterrent Effect<br />
Toxicity<br />
Choice study<br />
No choice study<br />
Feeding<br />
Contact<br />
Sterility effects<br />
Single generation<br />
F2, F3..<br />
Growth inhibitory effects<br />
Pre-treatment<br />
Post-treatment<br />
treatment
<strong>Neem</strong> &<br />
Egg Parasitoids
<strong>Neem</strong> and Egg Parasitoids<br />
1.<br />
Telenomus<br />
remus<br />
Aqueous NSKE 2%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Joshi et al.<br />
(1982)<br />
2.<br />
Trichogramma<br />
pretiosum<br />
NSKE 2.5% & 3%<br />
Negative<br />
effect<br />
Klemm and<br />
Schmutterer<br />
(1993)<br />
3.<br />
T. pretiosum<br />
NSK based extract:<br />
NIM-20<br />
Positive effect<br />
Cano and<br />
Gladstone<br />
(1994)<br />
4.<br />
Trichogramma<br />
chilonis<br />
Aqueous, ethanolic and<br />
hexane extracts of NSK @<br />
0.3 to 5.0 %<br />
Both positive<br />
and Negative<br />
effects<br />
Raguraman<br />
(1993)<br />
5.<br />
T. chilonis<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>Azal-F F (1ml/lit),<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>Azal-T/S, NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Saikia and<br />
Parameshwaran<br />
(2001)<br />
6.<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Nimbecidine R 4 ml/l<br />
Positive effect<br />
Jalali and Singh<br />
(2003)<br />
7.<br />
T. chilonis<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Thirumurugan &<br />
Koodalingam<br />
(2005)<br />
8.<br />
Gryon<br />
fulviventre<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Mitchell et al.<br />
(2005)
Behavioural and<br />
Physiological Effects<br />
of <strong>Neem</strong> on<br />
Egg Parasitoid
Oviposition Deterrent Effect<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Choice Test
Oviposition Deterrent Effect<br />
T. chilonis<br />
No Choice Test
Feeding Deterrent Effect<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Choice Test
Feeding Deterrent Effect<br />
T. chilonis<br />
No Choice Test
Toxicity<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Feeding and Contact tests
Sterility & Growth Inhibitory Effects<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Via Feeding Via Contact
Growth Inhibitory Effects<br />
T. chilonis<br />
Post-treatment treatment of Eggs
<strong>Neem</strong> &<br />
Larval Parasitoids
<strong>Neem</strong> and Larval Parasitoids<br />
1.<br />
Diaraetiella<br />
rapae,<br />
Aphidius<br />
cerasicola<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Schauer(1985)<br />
2.<br />
Bracon<br />
hebetor<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Jhansi and<br />
Sundarababu<br />
(1987)<br />
3.<br />
B. hebetor<br />
Aqueous, ethanolic and hexane<br />
extracts of NSK @ 0.3, 0.6, 1.2,<br />
2.5 & 5.0%<br />
Both positive<br />
and negative<br />
effects<br />
Raguraman<br />
(1993)<br />
4.<br />
B. hebetor<br />
Repelin and <strong>Neem</strong>guard<br />
Positive effect<br />
at lower<br />
concentration<br />
Srinivasa Babu<br />
et al. (1996)<br />
5.<br />
Diadegma<br />
semiclausum<br />
NSKE 0.1-5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Schneider and<br />
Madel (1991)<br />
6.<br />
Cotesia<br />
glomerata<br />
Higher concentration (40 ppm)<br />
of azadirachtin and Aza. Free<br />
fraction and 50 and 100 ppm of<br />
enriched product<br />
Negative<br />
effect<br />
Schmutterer<br />
(1992)<br />
7.<br />
C. glomerata<br />
Agroneem (4.8 mg a.i./l)<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>ix (20 mg a.i/l)<br />
Ecozin (20 mg a.i/l)<br />
Positive effect<br />
Haseeb et al.<br />
(2005)
Behavioural and<br />
Physiological Effects<br />
of <strong>Neem</strong> on Larval<br />
Parasitoid
Oviposition Deterrent Effect<br />
B. hebetor<br />
Choice Test
Oviposition Deterrent Effect<br />
B. hebetor<br />
No Choice Test
Growth Inhibitory Effects<br />
B. hebetor<br />
Treatment of parasitoid grubs / host larvae
<strong>Neem</strong> &<br />
Predatory <strong>Insects</strong> and<br />
Spiders
Predatory <strong>Insects</strong><br />
<strong>Insects</strong><br />
• Earwig<br />
• Cricket<br />
Forficula auricularia<br />
Metioche vittaticollis<br />
• True bugs<br />
• Ants<br />
• Beetles<br />
• Syrphid<br />
Cyrtorhinus lividipennis<br />
Contarinia sorghicola<br />
Orius sp<br />
Ectatomma vuridum<br />
Coccinella undecimpunctata<br />
Chielomenes sexmaculata<br />
Brumoides suturalis<br />
Scymnus sp<br />
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri<br />
Hippodamia variegata<br />
Episyrphus balteatus<br />
• Lacewings<br />
Chrysopa scelestes<br />
Chrysoperla carnea
<strong>Neem</strong> and True bugs<br />
1.<br />
Cyrtorhinus<br />
lividipennis<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 3%<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Fernandez<br />
et al (1992)<br />
2.<br />
Orius majusculus<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>azal-T/S<br />
(1:200, 1:100,<br />
1:50)<br />
Positive<br />
effect at<br />
lower<br />
dose<br />
Drescher and<br />
Madel (1995)<br />
3.<br />
Microvelia<br />
caliginosus<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>-Amin<br />
EC<br />
Stardoor<br />
B.P. 20/S<br />
Negative<br />
effect<br />
Tedeschi et al.<br />
(2001)
<strong>Neem</strong> and Predatory Beetles<br />
1.<br />
Coccinella<br />
undecimpunctata<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 1%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Lowery and<br />
Isman<br />
(1995)<br />
3.<br />
Cryptolaemus<br />
montrouzieri<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Mani et al.<br />
(1997)<br />
2.<br />
Cheilomenes<br />
sexmaculata<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 20 to<br />
200 ppm<br />
Positive effect<br />
Oi et al.<br />
(2001)<br />
4.<br />
C. sexmaculata<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Balikai and<br />
Lingappa<br />
(2004)<br />
5.<br />
Hippodamia variegata<br />
NSKE (25 g/l)<br />
<strong>Neem</strong>Azal-T/S 1%<br />
Positive effect<br />
Hamd et al.<br />
(2005)
<strong>Neem</strong> and Lacewings<br />
1.<br />
Chrysopa scelestes<br />
NSKE 2%<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Joshi et al.<br />
(1982)<br />
2.<br />
Chrysoperla carnea<br />
AZT-VR<br />
VR-K<br />
with neem oil<br />
(250-30,000<br />
ppm)<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Kaethner<br />
(1990, 1991)<br />
3..<br />
C. carnea<br />
NSKE 5%<br />
Econeem 2%<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Ingawale et al.<br />
(2005)
Spiders<br />
Predatory Spiders<br />
• Cheiracanthium mildei<br />
• Lycosa pseudoannulata<br />
• Oxyopes javanus<br />
• Mastigoproctus giganteus
<strong>Neem</strong> and Predatory Spiders<br />
1.<br />
Cheiracanthium<br />
midei<br />
NSKE 2% and<br />
solvent extracts of<br />
neem @ 4%<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Mansour et<br />
al. (1986,<br />
1987)<br />
2.<br />
Lycosa<br />
pseudoannulata<br />
NSKE 5%,<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 3%,<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> Cake Extract 10%<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Saxena et al.<br />
(1984)<br />
Raguraman<br />
(1987)<br />
Raguraman<br />
and<br />
Rajasekaran<br />
(1996)<br />
3.<br />
L. pseudoannulata<br />
Margosan-O R 1500<br />
ppm<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Markandaya<br />
and<br />
Divakar<br />
(1999)<br />
4.<br />
L. pseudoannulata<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> oil 3%<br />
Biobit R<br />
Positive<br />
effect<br />
Rao et al.<br />
(2003)<br />
5.<br />
Mastigoproctus<br />
giganteus<br />
<strong>Neem</strong> seed extract<br />
1 to 10 mg/l<br />
Negative<br />
effect<br />
Punzo et al.<br />
(2005)
How to Conclude ?
Conclusions<br />
For egg parasitoids:<br />
– Egg parasitoids are susceptible, when they come in direct contact with neem<br />
products. The application of neem may adversely affect the beneficial<br />
capacity. So the inundative release of the egg parasitoid, T. chilonis is<br />
suggested 3-4 days before or after the neem product’s application.<br />
For larval parasitoids:<br />
– The external larval parasitoids are no exception to the ill effects, if they are<br />
in direct contact with neem products. To avoid this, for inundative releases,<br />
application of neem products may be followed by the release of the<br />
parasitoids and spraying may be avoided if the parasitoids are in larval<br />
stages in the field. Hence, pre-treatment sampling is suggested, be it internal<br />
or external, for timing the application of neem products.<br />
For predatory insects and spiders:<br />
– In some cases the predation efficiency may be reduced and growthdisrupting<br />
compounds of neem may affect the first line juvenile instars of<br />
insects and fecundity of treated adults in the laboratory. But, far less drastic<br />
or even no effects are observed under semi-field or field conditions. This is<br />
partly due to the fast breakdown of the active principles under field<br />
conditions. Hence, timing the application of neem is suggested.
Thank You
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