Sybex CEH Certified Ethical Hacker Version 8 Study Guide

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312 Chapter 13 ■ Web Servers and Web Applications Data Layer Responsible for holding the data and information for the application as a whole All of these layers depend on the technology brought to the table in the form of the World Wide Web, HTML, and HTTP. HTTP is the main protocol used to facilitate communication between clients and servers, and it operates over port 80. However, other protocols are sometimes used. HTTPS (HTTP employing encryption mechanisms) can be used to protect data in transit. This approach is common in applications such as webmail and e-commerce. Web applications make heavy use of an underlying web server technology such as Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS), Apache Server, and Oracle’s iPlanet Web Server. Resources such as web pages are requested via the stateless HTTP protocol. The client provides a uniform resource identifier (URI), which tells the server what information is being requested and what to return. Stateless refers to the fact that the protocol does not keep track of session information from one connection to the next. In fact, each communication in HTTP is treated as a separate connection. Another common component of web applications is the feature known as cookies. A cookie is a file stored on a client system that is used as a token by applications to store information of some type (depending on the application). As far as applications are concerned, cookies are a common element, but from a security standpoint they are viewed as a liability since they can be easily copied. Cookies emerged as a solution to the problems web developers experienced with their websites. Cookies allow the owner and developer of a site to store information on a client system. This information enables a site to remember the state of the browser as well as store session information. When a browser is used to visit a site, it will have a cookie with a unique ID stored on its system. On subsequent visits, this ID will allow the site to remember the visitor. Another issue with web applications is vulnerability. No matter how strong the security policy or standards, every web application is vulnerable to attack and suffers from flaws. Attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and session hijacking can take place.
Exploring the Client-Server Relationship 313 Pieces of the Web Application Puzzle In a web application several components exist, each of which serves a specific function. Each has its own vulnerabilities as well. Login This component is what is presented to users in order for them to provide a username and password for the authentication process. Web Server This is the foundation for the whole system as it is the combination of hardware and software used to host the web application itself. What capabilities the server has depends on the type and configuration of the given server. Session Tracking This component allows the web application to store information about a client pertaining to their current visit or future visits to the web application. Permissions Based on who they authenticate as and if the authentication is successful, permissions determine what level of access the user has to resources on the server. Application Content This is the information that the user is interacting with by providing requests to the server. Data Access Web pages in a web application are attached to a library that provides data access. Data Store This component is where the valuable information for the web application is contained. By design this may or may not be stored on the same system. Logic This component is responsible for interacting with the user and providing the means for the correct information to be extracted from the database. Logout This may be a separate function and is used by users to shut down their connection to the web application. Vulnerabilities of Web Servers and Applications Web applications and web servers have many of the vulnerabilities you have encountered in this book. Web servers and their applications can be the only face of companies that have no traditional locations (for example, Amazon, eBay, and Facebook). Taking down or compromising these systems can be a coup for the attacker and a major source of grief for the target company. Let’s take a look at some of the vulnerabilities that an attacker can exploit for gain. Flawed Web Design One common way to exploit a web application or site is in the code itself. Comments and hidden tags that are embedded into a web page by the designer can yield information to an attacker. Although these types of tags and information are not intended to be displayed in a web browser, they can be viewed and analyzed using the View Code or Source capability present in most browsers.
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Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Ke
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Acknowledgments First, I would like
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Contents at a Glance Introduction A
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xii Contents Chapter 3 Cryptography
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xiv Contents Commonly Exploited Ser
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xvi Contents Chapter 11 Denial of S
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xviii Contents Securing the Physica
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Introduction If you’re preparing
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Introduction xxiii How to Become a
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Introduction xxv Tips for Taking th
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Introduction xxvii 4. Answer all of
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Introduction xxix Network/wireless
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Assessment Test xxxi C. PPP D. SLIP
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Assessment Test xxxiii 19. An indiv
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Assessment Test xxxv 31. Which of t
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Answers to Assessment Test xxxvii 1
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CEHv8 Certified Ethical Hacker Vers
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In this book you will learn the var
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4 Chapter 1 ■ Getting Started wit
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10 Chapter 1 ■ Getting Started wi
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Every skill set comes with a histor
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28 Chapter 2 ■ System Fundamental
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This chapter covers cryptography, a
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58 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography The p
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60 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography ■
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62 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography MARS
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64 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography A has
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66 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography The C
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68 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography Under
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70 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography TABLE
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72 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography 5. On
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74 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography PGP w
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76 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography Revie
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78 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography 13. W
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Chapter 4 Footprinting and Reconnai
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Understanding the Steps of Ethical
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What Is Footprinting? 85 Goals of t
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Terminology in Footprinting 87 Orga
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The Footprinting Process 89 Using S
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The Footprinting Process 91 Locatio
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The Footprinting Process 93 will no
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The Footprinting Process 95 In secu
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Exam Essentials 97 I want to introd
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Review Questions 99 7. Which of the
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Review Questions 101 19. Footprinti
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Once you’ve completed the footpri
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106 Chapter 5 ■ Scanning Networks
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You’ve gathered a lot of informat
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130 Chapter 6 ■ Enumeration of Se
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Using the information gathered so f
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154 Chapter 7 ■ Gaining Access to
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Chapter 8 Trojans, Viruses, Worms,
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Malware 181 In past decades, what w
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Malware 183 The Patriot Act This ac
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Malware 185 1. Design. The author e
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Malware 187 ■ ■ Macro viruses d
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Malware 189 How to Create a Virus C
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Malware 191 A Closer Look at Slamme
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Malware 193 ■ ■ Freeware—Down
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Malware 195 Operations that could b
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Malware 197 ■ NetMeeting Remote:
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Malware 199 Tools for Creating Troj
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Malware 201 5. In the next screen,
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Overt and Covert Channels 203 ■ P
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Exam Essentials 205 ■ ■ ■ ■
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Review Questions 207 7. Which utili
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Chapter 9 Sniffers CEH EXAM OBJECTI
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Understanding Sniffers 211 When on
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Using a Sniffer 213 In terms of LI,
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Using a Sniffer 215 2. Choose Captu
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Using a Sniffer 217 Table 9.1 lists
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Using a Sniffer 219 2. Next you nee
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Using a Sniffer 221 output from a s
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Using a Sniffer 223 3. Select the T
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Switched Network Sniffing 225 What
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Switched Network Sniffing 227 Port
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Switched Network Sniffing 229 root@
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Review Questions 231 Review Questio
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Review Questions 233 13. What is th
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Chapter 10 Social Engineering CEH E
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What Is Social Engineering? 237 If
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What Is Social Engineering? 239 eng
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What Is Social Networking? 241 Many
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What Is Social Networking? 243 Mist
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What Is Social Networking? 245 Ambe
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Commonly Employed Threats 247 Dumps
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Commonly Employed Threats 249 ■
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Identity Theft 251 Although some si
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Exam Essentials 253 Know about tech
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Review Questions 255 7. Phishing ca
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Review Questions 257 19. An attacke
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This chapter will give you a firm u
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Page 393 and 394: What Is a Wireless Network? 351 ■
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What Is a Wireless Network? 363 Mis
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What Is a Wireless Network? 365 Als
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Summary 367 ■ ■ ■ An attacker
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Review Questions 369 Review Questio
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Review Questions 371 14. Bluejackin
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At this point in this book you have
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376 Chapter 16 ■ Evading IDSs, Fi
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Chapter 17 Physical Security CEH EX
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Introducing Physical Security 395 O
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Introducing Physical Security 397 s
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Introducing Physical Security 399 P
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Introducing Physical Security 401 S
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Introducing Physical Security 403 e
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Introducing Physical Security 405 a
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Introducing Physical Security 407 V
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Exam Essentials 409 opening 18 feet
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Review Questions 411 7. Which of th
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Review Questions 413 19. What mecha
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416 Appendix A ■ Answers to Revie
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438 Appendix B ■ About the Additi
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440 Appendix B ■ About the Additi
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442 ARP (Address Resolution Protoco
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444 Counter Mode with Cipher Block
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446 EIP (Extended Instruction Point
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448 Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
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450 IP DHCP Snooping feature - Limi
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452 mirrors, port - networks mirror
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454 passwords - ports passwords cha
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456 Remote Encrypted Callback Unix
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458 sniffers - stateful multilayer
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460 Teflon Oil Patch program - unpr
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462 webservers and web applications
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