Concentrated Poverty

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Terminology Terminology in this area is somewhat different in the United States than in the rest of the English-speaking world. The general term for an action program in support of the well being of poor people in the United States is welfare program, and the general term for all such programs is simply welfare. In American society, the term welfare arguably has negative connotations. In the United States, the term Social Security refers to the US social insurance program for all retired and disabled people. Elsewhere the term social security is used in a much broader sense, referring to the economic security that society offers when people are faced with certain risks. Recent UK official use of the term welfare includes not only minimal help for people in need but also some services traditionally called benefits and social security in most English-speaking countries except the United States. The term is even used to include government help in finding employment. Non-native English speakers are often confused by the use of welfare to refer to different things in different countries and in the same country, for example well being, but native speakers can usually understand from the context which meaning is intended. History In the Roman Empire, the first emperor Augustus provided the Cura Annonae or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food every month. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor Trajan. Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including Pliny the Younger. The Song dynasty government (c.1000AD in China) supported multiple programs which could be classified as social welfare, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers' graveyards. According to economist Robert Henry Nelson, "The medieval Roman Catholic Church operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor..." Early welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor. This system was substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law Amendment Act, which introduced the system of workhouses. Public assistance programs were not called welfare until the early 20th century when the term was quickly adopted to avoid the negative connotations that had become associated with older terms such as charity. It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes. In Great Britain the Liberal government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the National Insurance system in 1911, a system later Page 54 of 134
expanded by Clement Attlee. The United States inherited England's poor house laws and has had a form of welfare since before it won its independence. During the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands, as well as the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the Nordic model. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal. In the Islamic world, Zakat (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, has been collected by the government since the time of the Rashidun caliph Umar in the 7th century. The taxes were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058– 111), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred. Forms Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but Page 55 of 134
Page 2 and 3:
Turning the Improbable Into the Exc
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Page 8 and 9: 6. 1 We disseminate Quarterly publi
Page 16 and 17: poor inner city locations were popu
Page 18 and 19: threshold are legion, the most sali
Page 20 and 21: increasingly been recognized as a "
Page 22 and 23: Spatial Mismatch: With the expansio
Page 24 and 25: examining the social-interactive an
Page 26 and 27: Physical Surroundings: Decayed phys
Page 28 and 29: from the city to the suburbs, and d
Page 30 and 31: program that provided Section 8 vou
Page 34 and 35: Ruby K. Payne, author of A Framewor
Page 36 and 37: succeed in the labor market, and ob
Page 38 and 39: life shocks were dramatically more
Page 40 and 41: meeting certain goals that will bet
Page 42 and 43: more effective in raising the achie
Page 44 and 45: The culture of poverty also emerges
Page 46 and 47: government's roles in education and
Page 48 and 49: poverty with an average growth of a
Page 50 and 51: seem far-fetched to the activists .
Page 52 and 53: In March 3, 2014, as Chairman of th
Page 56 and 57: welfare is commonly provided to ind
Page 58 and 59: Germany The welfare state has a lon
Page 60 and 61: through, among other things, educat
Page 62 and 63: Education and Research and labor ma
Page 64 and 65: stereotypes of Blacks as lazy, unde
Page 66 and 67: Country Social expenditures on non-
Page 68 and 69: Criticisms of Welfare The modern we
Page 70 and 71: esentment of paying taxes to create
Page 72 and 73: Bernstein believed that any such po
Page 74 and 75: among other healthcare provisions s
Page 76 and 77: Before the Welfare Reform Act of 19
Page 78 and 79: 1996: Passed under Clinton, the "Pe
Page 80 and 81: Migrant Training 85.00 85.00 Native
Page 82 and 83: The Temporary Assistance for Needy
Page 84 and 85: private after school programs, such
Page 86 and 87: Characteristics of Households by Qu
Page 88 and 89: Some have argued that welfare has c
Page 90 and 91: 18 Cibecue AZ 1,713 $15,208 0.8% 0.
Page 92 and 93: 7. Newark, New Jersey 30.4% 8. Tole
Page 94 and 95: 84. Pinesdale, Montana $5,051 (742)
Page 96 and 97: development firm, Corcoran-Mullins-
Page 98 and 99: Criticisms Some critics have said t
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Page 102 and 103: Notes _____________________________
Page 104 and 105:
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Page 106 and 107:
November 3, 2015 Basic Facts on Con
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FIGURE 2 Concentrated poverty is ov
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Attachment B Concentration of Pover
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last half of the 1990s—has since
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Table 3. High-Poverty Census Tracts
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Figure 2. Concentration of Poverty,
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and white poverty is fundamentally
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Figure 8. Change in Concentration o
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Table 6. Concentration of Poverty,
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of a more dispersed pattern of poor
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Figure 11. Declustering of Detroit
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Figure 13. The Declustering of High
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Table 10. Distribution of Concentra
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educational and job-related skills
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form” of the Census that includes
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Table 11. Family Structure by Neigh
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Notes 1. The total number of census
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NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE in Urban Americ
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The Neighborhood Change in Urban Am
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Page 159 and 160:
Advocacy Foundation Publishers The
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XVI for Drug-Free Communities Landm
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Vol. VIII 2022 ComeUnity ReEngineer
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Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitaliz
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The e-Advocate Monthly Review 2018
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The e-Advocate Quarterly Special Ed
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Legal Missions International Page 1
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Vol. V 2019 XVII Russia Q-1 2019 XV
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The e-Advocate Newsletter Genesis o
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Extras The Nonprofit Advisors Group
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About The Author John C (Jack) John
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Concentrated Poverty

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