Sybex CEH Certified Ethical Hacker Version 8 Study Guide

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338 Chapter 14 ■ SQL Injection If this code returns any result other than an error, then increment the number after the order by statement by 1 (or some other amount if desired) until an error is returned. When an error is encountered, it indicates that the last entry that did not return an error is the number of columns in the database. Once the columns have been determined, you can establish whether you can make queries against the system. Do so by performing what is known as a union select on the system by appending it to the end of the URL: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Take a close look at this statement. This statement assumes that you discovered that there were eight columns in the database in your previous step. If more or fewer were encountered, you would adjust the numbers after the select accordingly. Also note that you add a hyphen after the = sign and before the number 1 (after the id). Once the results of this query are returned, you will see that column numbers are returned. The numbers that are returned indicate that queries are accepted against these columns, and you can now inject further refined SQL statements into each. You can now start doing some interesting tasks. Let’s begin by identifying the SQL version that is in use. To do this, you will use the command @@version or version() to extract the version information from the database. You will target one of the columns that accept SQL queries. In our example, let’s use column 3: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select 1,2,@@version,4,5,6 The version information returned will replace the @@version. Depending on the database version being returned, you can determine the next stage of the attack. In our example here, let’s assume the version returned is correct for our next step. This example assumes that the database in use is MySQL and that the version is at least version 5. If another version or brand of database is in use, then be sure to tailor the attack to that environment. With the version information checking out, you can do something even more interesting. You can obtain a list of the databases present on the system by executing the following command: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select ~CA 1,2,group_concat(schema_name),4,5,6 from information_schema.schemata-- To determine the current database: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select ~CA 1,2,concat(database()),4,5,6-- To get the current user: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select ~CA 1,2,concat(user()),4,5,6--
Introducing SQL Injection 339 To get the tables: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select ~CA 1,2,group_concat(table_name),4,5,6 from information_schema.tables where ~CA table_schema=database()— With the tables presented, you will target the users table: http://www.somesite.com/default.php?id=-1 union select ~CA 1,2,group_concat(column_name),4,5,6 from information_schema.columns where ~CA table_schema=database()-- Altering Data with a SQL Injection Attack Another way to alter data using SQL injection involves using the forms that appear on many websites. Forms that collect login or other information can be vulnerable to attack depending on their design and any flaws that are present. Any form that solicits data and is somehow connected to a database of any type may be vulnerable to SQL injection. To illustrate this point, let’s consider a form of a common and simple design. This hypothetical form is one of the commonly encountered forms that any user would use to recover their password. This form simply requires the user to enter an e-mail address and then click OK. Once this is done, the application searches the database for the provided e-mail address. It then sends an e-mail to that address. However, let’s change things a bit to show how SQL injection works in this situation. In this case the attacker—you—will attempt to get the application to execute custom SQL code to either steal information or alter existing information in some way. First, you must determine what the database and application are doing and how the database is structured. In this case the application is more than likely using what is known as a SQL SELECT statement to retrieve data, like so: SELECT data FROM table WHERE emailinput = '$email_input'; Because of the way applications like this function, you would have to make an educated guess as to how the code is constructed. In this situation, the code is close to the actual code itself as it originally appeared. You would expect a query to use a variable to hold the user’s identity since it would need to be able to handle a multitude of inputs. Remember earlier when you forced an application to generate errors? In this case it is pretty much the same thing; you must determine how the application reacts when invalid or unexpected input is provided. Once you know how the application reacts to this type of input, you can start to formulate malicious SQL strings. To accomplish this in our example, you input an e-mail address into the form but with a single quote appended to it, like so: link@hyrule.com'
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Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Ke
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Acknowledgments First, I would like
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Contents at a Glance Introduction A
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xii Contents Chapter 3 Cryptography
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xiv Contents Commonly Exploited Ser
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xvi Contents Chapter 11 Denial of S
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xviii Contents Securing the Physica
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Introduction If you’re preparing
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Introduction xxiii How to Become a
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Introduction xxv Tips for Taking th
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Introduction xxvii 4. Answer all of
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Introduction xxix Network/wireless
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Assessment Test xxxi C. PPP D. SLIP
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Assessment Test xxxiii 19. An indiv
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Assessment Test xxxv 31. Which of t
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Answers to Assessment Test xxxvii 1
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CEHv8 Certified Ethical Hacker Vers
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In this book you will learn the var
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4 Chapter 1 ■ Getting Started wit
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10 Chapter 1 ■ Getting Started wi
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Every skill set comes with a histor
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28 Chapter 2 ■ System Fundamental
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This chapter covers cryptography, a
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58 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography The p
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60 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography ■
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62 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography MARS
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64 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography A has
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66 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography The C
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68 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography Under
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70 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography TABLE
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72 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography 5. On
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74 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography PGP w
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76 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography Revie
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78 Chapter 3 ■ Cryptography 13. W
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Chapter 4 Footprinting and Reconnai
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Understanding the Steps of Ethical
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What Is Footprinting? 85 Goals of t
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Terminology in Footprinting 87 Orga
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The Footprinting Process 89 Using S
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The Footprinting Process 91 Locatio
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The Footprinting Process 93 will no
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The Footprinting Process 95 In secu
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Exam Essentials 97 I want to introd
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Review Questions 99 7. Which of the
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Review Questions 101 19. Footprinti
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Once you’ve completed the footpri
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106 Chapter 5 ■ Scanning Networks
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You’ve gathered a lot of informat
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130 Chapter 6 ■ Enumeration of Se
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Using the information gathered so f
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154 Chapter 7 ■ Gaining Access to
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Chapter 8 Trojans, Viruses, Worms,
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Malware 181 In past decades, what w
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Malware 183 The Patriot Act This ac
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Malware 185 1. Design. The author e
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Malware 187 ■ ■ Macro viruses d
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Malware 189 How to Create a Virus C
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Malware 191 A Closer Look at Slamme
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Malware 193 ■ ■ Freeware—Down
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Malware 195 Operations that could b
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Malware 197 ■ NetMeeting Remote:
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Malware 199 Tools for Creating Troj
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Malware 201 5. In the next screen,
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Overt and Covert Channels 203 ■ P
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Exam Essentials 205 ■ ■ ■ ■
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Review Questions 207 7. Which utili
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Chapter 9 Sniffers CEH EXAM OBJECTI
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Understanding Sniffers 211 When on
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Using a Sniffer 213 In terms of LI,
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Using a Sniffer 215 2. Choose Captu
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Using a Sniffer 217 Table 9.1 lists
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Using a Sniffer 219 2. Next you nee
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Using a Sniffer 221 output from a s
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Using a Sniffer 223 3. Select the T
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Switched Network Sniffing 225 What
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Switched Network Sniffing 227 Port
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Switched Network Sniffing 229 root@
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Review Questions 231 Review Questio
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Review Questions 233 13. What is th
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Chapter 10 Social Engineering CEH E
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What Is Social Engineering? 237 If
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What Is Social Engineering? 239 eng
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What Is Social Networking? 241 Many
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What Is Social Networking? 243 Mist
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What Is Social Networking? 245 Ambe
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Commonly Employed Threats 247 Dumps
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Commonly Employed Threats 249 ■
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Identity Theft 251 Although some si
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Exam Essentials 253 Know about tech
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Review Questions 255 7. Phishing ca
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Review Questions 257 19. An attacke
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This chapter will give you a firm u
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262 Chapter 11 ■ Denial of Servic
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The concept of session hijacking is
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286 Chapter 12 ■ Session Hijackin
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388 Chapter 16 ■ Evading IDSs, Fi
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390 Chapter 16 ■ Evading IDSs, Fi
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Chapter 17 Physical Security CEH EX
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Introducing Physical Security 395 O
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Introducing Physical Security 397 s
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Introducing Physical Security 399 P
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Introducing Physical Security 401 S
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Introducing Physical Security 403 e
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Introducing Physical Security 405 a
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Introducing Physical Security 407 V
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Exam Essentials 409 opening 18 feet
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Review Questions 411 7. Which of th
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Review Questions 413 19. What mecha
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416 Appendix A ■ Answers to Revie
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438 Appendix B ■ About the Additi
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440 Appendix B ■ About the Additi
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442 ARP (Address Resolution Protoco
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444 Counter Mode with Cipher Block
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446 EIP (Extended Instruction Point
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448 Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
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450 IP DHCP Snooping feature - Limi
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452 mirrors, port - networks mirror
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454 passwords - ports passwords cha
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456 Remote Encrypted Callback Unix
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458 sniffers - stateful multilayer
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460 Teflon Oil Patch program - unpr
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462 webservers and web applications
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