V - Fischer-Tropsch Archive

34 BIBLIOGRAPRT OF FISCIKER-TROPSCIK SYI~THESIS AN'D RELATED PROCESSES ......... i .. ............... LITERATURE ABSTRA_CTS _-- L U- ^~L^~ :Plant :Iron anff: = " 

r 

241 vdregen tioa and 0,1S 

• " . - . Y 

for Production of .~irplane Fuels.] G~nie civil, vo]. and CO. 

0. HCHO can be made directly from " in to Flse 

her 

- 

ropeoh 

' 

and 

- 

eu 

• 

Conversion 

Rich iu 

of 

OIeflns 

,l~ced Cracking Process Distillates ~939 frames 

C ~ a l Trades • Bey ~ol 156 194S pp. ?33--739. 

lan£ designed by Za 

Description of the. Oxyton..P ^~, ~aris illustrates 

• 

: 

: 

~14, 1939, pp. 2!.4-216, o.~4-2.~7. 

.~eeenr progress ~s shown an~ statistical data are 

given on the production of synthetic fuels in France. 

~'neee0nomieorganzzation ofasynthetic-fuelindustry 

is outlined, 

~a~ ¢~,~^,. ^ ~ . . . . . . . . . . 

--~:~,--~-~_o~.~-~n~t ~u~sum~e ~uels ~or ~n- 

:~t~,,-~_ a~ ...... ~ ~mm. et ms., vm, ~, 

±v~u, pp 465-47u: Chem Zentralb, 1941 1 p 16o9 • 

Chem ~h~ ~-^~ _~7 ~aa~ ~ ~n- " , , ~ - , 

1~ .... :~.,~: :: ..... ,y~_~-' ~ -~" . . . 

-:~-~-~-~-~ ~coml)~sume~s ana trenos m tne pro- 

: uucuon o~ synmenc-nyaroearnon fueIs---hydrogen~ tion 

catalytic cracking, polymerization, isomerization alkvlat*on, 

Fischer process and addition of PbEt¢--are outlined 

in a lecture. ' 

: ~4.~ r~ o .... ~o ~ . . . . . . 

- ~,,~;, ~.~,, .~.~,.~ex. ~oa,-~:nennstry-retroa~:J--:,~ 

"~"2£yi .-=,re.. ~o, ~v~x. l)p, oV±-oo~; unem. 

..... ~., v,.. ~, x,~z. p. ~uzo. ": 

.~t the Etablissements Kuhhnann in Pas-de-Calais 

gase s eontaining CH, are heated-with O.- and steam 

m the presence of active Ni oll a refraetorr Support 

(the catalytic activity lasts for more than t yr.) according 

to the equations CH,+0.5 0_.=CO+_~H: and 

CI-~,+H.-0=C0-b3H.~ Gives other reference~ to coalhydrogenation 

prbcesses: . - ~ 

244. ~ [Production of 5fethanol nd I ".. 

tires, Formaldehyde, Hexamefliavlene:eStrDer~v ~ 

251. BEnTHEnOT, M. [Chemical Effects of the Sil~, i 

EIeetrie Discharge.] Compt rend vol 126 1~%~/| 

pp. 561-567, 567-575, 609-616" 616-~27" Jour '0~.~ ~ :: I 

See,?el 1 1898 pp 393-396 . . . . . . . ] 

. " ' " " ': 

Varmus mlxtares of CO and H.. were subjected to ! 

the action of the silent discharge. Some carbohrdrat~s : | 

of the general formula (CH.0)n were obtained " | 

" " 

252. ~ . [Chemmal Equilibrium Between H~dro. ~i:| 

gen and the Oxides of Carbon.] .4.nn. ehim. phv~: "| 

ser. 7, ?el 14, 1898 pp 170-176. Jour Chem S~ J 

vol. 2 1899 n 286 ' " ' ~ | 

, , . . . . . : : 

~ CO~'hen heo~ed ath|ghtemperatures is partly dis- ;! 

~ . ~ m,ed, an~ .~. ~ ~n the presence of C or I~ ~ | 

~ev.* r~us neerate~ is employed in oxidizing this ele: ":| 

ment, and further dissociation of CO:. must take place ~' | 

to preserve the equilibrium. When a mixture of CO: | 

and H: is raised tea high temperature, equilibrium is :| 

established, not between the binary systems ¢C0 ~-~.~ . | 

and.-(e0+H:0) but between tlle mol'e edl~,p~i~a~ | 

system [(~-a) C0~-[-a :(C0+0)] resulting from the | 

partial dissociation of CO.- aml that produced by the /| 

P~'~al dissociation of steam [(m.B) H..'0+B :] 

(xx_.~-0) ] and a further complicatiou results from :| 

the dissociation of CO which reacts as :follOws.-* ~: J 

[pCO=(/~-2) CO+C0.~-[-C]. This explanation is bas~ !'!::] 

°n the observed behavior of these compounds at higl~f:':~ 

Into Lubrlea.fing.~O~l~s ~ FL~T ~ee ...... 

4687--46fl9;~ ~,~" ...^ . 

. See abs. 181S, lsxv. ~, ~ ..,*h~i~ of 

-.~ ~ ..... G G A-~n W~, R. x~- y~L.~Z:~,,n 

25~- ~x ..... " "' " on Dioxide ana ~i-vu~'2Y " 

z; ~Iethane From Carb _~ ~a ~o 11 1950, PP. u63-- 

Chore• Eng. Progress-, .v ..... , . . . . 

~74 ~ ,a v~. was 

~ " " of C~I=L from ~-~'- a-~ z~ 

Rate of formatioa ~ ~ ,,~,4~ iu composition 

measured bY passing fee~as~'=~'o~ 30% :t~- ~nd : 

from 80~/e H*. ann ~?v¢ ~:'~lvst in a continuous 

~,t~ e,~. over a reduceu -~ v ..... .: --~ *~,~ feed 

~./c ~. ?oral runs were made in ~ nm~.~,~.., n 

~pparatUS;~e~ectt, The ~aee time was var~ 7:~'~: 

gas cu,-%-~_~ ~,~ "The temperature range ?~s -:~, 

0 to ~ x ~ ~,:~::a~o~sure was maintained at x a~m.,:~ 

750 ° F., ann .~';=~=~:~tes 0£ CH~ formation, obta~,ea 

all runS~ ~.~.~.'~-V',,.~ data vary from 0-o.6u ,~. 

by differen~azmn÷.~ Rate' of reaction can be cormols./day 

k~v. c~--..W,, .~..~'~ n~sumes that tlte ms] or 

related by a me2mvn:lsn~l t?;oeess is Offered by the 1'~ 

resistaace ~o t,~,.,~ CO lnolec~fle with ut least - 

aetiou o~ an ~n~ec'ules ~re~entS ~wo equations ~or 

adsorhe~ ~i~ for~nat'ion r~sulttng from the extremes 

the rate o~ ~, ..... e'latiu~ mechanisms 

of the range o~ cu~'~ r ~ '~ N.~R~.CO~T E.S., 

r259. BIRCh; S. F., ~NITI~.RS, :1':,=~1] ~ Iuformaiiou on 

.~.~o tt~BES~W, ~-~C~'l~r~a~ts. BIOS Final 

Soei~t~ AnOun~mm%P~o r ~rlq~c~-en~ 100 ton per day. of 

layout 0~equ~.P~_~ .~,,,.~nnitsinparallelandutilizmg 

0~. of 92V~:pur~YLu~'~" kw-hr, r~er ton of 0~ and 0.53 

poweratme ~at~a~.~ ~ " 

kw.-hr, per m. o~ ±v,~7o ~ - 4. 

~ ,e-~aURN W ~. See abs. 691, 692, 693, 69 

~'-°--.,~' ~" • _~Nn GIL~ONT, P. Prepara- 

262a. B~CR .... :-'.'-" •" ,~^~-~÷ Nitrosvl Carb0nyl 

tion of Cobalt ~aroony*, ,-~-.~ "'- _~ hod 

- -~ ~,~t ¢~rhonvl Hydride by the Cyamde - Iet__ : 

ana~O~-~ Chen~. ~oc.,voL t~2: !940, PP. 1192-11'J~, 

~our. o-;~:~ ?el 34, 1040 P 4 354 

~..uem. ~o., • ' T. ]~ ,h~avb~ CO al- 

~U alkaline su~P ension of a ~osa~ ":":~:,~,~v ~n the 

mo.~t auantitativelv to form I(Co (~-,,;.ou:.~^':'~:~-o~ a 

~.Y~'~gee of a ear¥ier such as a sma~ ?m~y2~ ,~r~ 

w*~- Treatiueut of KCo(C0)* wHu *'~Y~,~'~7. 

~van~,~e{ ~CO~: The addition of a n exeesso~ ~.~,- 

.~.°~*'U~2~,~'-~nixture gives the 'volatile l-lt.'o~.~ 

the rea-.~.~::.ses'at --79 ° to a solid ; it melts at --:o~_ 

Wn!C n t:~, ...... ~ ,have that temperature !n~u 

and 2toecom~l°~e~i..--- . 

t"°~V'*'-'~, ~: a.n~ific'~tiou of Coal May Fore- 

263. B u, N~: ,, ~lust=,:'~ep~acm~ 0ilRefineries..Nat. 

shaa°y2e,~.s*v01 "'~: No ~4 1~4% PP. ~-24. 

Petrm. ~e~ . . . . - • , -: .... f .~tnndard Oil 

kn amlouncement of file joh~ p~,a-.~ ~ r~;l.ol~d~tio n 

Co. of New Jersey and the ~ittsL)uz:~' ~'~to l'iotid 

CoaiCo.,forgasifyingco~la~tC°~se'~[~e~lansl~av e . 

_ 

: 

: 

: ; 

Resinsl etc.] Chim. et ind., ?el. 45. Special No. 42-43' .~emperatures, eaci~ o f them dissociating in the manner !~:~:| 

1941 ; Chem. Zentralb:, 1942, I, p. 418 ; Chem. Abs.: mmeated, independent of the presence of the other~ ~!:| 

. ?el. 37,1943 , p; 2715 .... : :: 253. ~ : [0eneration of Hydrocarbons by ~letal- ~-'~| 

245. Frbgram:~or Svhthetic an(l~ Sub.~titm~ : lie Carbides.]: Compt, rend. x~ol. 132, 1901, pp 281-~:~] 

Fuels. Your: Soc.Aut0: Eng:,'-Vol. 15, 1942, p/265.'7-7 i : 290 i J°ur'Chem':S°c', ?el. !' 1901, p. 245. : : : :~:'::| 

~mls, l)e~ergent~, ,:...- ~ 91 68~. 

-Rapt. 1646, !9~, ~,~ m",~.~lichhel h6t:gas recYCle 

: Gives general notes on .t~ ~-hrchemie method of 

and the foa TM Pr0cessesLj"~;t~in~am of a Kaiser 

:olefin analtYsls,;(lesc~p,t,~'larv~0wm~ter :for measurL: - 

fuels, high-B, t. u: gas, an u. c~,~.~'e.~'oO000 demonstraonly 

reached t!m desi~st?~iei° ~ ~I~est~'~dies and bring 

tion-size pilot pian~ ~o ~u:,~ ~,-~is it is'expected tha t : 

the :process to_a:c.o~n,~.ner[~'~'v~'or o~el.atioaoby the end: 

the pilot plan~ ~ere~a~lant~: 1950 o1" 195!. . The : 

Discusses Use of peat for fuel in France. Ineiudes ~yent~nsor discusses following carbides: Acetylides, :',~] Wflhelmfllns~U~gh~p~essures , and some.(h-~m~F% ~ "°f.llo9~7~iaann ~ as-planned, will b¢ de'~o!ed ~r~:~!,~t~l~e~° _ 

• 

: 

some relnarkS concerning the production and utiiiza. Z'-".':~" ..... g, .~, ~un, t;e,J~a, ~:, and U. : : :!~| 

lion of alcohol and ~vnthetic gasoline .... : :zoo. . [Study of 'Chemical Reactions ] AnD. -~| 

• 246. 

.... 

=------ 

~ [ 

Some A~ 

~P 

ectso" 

f the Fnel Indu.t15. 

~ • .... 

-: 

chim. 

. 

phys, 

~ 

~:ol. 0 1905 

- ' 

(S). 

" 

p 183- 

' 

Comp~ rend. 

:~'* 

~.-'::[| 

C onversmn of Methane Into Carlion M0noxide and : ~L5140,~,19~°~P~kP0°"914 ; Joan Cbem. Soc.; vol. 88, ::.~i!l 

• ~yurogen oy the .~-ction of Steam in Presence of .... ': *" . . . . . . . " ~:~,~| 

Cataiysts.] Chim et ind ?el 5 o 1944 pp 153-154" Attempt was made to cause the direct .~'nthesis ~!'~'| 

.... : Chem. Abs.,v0!.40,1946, P.:2958' . '. : C-~-2H.*~CH, by passing H: through quar~, tubes~;:|.. 

. ~:~reus~en ~'e catalysts of composl.uon ~n. ,~ The 

' *-'-=-;-~ o ~ o~, KC0; and 50-100.'/o ~msr-gu:: - • ~ , 

~,7~ 

axe r= 

~u,t;~-]~°also 

. . . . . . . . 

dlscussed 

. 

and 

~ 

a translatmn 

ment is g~vv,, 

o£.:- 

. report hy Dr:: ~..'ienburg. on~it~27u~lr°eP~nts aud lubri- 

: Als0 gives C0nsiflerame sp~,~ ~._ ^~'~rs' d report of . 

~atin~ oil Udditives.i An appena~ ,,,\~. "" -rid flame 

S0pp~.byDr. Sachsse°.ntheex~!°s~Vex~: " 

~t~dies of the application of the flj~m/zeY-[°'::*~lTd.l v 

-. ,~ ~ r.oai ~a.~ificafion: AbouV ~u ton~ ...... ~i ' ?~ 

m~u~;~onsn~e~ 

w* ........ ' 

prodneiughbout 

. . . . . 

2.~milli0u 

reaetea 

cu-/xt. 

whn 

°z 

~- 

: 

gas. Powdered coal m aS~:r.Peaasn~ e gas produced is 

anff steam m me general. ,:. ~-.-~---arli0us" bv the 

suitable for the syntaems 0~ u~V.~X~._ *-~e~i)era- 

FischeroTropeehreacti°n'.The.fle~'x~iallxti~n%~"~-ie~d of 

Brief deseripti0n of method and precauti0n~ re"uired heated to 1,300 °. Results were negative although B0ne/~:.:| " :ve locities ~in "hydr°car°°n'°xYs~!' r~;~ pres~u:re lion may be useS. to o~t~m U'~ e ~ossible yield 0f- 

• 

: 

: 

.... : 

Chim et ind v01 53'1945 pb 1005166 Chem ~h~ : 

v0L42,1948 ' .:~96.!: ::'-" .:: ' ' ":~" 

To.replace inPuorted ~etroleum .... dne.~ 1,,~,..'~-:.*~ 

~ : ........... r~,- : ,~!':~|~:-- :: 

255. BE~T~sL0r,-.'M. k. L'indUsfi.iedes 'e0mbustibles ~:~?~liquides. 

Part 2. Les Carburants de Svnth~se- ~: ........ 

Synthesis oz ~uu~;~ -:~ ~ 19'29: u 0807" ~aso.*..~ ,. ~ • ~-*^ v.i-uid Pr0duct~ 

::F'ouudations:] Met~.h~°r~se'~½~.%: ~0~: ~ i,e~m. ~bS:~:: i :2S4.--~-=.: Pr.°ee.ssin_.~ U0~:'GZ, r~" p tr0t.:Froc: 

yell 20, 1930, pP. 1:~9~-~ r ,o?~, t : ' C : • May Be :Pract~caD_le m~ ~.~ ~? : .:: e . : 

: 

can be obtained-fr0m anthracene "o'il, r~:os'~n ~oil:!sh~]e : :::~ Gauthier:~iJlars .~ Cie, Par!s, 42 PP.; Chem. Abs., ~ 

oil, low-temporat~are tar, and coal • (b~ hydrogenation : ¢ Yo*.iou, ~.,oo~ p. 89~L ~ .... . :: .: :~ ~ 

-, : ?el. 24, 1930, pp. zxu~, o,..~: a aud calcuiation of 

:: ~ : 0ritical~review of ~ue*l*~*~':.:~tl0n of dimethyl 

: essiug, ?el. 2, xv~,tPP. ~.'fi~.~5":'~wi0nments i~ c0al 

- :-Editorial.c0 mmen~ ou r~v~i~C~.Ptttsburg h 

:~ ..... of°r ,bY F:scher-Tropsch :sYnthesis).. The development BErES, M, B. ~ee abs. 2562 ..... : ~ : equilibrium ~°~u~a~i0nom M°:~ mn~ 

of"the vo!ume re!a- - P~oeesSmg.as "±nehdation f°ll°ws" Coal Co. announcement" -.~ the .repo~t" oil 

• : 

' : 

" 

:: ::::. 

.: egetable-o.tl productt0n in l~ortll Africa will pro., :256. BH~W~, .G T..: Synthetic "Petroleum 1950 XV, ~i 

vine open-chain material f0r Friedel:Crafts:syntheses : 92 pp Nature (reviewl v01 ::166 1950 ~ 624 ":~ :-~'~ 

on- a'C~[, nucleus, and the chemical 0r elect i a . . . . "' , ,*? • ~ 

polymerization of'C-H~ can a]~o field lubrionn~ r:e ! .... 0b~ect of th~s b00~let about synthetic gasoline is to !~ 

248 B~-~'=*'-~- :'~ .--- =" : ~- := -[--rT ..... , arouse the interestof laYmen, manufacturers;chemists¢'~r 

~n,~-~:?-:"T:'-:, ~ ...... ; ~OT, ~u_ uarnurants de : and engineers, and:the Government of India to the Yital ~. 

~_~.~a-~-~a 2~ ueremp~acemenr. ^ ~:. D_un0d , Paris, ::: importance of building up a he~ industry on nafl0nat~ 

,:w, ~o-~,v.; ~,em. ~es., v01 ,. ~I, :;tosS, p:24L'/ : .:!:lines C0mparable with what has already been done in~ 

" ether fr ~.-~-^~-'~.-°~a~es for 50% and 100 ]v con ve~.- :Conso ..... ~,.v in Fortune magazine ; experiment~ ,n 

• ~ ti°ns °Z--r:ne re-a~:'~-~" 7Discusses the:formation oz m- : the C oat xnuu~:,~.nt~n of eoalon-Alabama and the 

it sion-to mmetnY~ ~':. .... ~--÷",osis of Me0H-fr0m : : undergrounu:g~r--.-----~ -^x~:hndutilizatiom : :,: 

~= methyl ether along w~m ~u~ ~'~"-~=.~O~I equilibrium :economicpicture 0~ coa~ ~esou~=~ ~-~.-- T, .~^~ 

: = abont Z~.7=.lb: Of coke. 243 cn. ft.;0f 0=, and 32.4 lb. of :Report Onthe Present statns of the producti0a of 

. steam to nmke a million.eu, ft. of water gas. 'The use, liquid fuels from coal and recent/mprovements ia.tbe 

of O~ for this process appears to be decidedly advantage- hydrogenation and synthesis processes 

ous because of the increase in capacity it permits, as " ' ~: 

well as frOm the standpoint of fuel consumption and . . BOeCAREDDA, £~[:: See: abs. 2390. : : : ;~ 

: maintenance of eqnipmeut. It seems nrobnb]~ thnr . "ROCI~AR0VA, . E. . ~. **~ce . abs: 725. : " 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 

I G a s Under Pressure. II.] ~our. Chem. lnd~ 

B0e~A~OVA, E. M., Do~mov, B. N., PEr~ovA, Y. N., 

ported by the opinions of 0il-industry executives, leads S compounds such as COS are then eliminated b (U. S. S. R.), col. 12, 1935, pp. I.:49-1255 ." .Bri't~a ANn YATSKOVSEAXA. ~. S. [Synthe.~is of Alcohols 

to the conclusion that the time is not ripe :for Govern- purifying with alkaline Fe hrdroxide at ~.~no ~,^ y ~ " | 

of High ~Iolecular AVeight From Water Gas Under 

meat intervention in the fuel program The oil indusn-v C,'~nt{nnan~ ,, ......... , . - _ ~ -~o. : ! t-'be.m. Abs., 1936, B, p. 404; Chem. 2~DS., vm. ~u, .~,ov, 

• . .. " -- ......... ~ o~ r~ e rlsener-Tropscn cataly~ fo 

Pressnre. IV. Rechecking of the l[ethods for 

itseIf m capable of supp].~ mg aH the fuel needed :for any 6-7 months is insured b, this trea=ent of ~e 2: .... / - 

Analysis of the Condensate-] ;~cc abs. 281. 

used is the same as that for Me0H 

an~ every purpose~ ~o extraorainar!ly rnpid is the which lowers the S cnn~n~ ~, ~ +~- -~ °~' -I 

Boc~zno*, L Scc abs. 215. 

progress of technical development, commercial plants i00 m2 , ..... ~ -~ -~s >~ v..~ gin. Per . =1 thesis, but the catalyst is more alkaline, and the ra 

BODE, K. Sve abs. 2921. 

u~u~o,u.,c~n~ue~ore erec'ted~°'w-f°r-th-e-p-r°d-uct/°nl°f ~nevcou o even syntl'~etic eebunt, f-~els would Bare, nov, A.P. ~ee abs. 27?2, 2?74. . I.i of gas flow is slower.: but the temperatm'e is higher 

283. BODE~0r.~, IL [Production, APplication and De- 

" " 272o Bbsn W. [Gaseous and Solid-Fuel Subst tutes.] :" (400°-425 ~) than for MECH. The pressure is 220 arm. 

268. BLAxn, W.F...~.XDU~n~W.C. Bureau of Mines Przegiad ~orniczo-hutniczv col o9 1937 ~- ~o4" t AratioofH: :C0ofclosetol ;lisbest. C0=tends 

, tection of Methanol and Isopropyl Alcohol.] Apoth. 

Asks Thirty Million Dollars More :for Synthetic 397 ~ C'hen~. Zentralb 193~ 'II ~ ~14 o. Chem" ~,o,~-- to accumulate in recirculated gases. Zn-V catalysts 

Ztg., voL 45. 1930, pp~ 1141-1144 ; Chem. Abs. vol. 25. 

Liqaid Fuels Research Petrol Processing col o col '33 193"9 ~-o-" ......... ' " "~ I are better than Zn~%.l :enes. but the be~ is SZnO:AL 1931, p. 166. 

1947, pp. $5-87. " ' " -' . ,, , p. uo_o: : : (0K),.O.!V=0~. The total yield of alcoh(fls is 60 ~. of Address dealin ~ witi~ both the earlier and present 

Rev/ew of use Of motor fuels coming from Sources 

which 35% is ~IeOH, The others are EtOH. l'r0H, methods of nmnufacture, tl~eir:yarious uses, and 

Commcnts on the bill reeentl.v introduced in the other than petroleum, iso-Pr0H, Bu0H. and iso-Bu0H. 

methods of detection, 

Senate by Seuator 0'Mahoney extending the Bareau of 273. . [Production of Synthetic Benzine From 

Mines program of research on synthetic liquid fuels. 

280, BOCI]~AnoVA, E. ~I,, l)0Ln0~% B. ~., AXD PRo:[~.ni~ 

BOEn~KF.~, E, R. Sce abs. 2285. 

Present s abstracts from the progress report recently Coal.] Przeglad Teeh., v01. 77, 1933, pp. 277-236; 

rOVA, Z. 5L [Synthesis of Higher Alcolm]s From 

made by the Secretary of the Interior and a tabulated Chem. Abs., col. 33, 1939, p. 9539: , 

Water Gas Under Pressure. III.] Khim. Tverd0go 284. BOE~Z~, E., A.xn BO.XHOEFFE~, K: F. [Gaseous Re: 

summary of actual and estimated expenditures for the Review. . : 

Topliva, col. 6, 193:;. pp. 665-9S0 ~ Cimm. Zentraib., actions of Active HydroY.en.]: Ztscbr. physial. 

:/i 1936, If, p. 4254 ; Chem. Abs., v01. 30, 1936, p. $147. Chem., col. 119, 1926, pp. 3C~-399 ; Chem. AbS., col. 

years 1945.o .............. to 1943. inclusive.~ ~ .... :__ 274. ~ [Progress in the Technique of Liquefac. 

. BLASCHCZYK G. SCct~bs 1498 . . . . : tion of Coal.] Przeglad gm'niczo-hutniczy, vol 30, ::i 

Syntheses of higher alcohols were dccomplished in : 20, 1926, p. 3645. 

269. BLASS, K. '[Iafiuence of Raw KIaterials on the 1938, pp: 67-73; Chem. Zenti'alb., 1933. II pi 2373; 

the Fischer circulating apparatus of 4.5-1. capacity, at Reactions Of H: activated by lumiuous discharge 

350°--425°, 220 arm. pressure, with a volumetric ve- 'have been studied semiquautitatively for the following 

Synthesis Of Fatty Acids.] Fetten. Seifen, col. 51. Che~n. Abe., col. 34, 1940. p. 6041. 

locity of the order 6,300-,%4f10 (time of eontacL 26.5-'--'9 substances: 0=. :H.-O, N=, NH=. CI-:, He1, Br:, HBr, 

1944, pp. 221-223 Chem. Abs.. col. 42. 1943. p. 8773. Review of the developmsut of hydrogenation, low- 

See:) aud a duration Of 1 hr. :lu alfl cases 300 ml. of tt.-S. CH,, CO, CO:, and CH=C1. The I~- behaves as 

Discusses production ~)f synthetic fatty acids by Ihe temperature carlionization, exn'aerion 0netlmd of 

Catalyst were used. The mixture C0 and J~- was though ir consisted of free atomS; with (9-. it forms 

' paraffin-oxidation process, wkh refs. " Port and Broche), the Japanese hydrogsua[ion:process, 

taken in the pi.op0rtion 1 : 1, as this was fouud .to be . directly H..0:, w/th CO and CO: it forms small quan- 

2?0. BLATO~IFORD. J. "%'~'. Oxygen RePlaces Air in Water- and the synthesis of hydrocarbons from. CO and H.- by 

best in previous e.xperiments. (Scc abs. 278.) The best titles of CH=O. The halogens, which react very rapthe 

methods 'of Fiseher-Tropseh,: of Robinsoa-Bindley,. : 

: Gas Process. ChenL Eng. News.: col. oZ. 1950, p. 1922. and of the I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G. Considers cos~ 

catalyst was found to he SZnO.At(OK).,rO.1-V=0~, which idly, form H halides. The active form of H is rapidly 

Abstract of paper preseatcd at the Chemical:confer- : of individual methods. : • i) gives 47% of:an oily laver w th a yield of 225 nil. of and completely destroyed by HG1, HBr, H=S, and 

ence of the Am. Gas Assocn: Operation is described Of 

oil/hr./re. ~ of gas.- !Phe'tomi e0ntel~t of alcohol liigher OH,el probably because of reactions like H+HC1 = 

27~. • [Synthetic Motor Fuel in Poland and '=}- than MeOH in the condensate was found to be-35%, H:+CI. N=, H:0, NH=i and CH, are indiffe*ent. Small 

: :- a. 860-ton/daY~0.. plant built for the DuPont Co., by " Anstria,] Przemysl Naftowv, vol. 13. 1933, pp. 311- 

Linde Air Products C~.. together with several me- .: =313; Chem. Zentralb.:•1939. "I p $64" • / 

along with 60% I%ie0H Qmfliratively the aqueous ~-quantities of O--indreased the yield of active H~. as 

• chanical bhm-gas sets. Th e rate of 0-- feed to the gener- ~ - . . ~: condensate consists of: 5IeOH. Et0H, iso-Pr0H, and : they also iucrease the intensity 0f-the Balmer spec- 

' .~ at ors ~p genera! was low, although in 1' tes~ the flow :' ' ~=~ydrogenation and s~'nthe~is motor fuel and the*r : :iil '/'~ the oily layer of C=H~OH and a mixture of C,H,0H, trum ;but the Other gases tried had uo effectmainly 

iSo-BU0H. ::22 refs.: .... :i :" ~ 285. Bom~C~:E F. S: Equilib ria in the Reduc~on of 

: . 

. 281 B0CHAROV,% E ~i., DOLO0V,B::N. PETD0V.%~ Y. ~;~ 

x~D YATS~OVS~.AYA N 'S [Synthesis Of-Alcohols 

• ~ of High l%I01ecu~ar Weigbt From Water Gas Under 

: Chrom/um Oxide by Carbon, andThe*r Relatmn ~o 

the Decarburization of Chromium and Ferrochr0me. 

Bureau of Mines:Dept. Of Investigations 3747, 1944, 

" 

'Pressnre. IV. Recl,ecking: of 'the l%Iethods for::' 34Pp .Chem Abs,vol. 38,194A;P. 3539- : . : - 

:. Analysis of the Condensate.] Khim. Tverdogo 

. - ~. ~ . o Reduction of Cr.-0. by C involves 4 distinct revers- 

Tophva, ~ 01. 8, 193,, PP. o33--~4S, Chem. Abs., v0L 3-' ~ :ible-reaction steps : (1)3Gr.-0,-}'13C----2Cr:C2-~PG0,;. 

1938, p. 1431. " eo~ 50r=0,+27Cr~C:=13Cr~C~+!bCO ; (;Jl our:uaT 

Existing methods for the analysis of the~condensate~' - l"46r.C~----2?GriC-{-15C0 ; (4) Cr.-O,+SOnC=14Cr+ 

...... pmeut, seems probable that .~ ~': investigated: and rechecked~ 26 refs. 3CO. Describes apparatus and methods for measur- .. 

- : 

: .... 

.ahnost any kind of :fuel danbe' Used and almost any 

tyPe of gas maker be modified to use 0~ . ' " 

Rr~v.~n P.:' zec;'abs 215- -~ ' : .::: . :' 

277. ~oc~.~]mv.~ E. ,~I;,±.XD DOLOOV B N " [~Yndie~is ;Y".~I 

of"Formaldehvde From ~ater 'C.i'~l" '.]~. a~n :'~'::~ 

~ :Chem. (U. S:S. R.h yol 4, 1"934, pp.-145:l-62"'Che'm: : :'~i 

282 B0c~.~n0vA, E.M i DOLO0V, /3: N.~ K~.w~KoaA-~i 

K. I .~XD P~Ta0VA 5:. :N, [Synthesis ofHigher AI-: 

ing equil bria in these reaction steps, and thermodynamic 

valueS f0r each reaction o:xe derived from equi- : 

271. BL'J.~ZE.XTHAL L ~f ACt rated-Carbon Pr0duc "~°S" yol. OZ, 1934, p. 5211. " ! '~ : cohols From Garben Dioxide and: Hydrogen Under: librinm and requisite auxiliaryrthermal data The 

. 

" 

• 

. : 

' :" :. 

:. tion in Germany During..:the war. 'FIAT Final: 4MBL,~t..results:°f 0.5-1:2% Cb:O were obta/nedwith : '~i :" Pressure. V.] Khim. Tverdoge-Topli'~'a ~'ol. 8 1937:resulting thermal properties of.the Cr Carhides:show:.:" :~ 

PD. 1i07-1121 Chem Abs, col. 32, !938, p. 4518.. : .'~ that each carbide is :stablewith resectto dis~°~la~n° ~ : 

. Rept ~ 1181 194J 211)p~; PB 85~143 . : :: .... gu aln..u, catalyst at- 400 ° and 150 atm pressure ~/~.i This m thod ~ as described revmusly The syn " ' into a lower Carbide and- M, rote a mgner c 

: General review of German deVel0nn~ents inthe,~0~ 278. ~ [Synthesis of Higher Alcohols From ;.~, . : " e • " P " " . " : ,~- -,~-~- t~lements at all temperatures below tbe : 

duct*on and uses Of activated C in such fields as gas- - Water Gas Under Pressure. L] Compt; rend. acad. .~.~ 

~- .... 

-: thesis 

Sure of 

Was 

"cO 

carried 

a m 

outat 

The reviouslY 

350°-42.5 ° 

described 

at a constant 

catalysts 

pres-: 

: : 

'~, 

melting 

~- ...... 

Imint 

~ 

of 

* 

the carniae. 

"_ " 

-±he 

. . . 

mterm=~,~ 

. . . A,^, .... 

~-,~. 

~ 

• " 

mask C, C-dep0larizer for dry Cells,:~p~/rification of .: : scL,:U.R. S~ S, v01. 3, 1934, pp. 115-118 (iffEnglisb, : f~:'l(~;~: a~.~n ,~,7-,~-=~t^ "- x~ ,~ ~P~z=~ "~'~a ~ZnO AI~OHI: 0 1 :: bide is likewise stable w~th respect tod~sso~ation:mto : 

water, deoiling Of boiler condensate, industrial vapor : ":PP:'118-120) ; Chem. Abs. voL 28, 1934, p. 6698. ~:~.'/:i~.; ~..~.~;~'~"~'~£~V'~K~)-'~']~ed~in~hea~:e ::synt~e~s. ~ the other 2 carbides. A: the~.etleat;cons~era~o~ l~v :~ : : 

. ana gas adsorption , antl: regenerated cellUlose fiber. ': • CO and =.H.. ~ :react ,under. nressure ~vith a~-~z~d : ~,~~-):-~::,.,"~;~'~: .'~..';,^~¢ ,~ o-~ ,,a ~h~,- ,~:m~,t 5% " given of the decarburizauon oz..wr an .... :~-:~---y. 

containing active C. The production capacity, of Me0H catalyzers to give a" Condensate cons'~in~ :~[~:~!~:~.~*~ea ~:a~e~,~, ,,~e,~,~o~_~=~,-;.:A-:~:-~t.i~,. 'Gr,O, lee,O,, t~ and Sir Cr~O, ~s a n effective :aecarDu::: • :. 

plants had:increased from a~total of 990 tons in'1939 : mainly of.a mixture Of various alcohols efrom Me to ~'~;~['~'~" .~ wmgn~ o~. ~**e cenae..nsa~=.^~:.4.~.~U,~- • -~,-wn s i:izing agent at 2,000°; particularly ~f means:are zur-: . 

• to 1377 ton " • .... . .... " - :, - " -k~-~ "$~'~-~,e syn[nems o~ nl~uvr u~uuu~,,~ t~a, ÷~,~:--- . . . . d r low'CO artiai pressures. 

..... , s per month m 1944. A hst:of trade names octyl). Syntheses were carried on in a circulation .... ~,~:~J~" 1 • o o mha vt--l,] ,~f ,lenhnl Vrnotinn hniline 70"- "* nished for operating une :pa ~. ; ........ 

.: . ~ ~s appended Particular attention was Paid to the apparatu~ with 4 1" cauacit~- at a tem/~r~tn~ nf .~;~:: 7:'" .~-Y "7%- ~7 ...... =~.i ..... i-,- .__.__=.:.;=~-95' : Magnetite theoretically, m a more execute oeca~-~u- . 

: use of as-ads0r i • . . . . - °- ° ' " . " - - .----r,-- - . ~,o:x.: ~!:.~..'~or me:nrsc catalyst was zoo cm. ,,u- o~ c~u~,~z-~-: " . ' n ractice the. rapia exenange oz 

.- g .... pt on carbons m tl~e Fischer-Tropsch : 3o0 =-4.50 and with a falhng (220-160 arm ). or con: ;'..'9-~f0Un~+~,.~ ,~¢i~ ',e th~ ~,mdensate disclosed the ~, mzer than Cr:O~, buti .p..~ ~=~ ~. ,he ,~ui~ nh,~ 

, : sYn~nesm. A mgner •recovery of C~H,- was achieved stunt (220 arm )' pressure and a suace wl0eltv of :~,~'~:':'~'~ .... :~-v ,=C =':L.~[.,~ ,~ M~n~ ,rid 5% of" : Fe in the renning agen~ w~m w~ ~ ..... ";'- ~----~-A- : 

:: • by increasing the size 0f ads0rbers and by the useof ~::~,000-6,000. In every ease, 300 cc. 0f'the Catalv~r in .':~:|~":~¼~[h:"ence°" c°nm~era~:eam°u,-n~sb~'-~'A-~Tand'is~: ' resultstn aboutthe.same .neteffectiven~sas:mr~rl.u~.: 

' :- special gns'adsorption carbons TS and SK identical the form of shavings was used The out/mum rnfio ~,,~:~|:..!~:~:-..~:.~opm m.~nt~ ~v -~v--~--, r:"--, - - . :' Both H.- and Si are unsatmfactor~'agen[s ~°r'ae~a[uu-' 

: with type. G used ingas masks. SK an: improved - / o£ CO : H=was "about 1- i- 'Zn alu:min~t~'~,~-~='~'n- ' ,*~'~:|'i ~;~''-''~" .~re~s.. -: : : . : .~' : "r/zing Cr or ferr0chr0me . :. : . . . . ': 

. 

. 

'. 

sup ersorbon, 4 ram.,. 400 gin. per .1, was found to be satisfactory results. The substitution of Na for K 

ou-~O~'~ more effective than supersorbon T for this : ~completely cuts down the yield Of oil. The ~rou-: of 

appncatio n. SK carbon also: was found tobe very catalyzers:(4zno.Pb0 4Zn()Pb0Zn~OK~ ,~,~h~ 

effective in the adsorption of C:H~:and of CH,: PUrl- O.2zn(0K), and 4Z~OPbS0OZn/OK~'"~'"'~ave 

~ca~on of gas for_the FiseherLTropsch process can very low yields for ~1 attainable temper~{-~re~.' 21~a- 

%~:~|:c~:,E ~ -- B0c~An°~ A, E~ M., DoLeov, ~B..N.., ~n ~'~T~n ~ ....... . :'~ee abs~: 1729. .: • - 

~|i~~] :;~" lq. [Synthems °f ~Igher A!c°nols-~'r°m claver' ,' B-aox~w-z~S~:~ A :N : gee abs. 1306. 

~r~L;;~' ~as Under Pressure, "!Ll:~beeaos:z'#~ .... :. :": :;: ~ ~ . . . ' ~^.:.. . 

:~.~;~!~: : :Boe~uovA E M ~ Do~.eov B.N. andPuoxHo- : Bo~now, A~ Se0aas. z ~ ..... : . . 

~:i~:~" aovA, z. [Synthesis of Highe r Alcohols:From-" ' : BoqusLAvs~, I.M. ,.qee. abs. ,.671._ L 

: 

: . .... 

- 

. . : 

. . ._tcarnea o.u~ a s zonows: t~-s is removed, :then: a : line-zn vanadates, 4Zn0.V.-0~EOH an(1 8ZnO.V.~0~KOH, . ']~:~..Wa~er Gas Under Pressure ~ tH.] See abs. 2~o. ,: : Bb~, H. gee abs..!711, 1713, lv! ~. ' 

: . 2:~a~mLenc_wJ[~.yupersoroon follow e at room tempera- gave the best results. An increase in percentage of : ~'~~(~'~-BOCH2mOVA E. M. DoLeov, .B.N., A~o ]K~: .. : BbX~I~N,-J. i gee abs. 3052, 3 0 5 3 . . :: 

i~n~ene~ ~uo:~,,gum:~ormmg nyarocarbon.~s,, dienes, • ~n2owers theyiel d, A: decrease:in V-.O, conten't from " : .~-~,~:.KooA~, K. I., A~D PZT~0YA, Y.N. [Synthesis of :: Boo, Hoax A. ,gee abs. 1504. " - 

. 

: . ~^.~. '.._ "_:~'Y~-£~.~ 9. compounas. ".t'ae super- 

~i~'u~a:~regeneratea oy ~ae ~ayer Procedure aud 

~" ..... t,~ -~=, ~amea an rn,s manner. Labile 

: o~-~-,'#[o~.~J'/~mwerstheyieldofoilfrom4~[ol7%. 

• 279. Bowrmmw, E.M., DoLsov B. N A~n Pm~ovA, 

y. N [Synthesis: of Ht~her ).i~,b,~l'~ ~%-,,~, w~+~ 

.~:~;~:BigherA/coholsleromCarb0nDioxideandHydrogen 

.'.~!i~ "Under Pressure. V.] See abs. 282.: 

.~'~.~;~" ? - : : 

' . 

..... 

: .: 

: .... 

' ~' ; - 

~o~zus-~oav~z.~ ..... 

. . . . 

~,~ -bs 659 ..... 

:- .. .:: :: 

. . . . . . -. . . . . . . : . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . : , ~ J l ~ ,~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

"i 

37

, 

38 OF FISCIKER-TROPSCIK SYNTHESIS AND RELATED PROCESSES 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i 

286. BOLZ.~', W. [New Oils and Compounds for 2,1etal 291. B0.~E, ~V; A., ~.~n ALL~.'~f; R.E. Slow Combus. : 

Working.] Oel u. Kohle, vol. 39, 1943, pp. 416-418; flon of Methane. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Vol, 

Chem. Zentralb., :1943, II, p. 1433; Chem. Abs., vol. A134, 1932, pp. 578-591; Chem. Abs., vol. 28, 193~ 

38, 1942, p. 1868. "p. 2097. 

Sulfonic acid obtained from hydrocarbons of the Results of this investigation and of that summarized i.~) 

Flscher-Tropsch synthesis, Fettsaure D and its deriva- in abs. 2445, demonstrate a case of direct hydrecarbon ; 

tives, and Emulgator H and M, are used for tile pre- oxidation, entirely uncomplicated by any sign of Per- ~= 

lmring of water-soluble cutting oils. Oxidation prod- oxidation, in Which the most reactive mixture is that 

ucts of synthetic paraffin wax are proposed as emulsifi- corresponding with the alcohol-forming proportion; :: 

ers for the manufacture of cutting oils and drawing substantial quantities of MeOH have actually been 

compounds. ~Emulgierwaehs PS is less highly oxidized isolated in circumstances favoriug its stability and 

than Emuigierwachs PHS, and Emulgierwachs PYS is a survival, that is, chiefly at high pressure. The results : ; 

saponified product. 

: fulfil the predictions, of Bone's hydroxyIation theory. 

BoxA~, F. See abs, 768, 3150, 3151, 3152, 

292. Bo.xE, W. A.. ,~z¢o Cow.~azD, H. 17. Direct Union 

of Carbon and Hydrogen. I. Synthesis of Methane. 

BOXDY, H. F. 8CC abs. 2731. 

Jour. Chem. Sot., vol: 93, 1908, pp. 1975-1993; Proc. 

287. B0XE, "~V.: A. DiscusSion on Catalytic Reactions Cbem, Sot., ~ol. 24~ 1908, p .-oo1-, Chem. Abs., vol. 3, 

at High Pressures. Prec. ]Roy. Sot.. vol. 127, A, 1909, p. SS7. 

1930, pp. 240-267 British Chem, Abs., 1930, A, p. Sugar charcoal was purified by prolonged ignition )'.!i 

867. . indry C1 first at 700° and tben at 1.100% The purity 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 

~. Boxz, W. A., x.'¢n G.,,Rn~.m~, 5.-B. c6mparative " Various Mixtures ~f Viking, ~Natural Gas and Air. 

studies of the SIow C, ombustion of Methane, 3IethYI 

Canadia~Jour. Research, voL 15, B, 1937, pp. 401- 

Alcohol, Formaldehyde, and Formic Acid. Pr.oc. 

413 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 3 ° 1938, p. 751. 

RoY. Soc. (London), vol. A154, 1936, pp. _'297-328~ Mixtures of a natural gas, substantially CH,, and 

Chem. Abs., vol. 30, 1936, p. 4461. 

air in various proportions were passed over catalysL% 

Tbe induction period in the slow combustion of CH, and the effects of the rariables, eom~osition o£ mixat 

300°-'420° (1) is not influenced by preheating the furs, pressure, temperature, and space velocity were 

reactants or exposure of the reacting medimu to ultradetermined. 

Similar experiments were made with 

violet light, (2) is len~hened by inereasing the surface: mixtures of CH, and air. Mixtures containing from 

volume ratio o£ a SiO.. reaction vessel, (3) is shortest less than 3% to more than 13% of 0= as air were 

with a 2CI=L+O= medium, (4) is characterized by 

used. The temperature range was 350°--500 °, and the 

the successive formation of small equilibrium amounts 

pressure range 140-°-30 aim. MeOH was the principal 

of MeOH and CH:O, and is gu-eatiy shortened by addi- product, and yields as high as 74% on the basis of 

tions of either of them or of N0=, and (5) is markedly 

C oxidized were obtained. Cu was the principal 

len~hened by additions of L The slow oxidation of catalyst used. Traces of S poisoned file 'catalyst velT 

Me0H was nmeh faster and less influenced by the effectively. The yield of useful products was tumid 

St0= surface than that of CH~ at 390% It Slmws no to depend primarily on the catalyst, the O: concentraappreciable 

induction period but may be speeded up tion, and the temperature. The influence of the time 

by small additions of OH:0 or NO=. 2MeOH+O= is of reaction and the pressure was found to be slight. 

the most reactive medium, its eml preducL~ bein~ In'in- Low yields of HCH0 and HC001~ mid high yields 

cipally steam aod the OXides of C, with a ihigh CO : O0= of Me0H, when the oxidution was carried out under 

.... 

Reviews work in the High-Pressure:Gas Research of the H.. used was Carefully tested: When less than 

Laboratories at the'Imperial College dur]n~ the last ' . 0.1 gin. of tim Charcoal is heated in a stream of pnre, 

8 yr. with special reference to the formation of tna drYtH-- u~ed atbl,1001-1,20O-emaan yBoeand,~rd n. ~pp~i~tufi simdar to 

HCH0. Me0H and OH, froth:C0 and H... By select- . - •" • , t .'. 6 large quautiing 

a suitable catalyst and temperature ally one 0f ties 0f CH~ were formed. On 2 separate'experiments : 

these 3 substances may be produced to the practical tile yields obtained were 73%. the remainder being lost 

'exclusion of tile other 2~ _4.bsence of Satisfactory, by unavoidable oxidatien m" decomposition in contact : 

equilibrium data in regard to the Me0H srnthesi's with tile walls of tiie porcelain tube. Ill 1 group of 4 

~ ..... ~ +" +' ...... se'-t ~eiies 0fin-e~ti ahono i~ expel iment~ 4',o cm ~ of CH, ue~e obt thled from O 308 

pointed out, and the extreme importance of deternfin- ~m ~ - of C .o Results . ~ of the expelllU~nts -" '" b~ ." ~one and :~ 

ing the equilibrium torn'taut by approaching the Jeidan '" SllOWln~ ~ tile formation , !~ of CH~ ~' iota " its ele " )~i, 

equilibrium from both sides is emphasized• Discusses : ~uents are.fully coufirmed. - ; : ~i! 

ratio. A still higher oxidation rate was found for 

OH-0 which showed no induetiou period even at 275°: 

HC'0_-H as well as ilerforinic acid md form thlelLvde 

peroxide were formed as intern ed~ate preduets. "l~le 

slowest oxidation rate was observed with HC0.-H, 

gaseou cud ,roduc s b ng 

steam, and H~. Tile results xor ~'~ are e I. • : 

the basis Of the bydroxylatiol theory No sign of an. 

initial crux dation of tile CH~ was found in any of the 

ex e~iPents • .... 

P ' " ' 

296 • Boxs, -" ~V .... ~ --" ~-~o • Jmwx : " • ,. D " S ~ Direct ^. Union .q 

pressure aud with a deficiency of O.~, are explicableon 

the basis of the hydroxvlation theorY. Formatien 

of peroxides Was not obser~'ed. : 

300. ~ . Oxidatiou of Methane at High Pressure. 

IiI. Experiments Using Pure ~Ietbane and Priueipally 

oppei as Co lyst canadiae Our 

. se'u'ch, vol 15 B, 1937 pp. 414-437 ; Chem. Abs., v01. 

3 .) 1938 p 751 " 

-' ' ' " 

Mixtures of CH, eontaining some N= and O_. were 

passed ovoI Cu .ind Ag catalv~t~ The effeCt~ of the 

variable% ' eompo.ition i~ " of nlixture, ' :" .... pressure, and " tern- . . . . 

: 

=, 

i 

. ~ 

' 

errors doe to the fact that at the high pressures Used 

the equilibrium mixtures do:n0t obey the sanlple gas 

.laws. ~ " - : 

2881 i :Higl!~Pressure =~eaCti0nS. TriU-l~. e ~:iiist. " 

293. - - : Direct ~Snioa of Carbon and Hydrogen. :):: 

) I1.:: Syntll0sis 0f :Metbm~e.. Jour. Chem S0c. ~:ol. :~, 

: 97, 1910, pp. 1219-1225: Pros. Chem. Sac.. 1910. voL i~,'-: 

- o6 ' p ; 13 ~ 73 Chem ; ~ &b~ ~,i-': ~ol • 4 • 1910 ~ p ' 2- ~qoS '~ .:-. .... :ii! 

At a teiuperature0f about I .O0 °, C uuites direct ~ 

with H.. to form CH,. no C-.H-. or other uusaturnted 

hrdroearbons-bein~ formed H.-was passed over lmre 

at a temperature Of 475". The effect on yield~ of ad- 

. difions o£C0.- to the mixture was:determined. ~ields: 

of MeOH Up to 75% on tile basis of C oxidized were 

- 

_ " : Chem. Eng., (London) vol. S 1030 pp.PS-100 Chem.: From less than 0;03 gin. of purified sugar cliarceal :::i 

::: ,Alis..v01.26 1932.:1~ 1168 ; - : : : " - containing-not more tban 0009~ ash a~id less than -:~': 

. . . . . . . . 

• ~ 

0.1 

c¢ 

~ H, not 

. 

less than 9oc~ 

. . 

OH, 

. . . 

results b~ nruatammg" 

"" 

~= 

v 

: ]Receat appheatlons of lu'essure lU promotla~ useful -~. "; - " - o " " ~ '~::: 

: := chemical" changes are reviewed witl pal'dClflar era: 1~ in a stream oz pare dry H: at 1,1o0 for 1~-20 h r. : :~,i: 

phasis on the synthesis of NH~:and:catalyr£c syntheses '. 29~. - - : Thermal Decomposition of Hydrocm! -~ ~ 

from CO and H= mixtures, The influenee of in'essure buns. I. Methane, Etliane; Ethylene and Acetylene; ::;~ 

upon gaseous explosions of C0-nir and H~air mix- . Your. Cliem, Sot., ~;oh 93-94, 1908, pp. 1197-1225; 

tures and the N.. aetivatiou in CO-air explosiens are Pros. Chem. Sue., vol. 24; 1908, p. 167; Chem. Abs., 

::: : also Considered. Describes and illustrates equipment :., vol. 2, 1908, p~13061. : 

for a bigh-pressure research laboratorY. : : - Results Of a~systemadc investigation of tim modeS: 

: .: : 289/~. Formation of:Methanol~ by the Direct. of decomposition: of:the 4 hydrocarbons 500°-1,200 ° 

: Oxidation of Methane. Nature, vol. 127. 1931, p.~..were described. CHi, which is by far the m0st stable :: 

~' 481; Fuel, vol. 10 1931. pp 19~-195 Chem. Abs., : Of the 4 hydroearbens, and a principal ln'oduct of tile ~:: 

. " "~ VOL 25e193i, io.:2968~" ' ' ; i'"- -: decomposition :of the other 8. especially above S00 °, ~ • 

• decomposes for the main:pert:into C and H=:: The de- ~i|. 

. . . . :. Studies on the slow ¢ombusti0n of C~H. showed that composition is::within the range investigated, a surface ~,~| 

' : " the initial Product:@ns not a per0xide but either Et0H : effect, and tile O depbSited is 0f'a-peculiarly :hard and: 

sugar C in a li0rcelain tube, ..... :: " : ~: obtained butthis s ~too low to be.of commercial ira: :- 

BOI~:HOEFFER: K. F 8eC abs. 284. port since tile :yield of Me01~ chldulated on the basis 

~ : 1~ L W See ~bs 3151 315-2 : ' ; " . of total 0:is less than57v.: O=Ioss in the conversion; 

~0;X~Fr~.. ' ~" ~ " "" ' -" : " : ' ran,~ed froni 50-10% All tile 0. entering the system 

297. 

~i,,~#: 

Boo.~iv.a 

o,'i,;:-i 

I~ H. 

~u.,~ 

Natural 

~a on 

Gas 

m¢la 

Set 

.qti~ 

and &mi Iud. 

Rent 

1"re-. 

~ dio 

'.~ 

not appear I 

"n 

~ 

-h" e pr 

od 

uets, an~ 

" " 

nearly all expen- 

"" " • 

dable.. ~..u.el., .~,~yr,,, :~ ....... 5 " '~ ~'2- meats hadO.- ill the off gases. Reactions are offered 

1928, pp. 51-53 ~ Clmm. Abs., rol. 24. 1930, 9- 401.. for the products observed based on B0iie's llydroxyla: 

Gas from the Viking field,, containing OH4:93%, t on theory and :Norris!l:s chain reactien theory. 

C:.H,; 3.5%, and N=, 3%, has heen used.as a row ms- 30L Boo.~mn~ E. H., AXD MOnRiS. Hr E: HydrOgen- 

~-,." 

terial for 

• 

thermal 

- " 

decomposition 

~" - :~ 

into C-black 

locesse~ 

or loware 

~ ~ 

~aroonJ~loxl(le~eaetlou 

. . . . . . 

Jour. 

A 

I 

n 

.L: 

"hem 

. 

S 

((2, 

~01 

7 • : 

uou ng nvorocareons : DlrecE oxlua~lon p • ~ • - ~ nn'a~ n 407 Clleln Abs v01 06 193 ° n 1180 . ; 

found t0:be Of little value but c0nversiou into water : ...... -t,'- . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... 

gas has been' achieved Use of: the ga~s for lfigb-pres: : = With an unsupported Zu-0u-A1 catalyst, a gas mix* : i 

~ure synthesis is ~considered, and attention is being ture of 27% CO.-, 71% H.-, and 2% .N_-at 3~5~ and 1;700 : 

paid to the xem6val of Si which is;present; in large , ~lb: pressm'e gave all effluent gas: containing 4% CO. , 

amount .... ; ' i :: ~ : • " " This sugSests that the'primary step lathe synthesis 

299. B0o~ma. E. H:. ,XXD Br,0Vo~r0.w, 5. w./Oxidation ::. Of. ~IeOH f.rom CO,H, tuvo!vesthe .~lnUcti~ll~.O:xCOt : - 

: 

: 

• 

: 

.or some less-ox3-genated substance It hag now been 

found that direct oxidati0n of CHi at 360 ° and i00 

atm. gives MeOH ~as tile initial product. In mixtures : 

. lustrous type. :Decomposition of the other 3 hydr0car- :~l: of .Methane at Higan¼Prevssul'es~2I~ Y2~ellmoi~a~; E~: 

b0ns takes place chiefly thr0ughout the ain bud of f¢ ~runen~s ~anaal,n ,~ur ........... ~. u, . 

,m " y ::.~:|~- ....... . --~ -~o ~- .... -: .-~ ~u~7 ~ ~.~no 

the gas, ~witii formation' of large quantities of CH~, :~z:|~...tva~, pp. a#o--ob-; where, Aos.~ ~ ou o4, .... ~ ~'~ ~ .... 

i ~2~x~nehn~UreeO~i~9:~ ) ys h~e~genated. :AS the 

. 

activity 

. . 

of 

. 

the 

. 

catalyst 

. . 

decreases 

"- 

the MeOH ieactlon 

. . - 

is most' affected" experiments with this same catalyst 

: 

:: 

~: 

- 

, , 

:: 

:.of OH, and 0.-in the ratio of 9 1:the action was corn-: Whie h iS explained on the Suppesition ithat res!dues::i~i[;. Mixtures :o£ 0:. and CH,: at pressures i00-180 atm. and water gas g~ve appreciable amounts of co..~ This : : 

:pleteina~ewmiffutes. AboUt17% dfthe~CHi~hat : such as ~CH and "-OH.. (whieh may be Considered to::~!~|~, were uassed at various temperatures hetween 300° and .~n~estsanewmechanismfor-thesvnthesisof~e0H 

was burned was recovered as Me0H, 0.6%" as CB.-0,= - - - ~ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ' ,. 

have momentary exmtence during the dissolution '~.|~:: : 350 ° over various catalysts w~th the object of discover .... which will be discussed later. ~ : 

': :'and the remainder as C0, C0~, and H=0. No:H.; was' process), are directly hydrogenized in an atmosphere~% ing the optimum conditions f0r the. production of ..... = ~ ~ ~'w .,~a 'wrnx~ v nxidati0n 0£ • 

liberated, and not even a trace of peroxide was formed. ~ 

~ . . . . . . . . ._ _ ~ rich in H. Assumption of the momentary formation of ~'.~T~f---: C~0H Preliminary experiments indicated that :ox: ..... : ~oox~a~ ~,--~ ---..:=:~,. • ~ ..... - 

±he xueu~ was laentiueu nv conversion into HuC~ H~ such re~idllf,~ (uP fad ÷an~no~ t, oa~a ~ , +~- ~,~'~', ,~ .". . - . ~ • • _, _^ o^,.~+~ ,f Methane at High ~ressure. IL " ~xperiments wire 

C0~Me and P-N0=C~H~C0.Me and was estimated as which aetu~P ~ h~-,~ A"a-~+~,~ -+ .~^ . • ~.,.~, .¢~-][~:'~z :,~ . .... _ " " "~:~'-- =-'A~-*'- *o- Various Mixtures of Viking,~Natural Gas and Air .... 

tha nttrF-~ . ". - : . . . . . . ~ -.~ ..... ~--v=-~,-= ,~ mouvra~e~y ~,s- ~.~|,(:;~ ?ue nopealtte variety Pr0mo~eu OXlUa~lon:¥1ult:u~.l~v ~- ~. :: :: ' ~ n6Q : : . . ~ . 7 

7 ~ " :~': " : : ~ : : ~ - :: .... :" : - temperatures) as the result of the initial dissolution :~'~:" :: a short time :and'then became inactive.. Cu alad Ag _ ~es .a,s. ~.. ..... ~ .: : :- 

290. . Initial Formation of Methyl Alc0hoi in' of the hydrocarbon molecule, renders .it possible to :~,~7~::~ catalysts were f0und to be the most~desirable for the : -. " .: OxidatiOn o£ Methane at High Pres- 

:~ ~ . -: the Oxidation of l~Iethane. :Nature, v'ol. 136 

'p: 910; Chem. AbS., vol. 30, 1936,'p71735.. 

1935 formulate a rational scheme of the chief causes at ~::: 

:: wor k and their modes of.operation in each particular : ~ 

: formation of CH~OH. O~natural gas (largely OH0 .... sure iii: Experiments Using Pure Methaneand 

:: mixture containing 7~3-7.'5% 0~ were used, A max- Pr~cipalb' Copper as catalyst. ~ee abs. 300. 

; 

: 

: Explosions Of 5 CH~q~o (h_ mixtares ~ielded among ca~. It may be suppose~ that these residues are ca- ;:~:1~: "i~ffm production of CH~0H was fennd to be a ~anction o,~ ~,o~z: E H MOR~S H E A~' A~0u~" G : 

- the suddenly cooled produe~ 0.13% Me()H and 0 03% 

- - • 

-HCH0. Not the faintest trace of peroxide "formation 

f::ul~ % ~a~-zorunng .~2~=~= or HC~-~H as the ~m,'/ o~ ~erate of flow of the gas m~ture: Smml amounts 

~tu~ o~ encounters Wire omer: like resioues, 'iol :!'~¢im'~,. v~-~H and HCH0 were oo~:alnen, ~ne zormer upbreaking 

down directly into C and H.-; (c) :combining :$#][~:" l~-ating as HCOOCH~ when Agwas the Catalyst. :" 

: °~pparent"Formation of Coppor"CarbonYL ~atul'e, 

:: ~ -o ^ --~o ~ aR~. c~h~rn Ah~ ~,~ ')a ~O~O ~ ')n.q0 

voL ~v, ±v~-, v. ~, ........... 7" "~ "~' ~" ~ ..... " :: 

!: could be detected. The Me0H is formed before the with H.. tO form CH~, and that alL3 possibilities may :#~:,:~i:. : ~99 R,~,~ ~ w .... THO~A~ V " Oxidation of ": Apparent formation of Cu carb0nyl was noted ix the 

..... HCH0. . := 

: : i n ' : :~ee:abs,1231~. 

" 

: : . 

/ be realized simultaneously in proportions dependent "~:~::;:. 

on the temperature and the amount of H.. present. ~ 

~fiet~ne~t 

: 

~ig~'Pressure 

' 

iI ~'Ex'perimeuts with: 

" 

Synthesis of MeOH with :a. catalyst containing Cu: .... 

.... . . . . . ~ : : : 

~9

' 40 E ~em'*F~lSC~Z~-T~OPSC~ S ~ s m ~ ~En~TE~ P~ocEsSES : . :ii 

This fact offers a new view on the mechanism of the 

synthesis of Me0H, which is to be be presented later 

303. BOOTH, N. Ch~uieals From Carbonization Gases. 

I. Separation of Methane :and Ethylene. II. 

Treatment of Methane and Ethylene. Coke Smoke- 

• less-Fuel Age, 1945, pp. $5-$7, 112-114. 

CH~ may be decomposed by the action of heat with 

or without catalysts. Natural gas and steam passed 

over Fe, Ni, and Co oxides at 5,000 lb. and 560°-600 ° C. 

gave=liquid hydrocarbon products. This process iS not 

: economically satisfactory unless tbe raw material is 

very cheaply obtained. The yield of products is only 

moderate under the best conditions so far found, CH, 

can be oxidized. For example, the reaction CH~+ 

t~.O-~CO+3H., has been nsed to produce tbe gas for 

the Fisci~er-Tropsch synthesis: CH~-t-O.~-~CH~OH and 

CH~+O~-~C0+2H=, the last reaction occurring over 

a Ni catalyst at temperatures of about $50°-1.200 ° C. 

the product again being useful for hydroearboa 

Syntheses. 

~ee abs. 1628. 

: Zhur., No. 6, i940, p. :1.1.0; Chem. Abs., v0I. 36, 19~2~ 

p. 4994. 

Y~iquid fraction, boiling, 240o-300 °, of -%ynthine 

residue and the solid fraction requires °-0% of A1Ch 

for cracking. The solid-fraCtion boiling above 300. 

is cracked with en]y 10% of A113h. Maximum yields = 

of gasolfile,, up to 48%, are obtained on eracking~ 

with 159"o A1Ch. The gasoline obtained, boiling 22~2.~ 

150 °, consists nearly exclusively of isoparaffins. The'. 

octane number of the 22°-50 ° fraction containing Pen~: 

tanes mid hexanes is $S, of the 50°-100 ° fraction it ~! 

73, and of the whole 22°-150 o fraction it is 79. 

BoalsovA, G. P. ~e eabs. 2169. 

:$ 

,~ 

Eon.~A.~x, W. ,gec abs. 2929, 2930, 2931, 2934. ~- 

307. BoscH, C. [~'roblems of Commercial Hydrogca~ 

ation Processes.] Chem. Fabrik, vol. 7, :1934, PP"~:!t~, 

: 1-10; Chem. Abs., vol. 23, 1934, p. 1424; Britts~ 

Chem. Abs., 1934, B, p. 256. ~(: 

Hydrogenation of .N.. to NK~ CO to alcohols, and~:~ ~: 

coal, petroleum, and tar to benzine as developed by~ 6 

the I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G. presented in a, 

304. BOOTB, N,, ~VILK:[NS, E. T. JOLLEX, L. ft., AXD TXP. .... address . i 

nOTH, J. A. Catalytic Synthesis Of BIethane---E:G 

perimental ~York Of tbe Fuel Research Station. Gas 309. ---. Where There's a .Wit1, There's a Wa 

- Research Board, Copyright Pub: 21/11, 1948, 44 pp. ; Ind. Chemist, vol. 10, 1934, pp. 90-94, 1!3.. 

Chem. Abs;, vol. 48; 1949 p. 3169 . . . . Abridged ]-ersion of a lecture before the N0rwegi~ 

Ni catalysts supported on kieselguhr ~nd promoted .Academy Of science in which the author disca~sses 

with Th1:1= an d MgOhave been Rlsed with water gas-H= problems arising during the development from 

mixtures of varied compositions. In a laboratory- laboratory to the technical scale of the process, 

. : scale apparatus with a throughput of 1 eu. ft. of gas carried out in the works of I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-~ 

per hn at atmospheric pressure, the catalysta enabled namely hydrogenation of N= to NH~, of CO to Me01 

r the conversion of Over 99% of the CO in the process gas and' Of coal or tar to gasoline. The principal item 

:to be maintained for long periods with space velocities dealt With are the production and purification of :E 

- _ of 3 700 vohlmes Of gas per volume catah-st space per : the development of suitable catalysts, and the sale 

• .: . . hr. and al: reaction temps, of 250°:350 °. "The perform- t on of co ~structional materials of high chemic 

ante of the catalysts WaG limited bY n slow loss of .resistance. : . : . , 

. : :: activity, :owing. to poisoning b~ S compounds in the _ .309. BOSw0RTH, B. C.L. Synthetic Fuels ~.om Ca 

.... 

: 

l~rocess gas and to deposition of C on the catalyst. : T1/e : : ban Monoxide and-Hydrogen. Australian ~our. Sc 

: effect of the S:eomPounds can be minimized by use of :. voL 5 1942, pp. 28-33 ; Chem. Abs., V01: 37, i943," 

: :process:gases containing less than O.004"graln S/100 . T41,. : : • ~: ..~ 

cu; ft. The deposition of C on the catalyst can be " ! Production of synthetic fuels by catalytic reductk 

controlled by suitable conditions in the preparation of :: of CO with H=. - :. ' 

the catalyst, by the choice of suitable promoters and . ' . ' 

supports, by the use o~ 3H.-:1C1:1 ratio'in the process 3i0. BOTO~SEX, E. [Studies Of Catalysts.] :-A.r~ 

r~ --"' :gaS, by additions' :of moderate proportions of water : "Math. Naturvi~ensk., v01. B4!, pt. 2, NO. 7,1938, p. 2 

• 

r :~ 

' 

~r 

vapor ta the process gas; and by effective removal of the : 

exothermic heat of resetion:-so that high.temperatures 

1. Waterrgas reaction.: The effect ofMgCO~ a~ 

Mg0 :alone and as carrier~ for other catalysts,=0n tt 

: 

- .. : 

" in the catalyst bed are avoided. Little if any ad-' - course of the water-gas reaction is studied at temper, 

vantage appeared-to accrue from the use of 50 atm. : : lures 600°-S00% 2. 13H, formation in CO-steam m~' 

:: 

~: .... 

pressure:.; Hesults In a nnit'pr0cessing 200 cu. fh Of-: lures.:. A Catalyst obtained by precipitation from :I 

:.gas per hr. were in substantial agreement with those " i nitrate solution forms CH, from 130-H:O mixtures i 

inlthe laboratory Unit. The best'perf0rmanceof the temperatures at which formation Of t~ does not Yl 

- : • .: catalysts was equivalent to about 2 200 ton CH~ per : : 6ccur: 3, Decomposition of CO in C1:1-steam mixtur~ 

: :i. :: " ton of catalyst used in experiments in which =the • . The catalyst described yields from this mixture ~ 

. Catalyst was extended as a thin layer; : - gas containing no 1:10. The reaction, separating but.! 

'~' . 

: 

"' 

: 305.-BoRzsl~0V G:'K:i Xm~ SnI.~'~o ::M. G. Basis=for:: .:begins at 150°. and is Complete: at; 190~-19u°'04:~ 

: 13alcalation of catalyst Apparatus for Reversible ,:' Formic-aeidformationincO-stean£mixtures:::HC : 

: : Exothermic Processes. flour. Appl.. Chem (U= S .. formation can be regarded an an :intermediate~std~ 

S. R.)i vol. 16 No 9/10 1943, pp 377-:396 (English ~ 0f the water-gas reaction. ~. Ni earbony[ as catalY~ 

:summary) ; Chem; Abs., ~01. 3.8; 1944, p: 6135: .: : : ": :: --~ ' . : ~ee abs 2583; : -: : ;,~ 

. Mathematical theoretical-design data. : It is shown : ::3i1: Bo~ouAm~: ::O. : [DecomPosition'of Carbbni~.~, 

.... :: that for calculation of optimum temperature, it is hwide in Presence of Carbon ~ 13omit. rend. 

: 5 enough to know the apparent activation energy of the • 76~ ~Oo ~ ~:_~o-_vml, n~o~ ~.~,=-^1 2 1~ 

: . .: forward reaction. Graphical and analytical :methods " -- .2~j,%~..~, v.~.: y-- ~-~ ,~ ....... ":~'':'~" 7" : ' : ~ 

. : ' : of' determination Of optimum temperature :are pr~- : : P"~'~" :-, : ....... . . 

: : tented. Shows graphic calculation method bY deferral- - When C0~ is. heated at 650 ° with charcoal and ..... 

" • 'nation of the cata]ystmass necessary for changing the../: C from the decomposition of 130 'the the propOrtion: 

• degree of contact Under different heat-flow conditions: ' CO In the gas gradually increases, the !reaction :l~ 

• 

..... 

' ." " B0nISENr'O A i 8eeabs 3413 6414 : 

___ .L - ~ ' ' • :' . . . . . . 

~t~. ~oRxsov, v. B, A~n Evil,ovA, M. S. [Production 

more rapid with the charcoal than with the C. :~ 

: limit of the reaction with charcoal was- reached 

' :12 hr.~ and the eomposRion Of the gaseouS:: mixi~ 

: .~. 

.... 

. :'of Gasoline from Paraffin Residues from Synthine in 

the Pretence of Aluminum Chloride.] Neftyanoe 

: .Kho~, vol. 20 No. 12, 1939, pp. 43-45 ; E:him~ Referat... 

(CO, 61 vol., CO 39 voL), is identical vHth tbocc 

pesition of the gas at the limit of the reaction l~:t~.~ 

130 and CO oxide at the same temperature 

• ' ' : ' : . ' ~i 

' :: .... 

~E~A~E ~ST~CrS 41 i 

" ride 

[DecompoSition of Carbonm .~nhyd ,~ 

In a gaseous System in equilibrium at all-tempera ~ 

'~,,res and ~ressures a relation existabetween the con- - 

$1S. ~ .... nee of Carbon.] Compt, rend, vol. ~---~, ~v~, 

in ~*~rlo5 - ;Your Chem Sac vol. 2, 1899, p- ~vu. 

~ , ~ 

+ ~ m 

of~the various gaseous phases In the ease of 

oCO~CO +C the final equilibrium does no~ 

i 

I 

PP n between CO and 13 at 800 and 9o-.5 has 

l~eayho. ~ Differen~ forms of C were used. Toe 

been-S-m~l[~-:oH-~ was ~reatest With wood charcoal 

speed o~ r~.~:.~: "~2~.z: a~ ~ the case at 650 °, 

aud least with none U* .......... :" - z~ ':^nrmsition 

am osltion ceases ~xnen u~ ~ i 

at S00° the dec P "" " " a that obt'ained 

depend on the tmtml state bet~-een 6:)0 and $00 = 

From an equation setup, the ratios of the concen~rate.°~ 

CO and CO- at various temperatures may De C~iCthat~ ~ 

a o ~o~nt with experimental determmatmns mue 

an~ ,g ..... - - 

be ~een 

" : . . . . '= 

:] 

i 

I 

I 

" ] 

the gaseous mixture is the same • s • • 

of .... ,, nV C1:1 on Ni or Co oxide at the same ;~ ~ ....... IcO~ foundlCalculatedll C0tound ICalculated 

by ~e #~¢,,~'~:-i~hfs case-7~ of CO: ~d 93~/o of CO. .......... -~ ...... ~------l~-------l- - 

t%~:7~e'pro~rtion of CO: ts 4~. ..... o~o _....,.j ~o~ I o.o~ ! 0.~1 0.~ 

• %-~. [~ecompositiou of Carbonic %pc by ~::::::::L- ...... :1 :~,] :~[I :~] :;~ 

3*~etallic Oxides.] Compt. rend.~ vol. 128, 1899, pP. ~ ..... --,-: ....... -] ~ ] "'- ]] [ 

15oa_1523 : Bull. soe. ehim., vol, 21, 1S.q9. IiPk403-405, 

~12-713 ; ;Your. Chem. Soc., vol. 2, 1S99, p. 5uo- 319. ~ . [Chemical Equilibria.] Ann. chim. 

When CO is (lecomposed at S00 ° in presence of oxide phys., ser. 7, vol. 24, 1901, pp~ 5,85; flour Chem. Sac., 

of Ni or Co or of FE=10.~. the mn0uut of decomposition vol. 2, 1901, p. 646. 

depends on the time of reactiou. The ~eed of reaction : B~sum~ of earlier papers containing a full discussion 

at 800 ° is greater rhau at 650 ° equilibrium being at- of the reversible reaction 2C1:1---~-130-'÷ o. In the DreS- . 

rained in 2 hr. at the l~igher temperature nnd only after ence Of finely divided metallic substances such as Fe 

6 br. at the lower.- Iu the presence of Ni or Co oxide heated at 445 °, the Yel0city Of tlm direct reaction is 

00 ° no further change occurs aftertthe gaseous mix- : increased witimnt nmdifying die proportions of .the 

at8 ' - - -c~ ~, ~ -,ld 93c/c of CO ........ ~a~ents in the final ~vstem when eqUthbrmm 

.~ ol of Calboni( Oxide in is attained. The experiments prove that the eqt i ib- 

314. . [DecdmpoJti 1 ~ : ~" -/-, ~:m ~,fi .... -,..~ -~io 130" CO in contact with (:I is a function 

"'" x'd~ I~0111p~. 

Presence of Fen]C O.u .J ~ : , 

l'enu., 

o ~nn 

....... 

~ o87 

~, x.u~ 

,e,h~t~muerature 

,..* • : 

and the results are 

. 

m general aglee" 

1899, PI-- 

93-101" 

' 

Jour. uhen ~oc. "~o- -, -w,-,, 

: .... 

..... 

n 'ment 

~ ....... 

with the 

" 

laws 

' " 

respectnig 

• 

eq 

uilibria 

, 

in ,-asaoUs 

~. 

When fineh" divided ferric oxide • is heated a~ ~o " ° " ~ n systems. " ' . : 

: sealedlta~be es ~.~!~l~iu~e,a:dfd~i:dtinCO'tli~¢~ql~'~ty 320.: : [Rednc!n~ Aeolian n °£seCr~.rb°n.o~n o~et~i~ 

°x~ne . .~ ' ^..~ ,m,~ ~u.mtitv of CO- formed Oompouods.J ~Ull. ~oc. _ ., • "o '-on1" ~ ~14. ' 

" ~ ~a'.~ ,xide.~ .i[445° and with all3 oxides nt higher pure C at temperatures of 44v°-1,1:57 t- ~ ~ ~.,~ : 

" ~,~;]ires" " : ~: : ; ' rectly to 1:1 bn~ to C1:1; a mice of u~!cn_ls a,~:a,~: %L~:: 

: -~-~.*--r---.- . := 2 .... A..,.~.. ~;,:: .,~ [o st4i't th~:i'eacti:on. The CU.-=zorinen ,~ .-,,y~ 

" 315; . [Decennposttion 0 ~ uarn0nlc, v"'7=~.~ " . ~:::.....:~'~¢'ri~;-r" with the re~enei'ation Of CO aim so on 

l Oxides Conlpt ren(l. VOl..~-~, (le~*~iJ v ...... .~ ~ ~ . r witii the re 

: . Presence of Metal "e "" ::] ~ ' : .... ~ -~Q9 : indefinitely .The results, are m acco d - - 

: 1899, pp. 307-309;:Jour-' ulien}':~0C"~'0h: -' ~Y~'' : :actionOC~-~_O0:.+C. : /: : . : : 

/.~:'= p 365. ........ " ~1:1 " 

42 ~ : p SCHE -T PS SY:NTIKESlS A-%'D RELATED PROCESSES 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 43 

shortages an -" - " .. - 

g eq ements for benzene 

the relative: volatility of gases bethe 

coneentrati6ff ofC ihthe-b~:igiffal S~eei: Gurv~ 

phenol, toluene, and certafn other chemicals could ae- and photomicrographs are shown. No ev.~denee of the - :~- - , oi^. ,/,,, ,,eri&l 0f cementation and the higher Comes g-teat enough for purposes of separation at tern 7 

eelerate the schedule for constructing the initial coal- liquation deserihed by Giolitti was found. In the the ~gpeer;~r~. The depth increases with thetem~ peratures that would be too high for effective separahydrogenation 

plants, in view of the faet that these 

~rature according to a linear law. As me i,ur~uu tion by fractional distillation. Pure C~ is obtained 

chemicals would be produced from such plants in low-C steels the increases in diameter are: in the Same 

cementation is increased in geometrical progression, 

important quantities. 

from the commer cial gas containing C-.H, and CJK,. 

order as the weight of C introduced. In the bars of "= _.u ~ ,~netration increases in the Same way by passing it slowly at 0 ° or room temperature over 

323. . Synthetic Fuels :~uture. OiL Gas flour., carburized below 900* and those originally containing 

the uep~ -- y~ . . . . . . . tie The diffu-~ivitv 

o]. 49, No. 28, 1950, p. 184; Petrol. :Refiner, eel 29, considerable amounts of C, the changes in dimensions 

:'7~ hUt with a diaeren~ comuau~ -~ • " 

activated charcoal that had been degassed at 200 ° 

ec. 1950, pp. 77-$5. 

were small• 

: constants for C diffusing into steel are calculated for and 0~1 ram. Ha. After atmospheric pressure has been 

' =: the several earburizing mixtures and temperatures reached, which muy require L~-30 mix. an electric 

Research on synthetic fuels has pro~'n'essed to the 327. BILA,%ILE~,*, A., A.~,-D BEEBy, C~. ]~. Gaseous Cemen. [ employed. 

oven is placed over part of the adsorption tube an(t 

point where it has set a ceiling on the prices of petro- lotion Of Iron and Steel. 1I. Cementation With t 

s29. Bm ~,-~m~'~', A., ~xn Tc~xEn, G: GaSeous Cementa- some of the gas is desorbed ;the desorbed gas comes in 

leum products, and the time may not: be far distant ~,:!tr%~m~ ~por of P,vridi.~ and Methyl Cxaui~: 

tion of Iron and Steel. IV. Aetion of 5Iixtures of contact with the adsorbed gas in the cold part of tlle 

when economic considerations will blfng about a sub- ";~7~7, .no ~r~lln~t.. Carnegie Schol. Me,n., voL 1~' 

CarbOn 5Ionoxide and Ammonia on Iron and Steel tube and exehange of the heavier and lighter comstantial 

synthetic-fuels industry. The oil industry is 

-O-u, PP. ~±-zz,); ahem. Abs. ,vol. 21, 1927, p. 1622', 

dud Its Bearing on the Process of Cementation. penents of the gas takes place. In this way the light 

the logical one :to handle this business, particularly 0bject is to ascertain the amonnt and distribution 

Iron and Steel lnst. Carnegie Schol. Mere., eel. 17, impurities are driven off first followed by pure C~E[,, 

after the coal or oil shale is brougi~t above grennd and of both C and ~ introduced wben the bars were heated 

1928, pp. '23-66; Chem. Abs. eel 22,.1928, P. 4437, and the heavy impurities remain adsorbed. The same 

a gradual shift of some parts of the ]iquid-fnels market n~ an atmosphere of CO saturated all8 o with the 

Cementatimls of Armco Fe were made at various 

principle is applied lie analytical methods that give 

to synthetics is predicted. Domestic and foreign supvapors 

of either pyridine or MeCN. The CO is passed 

temperatures with mixtures of CO and ~Ha and with 

satisfactory results if allowance is made for the 

plies of crude petroleum are briefly analyzed and figup 

a cohann down which the liqaid coutaining the 

mixtures of CO and H.-. The cementutious were conmaterial 

that remulns adsorbed- This difficulty is 

ures on costs and capital investment fol, synthetic fuels 

are cited. 

vapor with Which the gas is to be saturated iS kept 

ducted at various temperatures ran~ng 700°-1,050 ° at 

avoided by carrying out the desorption under Tacunm. 

dripping throug h Cu gauze. Otherwise tbe equipment 

intervals of 50% and the process 'was continued in The latter method i~ part/eu]nrly suited to the detex- 

324. ~ . : Changing Pattelns of Fuel Supplr. is the same as in Part I. The following factors w r I each ease for 10 hr. Tbe test results prove that the ruination of small concentrati0ns of a volatile toni- 

Mechl Eng., eel: 73. 1951, pp. 159-190 ; Chem. Abs. studied for CO satm"ted with CHN. ,~ ~-- e e ! Carbonizing action of mixtures of C0 and NH.~ is mnch lmm:rcntll%:~.iI]ss X~)olat~e e ~stgC~!i!~:!Cn:o~¢:i=:i~l:d::! ~ .... 

eel. 45, 1951, p. 31~[3. 

flow of gas stream: (b) period of cementation: (e) 

greater than that Of CO alone. The carburizing prop- • " " " ' • g ...- ., • s " • - 

rJ?he actnal quantity of Coal produced ha~ remained temperature of cementation MeCN is a more efficient 

:ertie~ of mixtures of CO and H- were stronger than CO = hydrocarbons in coke-oven go. ~ , g - 

relatively unchanged for some time, but rhe % of oar -eenientiug ageur.flmn C~H:.N. The c0nditiou of the 

alone but not so intense as corresponding mixtures the adsorption plant connected with a Fiseherfuel 

requirements sapplied by coal has declined from bals after cementatmn WaS similar to that ohtained 

contulniug NI-h• Micrographs Show tlmt the miC~Oe ~ Tropsch synthesisl:~ant, ~it isl .l~.~it~l~:~melntratoelll~l'~ 

over 7~ in 19-0 to less than 40% in 1949, while that with C~H;N. The effect of incrensin~ inifi II eoncen. 

, ~ ...... of" the Fe-C ullovs s eutirelY altered by t componnds by aa.-~rptlm o • • • ,~ ".~.,~ 

tration of C was studied imth for "CO-J-C~.I=I:N and 

sLrac ...... ~ ~, -~-~ ~ tlie Case e.~peclallv wheu the : de,orb them by stemning (Carlmtox process~. ~.Lf~ 

of petroleum has increased from 15% to almost 37% CO+MeCN. In ti e presence of ~ eomp0unds, the 

preseu~:e.o~ ~; :,,~.~(~ at temuerathres I)elow 800 ° ; h.~'~]rocarbon mixture to be adsorbed e,,nmi}~s means: 

: 

period, 

and natural 

petroleum 

gas'from 

production 

4%to ahn0st 

and reserves 

19e~ in 

of 

tim 

gas 

same 

and 

imp0rtanCe-0f re~'ersing the direction of gas flow is 

cemenm-t~°ns "'~ :"~-~ ~o~.o-ation of cementite takes tl~e breakthrough of olefins, and thereby ox rne otj)er 

' 

oil have increased and further resem'es will be found, 

greater 

eementation 

than 

was" 

with 

at 

CO 

times 

alone, 

more 

as even 

intense 

i~ this 

at the 

case 

ends 

the 

place: above Sou ° very m.rK .... ~-~ . . . . . . : . : , . hydrocarbons . . . thtough the adsorbe ~t, can be controuea 

Br ~.n~L~Y A Axn L~w'roX O Gaseous Cemen- automatically by bromiuntiou of tbe olefins with B r 

but the gap between production and consumption Will than in the middle of the bars P1 0tomicrographs 

be narrowed so that there must be recourse to u~n- show • - - ' "" , 

• "" • * "~ .~teel'" 1ii " Influence of Hvdro-: made in an electrolytic

. . . . . . . 44 

• : LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 45 

OP FIS~R-TROPSCV~K; SY2~'T~-~ESIS AND RELATED PRocEssES - : ..... : ..... : : ................... : - ................ -:- : - ; - : ........... 

• 

by ~ reduction of FeaO,. The main reaction occurring roved 

oy . tlae . . zollowing . . . observation~- . ,-, tus ~ ±he gas pressure P 

aroppea ~rst (for example, ~or 5 rain.) rapidly and 

then very slowly. The rapid drop (after cooling the 

reaction product) corresponded to twice the ori inal 

amount of CO b - g 

. ( ) The reaction product was mainly 

H=O, and the amount of C/:L and CO= formed was too 

small to account for the CO consumed• (el The missing 

O was found in the catalyst. When the catalyst 

was used for longer time, the concentration of O in it 

increased and its efficiency decreased; the catalytic 

activity almost disappeared when 0.24 atom C was 

de/msited/atonl Fe. The slow drop of pressure was 

due to the reactfon between this carbide and the excess 

of H.-. The rate of reaction I increased ~ 5 times 

when tile initial pressure of CO was raised~rom _d 6 

to 241 ram. dibutyl phthalate and was abont pro/mrtienal 

to the square root of the It= pressure (46-1,103 

ram. dibutyl phtbalate). The energy of activation : 

(from the tem/mratnre coefficient) of reaction I was 

reaction 

15,500 cal./reel, The formation of CH, is due to the 

nFe-{-2CO-~Fe C4-C0 W~,~¢ ,~-~ 

studied in the nhea,,,.~ ~v ~- ~ ~..,S .'~aCEl0 n '~vas 

........... ~, ~a~. ~t xollou-s the equation 

of the . . first m'der , ' i~ ." ~ ~lower than r .. ,t..u ,,,n ~ ~laS an apparent 

~.l~'g~,e°~a~i~"t~°~. ¢2~.4°.-3:,O o) o~ ~=.9oo cal./nlol 

cussed • the nynrogenation of CO is dis- 

Bakvw, G.E. See abs. 1591, i592: 

manufacture of soap and an increasing d 

for synthetic which detergents from noufattv - oil raw material~ -~t~ 

petroleum and sYnthesis produc'- are the) I 

obvious Sources. 

337. BREmO, O., A~'D flLLOLIO R. [X-Rav Studi~ ,:~ 

Ca ta~y~i'cal}y Active Metals.~ Ztschr uhvsO.- ~=- o, ill 

P. v ..... 2204. u, .~v-~7, pp. 41-7/- , Chem. Abs., • .... sol 21, ~nem.~ 1927,' I 

Pt and Pd surfaces obtained 

in t~ at low pressures have by the glow to be discharge O~ .~ 

slight or negl/gibie activ/ty as been catalysts shown for to the De Of hYdro._:-~ Very. 

genation of C-.H~ or for the comoination of H, an '~: "-~ 

Thee metal preparations contain considerabl,~=~ d 07. ,..'~i| 

--mounts 

.'~! as efldenced b~ X ra5 P.hot0~raphs, the presence :i~1 

actnutr 

of ~]nch In 

NI 

the 

simn-*, 

metal lattice ~s responsible for ] 

. " ack of '. 

• . , ..... r,y preparen, is inactive at 350* ;':%.| 

in the hydrogenation of C=H, When Pt and Pd are -~'~:i 

prepared as above but in 0.. af low Pressm.es, Very ii l 

active surfaces are obtained. X-ray studies 

active t't , Pd • • and ...... Xi ~,,~- r~,,e,-~ ê ,love ~ saown that of excet these 

fO r differences in particle size• there i~ no d ff • P 

betwe?n the finely divided hit-hi .... --" . elence 

pact .¢lightly active metaL', o-.~ -~-e, nna the com. 

338. Bn~mu, G., .~xn CARTOn, S h R• [Catah'tic Synthesis 

of Formic Acid Vnder ~,'essnro.~ ~er dear. 

chem. Gesell., sol. 47, 1914, pp. 541-545 ; Chem. Abs., 

vol. S, 1914. p. 1~$4. 

,. 0bject.of.thisjvork was to determine:i (1~ ~l,~ i~ 

for bexag.oual close packing is 1.63. In N, a material estimated that the capital investment will be about 

ela~ . . g • 1 Ni is nonmagnetic A. c=4.1 but and on 750 million yen apart .from 127 million yen to be .~rpent 

h'eating to 300* it is trangformed to magnetic'~Ni with on increasing the coal output. 

, 

346. a cubic lattice, in which 0=3:52 sq. A.U. ' 

- - , [Dismantling of the Fischex~Tropsch and 

Gelsenberg Synthetic Fuel Plants.] WirtschaftsteiL 

341- BnEM,NEn, ft. O. M., .a.l~D BRAnFOaD, B. W. 0XO vof 30, No. 11-1~ 1949, pp. 29-3I. 

Synthesis. Interrogation of Dr. Roelen. BIO$ Interrogation 

Rept. 737, January 1945, "5 pp. ; Bib. Sci Gives Genaan viewpoint coneenaing the dismantling 

Ind. Rept., sol. I0, ~'o. 2, :1948, p. 2; PB 81,965. of the synthetic-fuel plants in weaern Germany. 

Preservation and operation of the plants are econom- 

1. Bradford, B, W. 2. Dr. Roelen. 3. Oxo process. ically of great significance, in that several thousand 

4. Aldehydes production, : Germany. 5. Alcohols pro- : men would be employed in producing domestic-fuel and 

duction, Germany. 0, Dete!'geats production, Ger- primary-chemical products. The :6 Fischer-Tropsch 

many. 7• I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., Leuna, Gel •- plants have a capacity for producing 370,000 tons of 

many• : $. Fiscber-Tropsch Plant, Courri~res-Kuhl- primary products annually, and the Gelsenberg coalr 

mann Oil, Harnes, France. 

hydrogenation plant has a capacity for processing 

3~2. Blw~imEz,w, ~ Medinm-Pressure Synthesis of "about 1,000,0{~} tons of crude oil or 540,000 tons of 

hlethanol. FIAT Reel M-3S, frames 8061-8074, heavy-residual oils. 

1942 ; fl'ames 8130-S]32 19-13: PB 70,309• 

347. - - . [Status of Krupp Trethstoffwerk G. m. 

Medium-pressure synthesis of Me0H takes place by • b, H. Operation.] :~Virtschaftsteil, sol• 31. 1950. 

way of methyl fornmte, Which is isolated as such and : 9.41. : ; :: ' : : , : . : 

then hydrogenated tdMeOH. Me0H is converted into It is known that at the end of last year permission 

methyl formate with CO "in the presence Of Sodium bad been withdrawn by the Allied High Commi.~Mon 

methylate at a pressure of 30 atm. The methyl for- : from tile Krupp Treibstoffwcrk to p'odnee hwdromate 

is reduced to MeOH en a catalyst Of reduced carbons by the/eiselier-Tropsch process. Since flint 

Cu oxides• Higher alcuhols.can also be used as starttime 

perlaission has been granted to operate the Oxvl 

tug materials since their formates can i*e prepared process which has been developed' by the'Rnhrcbem'ie 

and hydrogenated in the same way. Describes ap- ' A•-G. According to this new lwocess valuable prodparatus. 

.... . 

' 

ucts; designated higher alcohols, Can be lu'oduced. 

. 

- 

: 

334. Bn~v.xnoLwz, W• T: K national Utilization of 

Coal. Fuels Obtained by the C£reatment of Coal 

the equmormm in the formation-of HC0:H from'~rnd~ r. :~(1 

:the 

uary 

HC0~H 

1%- and CO.fornmtion 

could be 

hy 

materially 

sufficienthshifted 

decreasing 

ill f~ vor:of 

its ~i] 

:~i:! 

343. J ~ Synthesis 0f "]~Iethanol .ill Two stages: 

: ~AT Reel ~M-38, frames 8130-8132, Mar. 22, 1943 ; 

y PB 70,309.:: : :: 

These products, will be processed: into a number of 

other products, which will not only be of considerabie 

- ~ importance 

exp0rL Among-the. 

domestically 

Products 

but will 

are.menti0ned 

~tlso be valuable 

solvents 

for 

C~lsl.l~:Y 1 G~a~dz~9vol. /33, 1929 pp, 341-843; Clmm: cPaur~al_Pressure, and (2) whether tbe'reaction velocit ' ; Proposes process that makes i~ unnecessary to Spilt : f~r- the paint.and dye industries anti Softeners for 

: ..... General discussion of carbonization aud hYdrogena- 

. . . . . . tlon of solid £aels and: synthesis of liquid fuels from 

~;atmetcga~. as a means of obtaining more suit ble fuels 

:. . . . . . 

• : ' ~ : . : =' ' 

" 335. . Bn-a-V~NKOHLE-BE.XZI:', ". .4. -G [Iialli'ovin,, ~U" ~-~: 

zect of Cobalt Catalw*" ~ "~L.~ ". -~ "~ ~": 

German :Patent ~l~rid~en~"~r~ca~°~paynthemo s'] 

: ~rr, i~sh C°al Utitisati0n and Researc4~ 1~.~6 

Monthl Bull ~ l~i~ti~ .;~ ~o0uO; AsSOC 

cata~'z~ e. anlC~e~s~,?.~n°lughu~,Y ~ the use of a suttab~Ye 

specr]vch-: 

: 

the weight 

r ~ 

of 

' ~ 

Substaii(•e 

"e.. ~elow 

used 

are 

ill 

givefi 

200 cia. 

re-, 

~ 

H.-0 tile gas In'e~$ re tl e t me and tile .~ield of.:[or- 

. . . . . . . 

mate~Jn % of the theoretical am0un 

been f0rnied if all of-tim c-,.h .... t t!mt:would have 

converted ~,,~.~.;,...:., ¢.-~?a(e• or uorax had been 

no catalYzer'~va~se~'~ "- an ad cases but (!), where 

an_dthete!!lperatnrew~Osg~.Pd~spengeu~asemployed~ 

wa ............ except in (3) where it 

the synthesis gas into C0 and H:. After the svathesis 

gas is freed from CO.- it is compressed at 30 a~m, md' plastics and detergent.~. It is the' intention of hoth 

"the.C0 is rinsed:out with a Me0H solution ofs0d um : 'Krupp 

putting: 

and 

0~it these 

Ruhrchemie 

O-~yl products~ 

A.-G: tO: 

: 

work 

Ruhrchemie 

together 

-_A.-G. 

in 

methylate, which results in the f( rm Ition Of methyl will make the necessmT catalysts in its own c~talvst 

. formate: :'The residUal-gas~ which still Conta ns cer~ :factory• ::: ':?. ~:: ..... " : i 1:. : :. 

thin quantities of C0, is converted by steam andsitp- : 

. . • - 

; plies enongh H= for the reduction cleavage of the 348. Bn~rF-~b-.: :Hydrogenations in Gaseous system: 

methyl formate. : ...... , , : Cagalysis in Organic Chemistry P. Sabatier D. 

344: . Two-StageSvnthesis of Methanol. FIAT : Van N0sttand CO, ~'ew Y6rk, 1962 p 186 ? .... 

' 

' 

: 

: 

: ' Reel CC-140 

A70i207•; ' 

frames 1-51 - September 1946 ; PB 

. i. '. • - 

CO can be reduced in the cold or better at -f00" 

to:CH4 lathe presence o£ Pd sponge. . : 

~laimedtohavea b~il.~ .... g~ P or the firsttime is CaC0~ 50 alan tt=~'o 0 aim o~'. ~:~" (.4)):4 gm 

.'. ::: ... ~ . . . . . . C,~, e~ecp npon theCo catalyst : 9 6 gm Na.B,0"IJ-L~.~ .+' ~-",2 "v hr...100"/c (5) • 

Detergelts:ahd Fu*Z'.:D~ evel°pment, of Synthetic - ~e,~=~:(6.),10.6.gm . Na..C0, 6O~lfm H-7 hr 04%': 

. 

- 

. . . . zv~ 

, . . . 

pp 

. 

elu4--4 

~ 

- 

tur~ ±renas 

" 

t.'hem 

". " 

and Ind 

amali" 

.. ::-~nsm, e ylel(l witil :NIl-C0 

- = 

i 

n spite 

" 

of 

" 

its siren 

.... 

er 

_. ~ .-, , :. _ 0,, 409--~!0. / .... : : : . : .... -:' K/~c,~ltYLâs; coin.Pared Witlr that Qbtah~ed ~g~h 

: 

.: 

• : an~r~t~st~r the synthetic-detergent indu~trr is traced ' ener'z~'~f't~nm~ care that tile" velocity and free ~ 

:"': 

• 

:~or i047, it ~b~]ee,qe~°~fat:IS~ th ~ tUonitedSta~ s a!one' wi~a~tbe Pa~r=t~=ta~pr~_s~°~nat'~er~res and:faIls:uot onlY : 

content) or 75% ^~ *~- -- '- o:too--=u-/o active . of tJ~e 00. Tile m-~,'~ -:^,~ . ~ ou[also with that.:: 

sold: Assumin~,"t~a,~=f~m~ca n soap marke~ were Pd-shows:th,tt the?~e~,~:,~'~w~_tn; i~:HC0' but withdut : 

active Cbntent)~re~iaces ¢,~ u~ synmet!c soap. (20% :. 339 ' r~ '..:7 ~e~" "~ r~auy catalytic. . 

fatty acid contenO t~ .... 

~ 

," 

~un 

. . 

o~ 

. 

ratty-acid 

. 

son 

P ( 

~ 

0%~ 

:, 

' boni~ 

. ~ . 

~ 

' t~qumarium 

*^" ~- . . 

of 

.. 

tli 

e Reducti0n 

. . 

0f 

. 

Car-i 

. 

,! 

• 

• 

. . . 

:: ' 

o°/J9 : 

u in ~.~ermanv, during, the wa- " Considerable am0 . . . . 

years was away from the - ~ . 

in use of natural fat aef 

- 

by the action of 

, mats of free HC00H are 

obtained 

'" . " ~ 

, 

soap manufacture to the use . ty ds \- :~" and Pd black under pressur on ' 

~ based on nonfattw raw ~,~,, ~0~ sy_ntheUc detergents., C0~ in..the presence of l~h0 the HC00~ ~ a~^,~ re 

:. ~rials therefore. :w'ere'/l~e'al.~i.,.T, he Cniefra~:ina - : ~I~Y.~. rushy, into Co:_ and/~.. : The-deierm~a~Pese~ ':::~ 

the alk~ -:;~,1- - ~ as toward the production of formation Of the latter i ~ - ~*^- - -- me~y that' the 

.... , x: vuttvnaces commonly known a~ ~ro~o.~+.~ CO in natuva " ~ "o~se in me assimilation of 

' prepareu by the: ' -" ............ , : . " - ..... .... , -: 

" Tro . sulfechlonnatmn of the "Fisch r- " 340 B 

.... ~,,~h paraffins. The total output reaclm~ .~-~ ~n r~r[2~ me' ;GG ~.wn SchwArtz vex Bm~{r~ ~: 

.... ~er annum (ealculat~ -o-~--~ ? .... ,~, ~,,sona~ ~icael.] Ztsch - - ----' --• 

:: from both I G' "~ ...... ~.~ ,t%:~w-/o acnve matter).' .~- stein-Festband ~ .... kPh.~mk. Chem., Boden- 

• • ~,a~-uuuznuustne factories ,-~u-,:vv. ~---~76; Chem• ~ , ~ 

and Wolfen, the equivalent of urobab]v 17n ~at._Leuna . 267 1932, !o, 14. . . Abe, vql 

: : ~eetP..rew~r^,mafketed, soap• The fU-~re't;en~%nSv~., _~e'~'agen e !~ i was prepared by the ¢lowdisch .... "~ 

: ~h• , .~. ~-=~.slng consumer:demand for edible ¢,f~" " ~=uaou:oz Jaredig and Allolio inl~, 3~fh'*~:.-~': ..... 

.... . ~ ~=~reasang utilization of natur~ v.,_ ~ -';~, : pawner camera a was ~oun~ "*- ' .--r ~_== ~aue 

.... - ~f ~ xorme c----429 and c/a~161. The t~ ~u equm 2.66 A• U• "- 

: " - • . eorerica] vnh,o .¢ ./.. . 

:-! "!dlum methviate - -'----- and for ~tep o COpl~er " 0 chromite P "~ TI :" e ~ ' 349 74 BnEYwrsc]~ : .'¢ . '-.--L: [s~nol -: Srnthesm - " "] Scientific " ! " 

r • ' - v • uont~iuufion No• .tu from the:Laboratory :of the 

~e°CceSSveUS~Sol°~verete~per~tu~i~ianges~i~SeSU.~t[~l~l " .... • Mersebelg Amm0ma Plan t, April 1943, 2 PP.; PB 869. 

- urawings and fl0W sheets : : ..... It was discovered at Leuna that the medium-pressure 

-245 ]3 "- : : " "~ : : ~ £ " .2 : synthesis for the production of 35vdroearhonsbv the -' :~ 

.~C Pla~.~z~g[~c~f~tZe~f Vot~;aP~n~37 ~; V3~n'~ea~ . : reduction O f CO could be dh'ected so that up to 60% Of' ..... 

h Carb~n~Hn~ ~ ~,1 .~ ~o~L ,~'%-' ' : : .... '::, ~ne product would consist of. unbranched -aliphatic 

[ "'"Gl Y ..... ' -y .... ' " .... : . .. 

:;;~ yes particulars of program under which niotor- ' 

:!~gel requirements'of Japan are tO be hlet mainly ~rom i 

!':~ omestic sources, by 1943. It is estimated th'at the 

alcoho s. A catalyst similar to the Leuna NI:la catalyst, 

in which:the K content was 0.1-07% and which imd 

been reduced•In an excess Of ~ (i :1000) at 400"-50~°; 

was used. The conversion Of C0:hnd I~a amounted to 

' 

• 

": 

:/i~Amremehts.ef light fuels, mainly gasoline , will then ::: : 1 : 150 or 25% m.0re than in technical benzine synthesis . 

~(~ ~un_t toabou t 545 million .gaL per:yr., 335 million at 190°-200 °. The pressure should:,be above 20 arm....:,: 

~:~'~- jbu~-which.,3 s to be supplied .by home production• preferabl:~ 25arm, The yield of primary Product was 

'~ ~d ~ nat~ munon gal. of heayy oils;will be needed . 0.4-0.Ston/m. ofcatalyst/dax-• R~eCOandH;werein 

?..;~. ~ ab0ut half of this amount is to be produced.frem the ratio of 1':.1, ancE the synthesis: was performed in 

~-'~ *~estic materials/ Plan is based,~n producing 132 3-4 successive steps. :Botli H:0 and:CO.,were Obtained 

~zl: lllton gal of light: fuels and 93 milil0n gal of heavv, as byproducts instead of only H-O as with Ca Catalyst. 

-:: 

"~ : 

: ' ; 

: 

: 

~,'.: [l~irom:lo.al.and:: $6 million .gal: ~f.light bils and 46:,: ; with the Fe catalyst,.a gas 4'afro Of nearly :2H= :'CO ; ;': 

:~:~. g .ozneavyoimoysynthesiS. AGerm nflrm : could be maintained by recycling the gas so rapidlv over 

)~? !s. bee n entrusted with the planning of a plant fo the catalyst that~the partial pressure of the "water " 

i~ e syntliesis Of 33;000 tons of'gasoline per yr. bytbe :~ vaD0r, which Underwent c0nyer~on with the C0, re- :;:~ 

:'~ SCher-Tropsch process. ' Low-temperatUre carboni~l- : mained'low. The syhthesis produc{s:must be rem0ved. :: 

~ !n of c0al is to yield about 9 million gal of light " quickly from contact with the catalyst in o~de~ to ~nl 

3t . . • ~ ~ . • " a 7 "( - 

~,~ . or fuels and 112 mflhon gal. of heavy oils, requir- secondary reactions such as dehydration and hvdre- 

:;~ g-about 9 million tons of coal The remainder of .-. g enatiom The prthmry products.with small, nm~mnts : 

:~ ~t~quid-fuel 0ut'Put is:to be: in the form Of ]potato of'acids,:aldehydes, 15% of gasol/and 5-10% of CH~ 

!:,% ~[ and the refined products of domestic oil~ • It is were iS. fallows ..... ~ . . . . . . ' .

' : 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 47 

uP ItISC~ER-TROPSC ~- S'Y'~TI=I~SIS A-~D ~ELATED_ PROCESSES 

. 

pert, eat .~.;cohol Olefins v.sters 

up to ~ooo . ............ ] so I ~o ] ~o ] 2 

~ooo_~oo..[::__ ::[ ........... 3 ~o [ zz I 5 

230o.350o ..................... ,' I7 3 ], 65 ~0 |[ 25 30'[ 10 S 

a~oo'~o°°"-~'b°ve~o0~"'":" ................ .............. I ~2[ .......... I": ....... ] ...... ""- 

: 

Increase in pressure:-CO content, aud K content of the 

catalyst increased the yield of paraffins, whereas decrease 

in pros'sure, co content, and K content as well 

as an increasein conversion increased the formation of 

gasoL Some directions are given for recovering and 

working up the products, and some passible uses for 

the various factions are mentioned. 

350. BItIDG~W2,TF--% R. ,AI. British Re~earch on I'etroleum 

Substitutes. VI. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. 

Petroleum (L~ndon), vol. S, 1945 pp. 109-111; Jour. 

Inst. Petrol., vol. 31, 1945, p. 320 A. : 

Although: 7 milli0h gal. of ~IeOH were produced in 

Britain in I yr. before tbe war by the interaction of 

CO and H.- and about 000,000 tons of oil/yr, by 

Fischer-Tropsch process in Germany by 9 plants, little 

~52. Bm~ox~.~, P. ~'. llecent Work in the Field of 

High Pressures. Roy. Modern Pohys, vol. loS, 1946, p. 

1-93 ; Jour. Inst. Petrol., vol. 8-, 1946, p..54 .~. 

Summnrizes work on high pressures from 1030, the 

date of publication of Bridgman's book, The. Physics 

Of High Pressure. to June 1945. wit], 074 literature 

referenees. The high-pressure range no,," open to 

study extends to 100000 atm. The effects of high 

pressures on chemical reactions in ]iqnld and vapor 

phases, both catalyzed and uneatalyzed, are reviewed. 

~eactions listed include the pyrolysis, bydrogenation, 

oxidation, and polymerization of hydrocarbons. The 

majority of the chemical studies discussed are of / 

direct industrial interest. 

353. Bsz~. --. Behavior of Calcium in the Ammonia 

Catalyst Toward Poisoning. FIAT Beel R-19, 

: frames 7088-7104, 1941. . . . . . 

Test results on Fe catalysts containing Ca for the': 

NH, syutbesis proved that an addition of Ca in cornbinntion 

with the usual addition Of A1 has several ad- :~ 

vantages• Above all the resistance of the catalyst to . 

poisoning by CH, and H.-S is increased. Tnbulnr data 

present further' details. A number of catalysts with 

and Without Ca are arranged seem'cling to the degree 

On being l~eated Ali~ dissociates into its -elements, ~ 

Ch in the presence of air are immediately oxidized. 

react]on was studied at ~H0 °, but the decomposi- 

Ion is appreciable at lower temperatures. In the 

;athesis of the substance, powdered A1 was heated 

~Ith sugar C for 2-hr. periods nod the residue tested 

for presence of carbide by the addition of HC1 to produce 

CH~. At 550 ° no appreciable quantity was 

formed, but at 750 ° and 900% respectively, small yields 

were obtained, proving the reaction of ALC,=4AI-{-3C 

t0 be reversible. Attempts to measure the speed of the 

reaction were unsuccessful. Ni,C is funned according 

to the equation 3Ni~C~Ni~C at temperatures about 

2.100°; at lower temperatures it dissociates into its 

constituents, rapidly at 1,600 ° and relatively slowly at 

~00 °. At the relatively low temperntures, while the 

eteracting substances are in the solid state, the reaction 

is endothermic ; at the higher temperntures, when 

Ihe ~Ni and C are gaseous nod ill the atomic state, it 

becomes exothermic. Studies of the formation of esrbides 

of Cu ind/cate that au endothermic carbide is 

formed at bigh temperatures that decomposes at :1,600 ° 

but further confirmatory work is nee led. 

~57. BnIx~.LF.Y, S.R. Calculation of C~ttalyst and Gas 

Temperatures in Adiabatic Contact Catalytic Beactions. 

Am. Chem. Sue. 110th ~Ieeting Abs., Div. 

Ind. Eng. el!era.. 1946, p. 42 :I. 

panying volume change. It is assumed that the reactor 

is isothermal and isobaric and-that the ~ow-t~ 1-dimensionaL 

This reIation iS appIied to the calculation of 

contact times for particular rnte lnws. An appro~mate 

formula is developed for estimation of contact times 

when the rate law is nnknown, and the resulting error 

is obtained for several cases by a direct numerical comparison 

with the correct expressions. These con.~iderations 

npply to catalytic reactions on g-ranular catalysts 

'if apparent contact time is calculated:from a space 

velocity defined as the volume of gas at the tempermure 

and pressure of the feed gas/free vol. of the catnlyst 

bed/unit of time. 

360. BI~SKL%'A, A. I., .~n MoszLm'smcxJ~, A. ~I. [Gasification 

of the Donets Anthracites to Produce Water 

Gas and ~Iixed Gas.] Khim. Tverdogo Topliva, vol. S, 

:1937, pp. 1165-i181 ; Chem A.bs vol 32, 1938, p. 4309. 

Under optimal conditions (the intensity of air blowing 

about 20,350 m.~/hr., that of steam blowing 559 G 

kgm./hr., the air pressure under the grating :1,204. ram., 

and the height of the fuel layer 1,900 nun.) the water 

gas contained CO:, 6.74%, H:S, 0A2%, O:, 0.20%, C0 

39.23%, :~-, 47.03e~, CH,, 0.51'7¢, and N.-, 5.S7% by 

volun e and had a calorific valne of 2,7fl0-2 455 cal./m2 

The air gas contnined CO.-. 14.29%, H..S, 0.08%, O.-, . 

017% CO, 9.51%, H.-, 2.45%, CH,, 0.15%, nnd X_-. 

73.65% ; its calorific value was 3S2--369 cal./re. ~ Oasi- 

: 

Temperatures of catalyst mid gas in contact-catalytic ficntion for production of a mixed gns yielded CO.-, 

0f robust catalysts and teefiniques for lnrge-scale honyl, Fe,(C0)~.] Ztschr. IC~rist., vol. 6v, 19.~, pp. reactions is comimted on the assumptions tliat all but a . 7.42~y~. H_-S, 0.19%, 0~. 0.17%, CO, 24,99%, H.-, 15.:19%, 

" operation Synthetic Oils, Ltd., worked on n process : 85-93 ; Chem.Abs., vo]..21, 1927, p. 3775. 

negligible amount of the heat of renction is relnoved nud b,%. 0 30% of calorific val!m i.262-1 iS5 cat/m2 

yielding a product rich in olefins, using specially pro- :' F~(CO)~ is l~exag0na ! With a uni~ cell of the dimenr bymeans of the sensibleheat of the gasstream and that 36L B1usT0w, W. A. Oil From Coal. Engineer. vol. 

pared catalysts. A plnnt was built to process about sions a---6:45 and c=15.8 ~.U.. which contains 4 tool. the overall Conversion of ~renctauts • to products is : I68, :1939. pp. 469--470 ; Gas Jonr. vol. 228, 1939, pp: 

200,000 c u • ft .- of g, a~ -/ dar ' •, • v~elin,, ~ 130-180 . .-" -al/day .... ' ~ m~ .... ~ , , ~ ~ ~.. ~,.'--u ........ ~,,,.', .~.^ ~'= ~, r~ ~÷o, ~ ~ ~,~, ~ D~ o, ^r - D ô.. ~ The : limited by means of snmll :contact time to a few % of 288-290 ; Colliery Guard., voL 159, 1939, pp. 6°'-5-ff20; 

- nnd said to substantiate the result~ ohtameo in ule 9 CO groups are nt the coruers of 2 octahcdrons with a:: thetotal gas. At constant velociD', tlm~temperatures-0f : Bngineering, vol..14S 1939,pp 501-562. 

;: : pilot plant using blue .water gas, Wifl~ C O nndTh ~common face. The Fe atoms~are on the trigonal axis:~ catalyst and gas ~re found to increase expomntiallv N0eonb - ~en .... , ,n,~*h~" ~,£ ~nt~,~¢'~h~ 

: carbonates supported on kieselguhr, the Fuel ResearCh perpeudicular to this C0mlnon face, : .... : with increase in deptb of (atnlx~,..'st led. "']b~ wed. " ls'.~ U~ed~ to produce liquid fuels, certain fractions of which 

-Stati0n produced ..lubricating oils from blue water ~'355.::BR~LL~ ":R.. _~XD. 5I.~nICl H.. [Riintgen0graphie: i propbrtional to the overall temperature rise of the gas are rich in olefins usefnl :for tl~e manufacture of lnhrigas 

~ind H.. in a small plant. Little has been reported : 

streanl The e Ycet 'of change -in vel~ city on the rein: .... ~n÷~n ~ -ils an d nat affin~ suh~eet to oxidatio~iuto fatIv 

: " . : mr the quality of motor spirit Or Diesel oils lirOduced, : Studieaztschr.. Onphysik.the Structure ofchem., :vol.C°nllflex :Iron:133, 1928, pp.CYanides:]443-445; ~ ; 

perature of the cnralyst is investigated hy the as.ump- a~ids hut: '~l~0 it Will be only a nuestion of t me and 

- but a fraction b0iling:~210°=-300 ° C: bas aceteue: chem. Abs, vol. 22: 1928, p. 3073~. : • ~ ~o~ t~on that tim coefficient of heat transfer from catalyst reseat'oh u'ntil gases will be produced that nre rlch 

: number of 93. The 7-10c/c wax Contained in. liquid 

: : products from Fischer-Tropsch process canbe treated (NH0~[Fe(CN)~] and S of the substances resulting'~ "~ 

togas.i s proportional to the:0.7p0wer of the veloeity~ ~ :enough ~n mono-01efins to he polymerized into bigh; 

from its stepu:ise reduction at 400 ° with time were The temperature of catalyst and gas nre estimated fro' . octane gasolines. :Another i.evoludon will be acco,n- 

" to yield'mal'khtable -comm0dities. studies have'been : subjected to diffraction analysis. :3 cryst'dline phases. a typical German operation 'of the Michael h0t-gas plished if conversion of CH~ and its llomologs into olemade 

of the mechanism of the process it being con- 

' eluded that CO carbide is first formed: : :were found, and in ~ome cases mnny more. Besideg 

recycle process for the middle,presSure synthesis of: 'finscan be carr/ed 0ut commerciallY. Thisis impottant 

~,.~.~, n~,,, ,.~, -~ ~'^~'^~eum ~ubsti the initial compound and the flnol a-Fe. anothm" com-' hydrocarbons frmn CO and H.-on an Fe catalys t. On to both the oil and the coal indnstt]e-~--to the former 

.... 351. - - .... i.- ........ r ....... rv,~.. ~ _ - pound certainly was (Fe(CN-)).~ cubic, G.~----15.9 -~. U./~!~| the b.asis of!approximate d'~ta, iti~ estimated that the because of the immense quantities of CH~ contained in 

: :': tutes. VII . Synthetic Lilbricating utl~. "J.-ecl'o-... . . . . . r. ..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ,~.N~ ~ Heneea~. ~m~yst temperature m betweeu, and 9 higher than : natural gas and to the latter because of the higb % 

leum London . ~ol S 1945, pp: 130. 152-153. ....... molecuiari.oxmma tzet~,j.j~ ~e:t~,e~u~ .,.,J . .~% 

........ : ( ) • . -the refiuctlou mechaulsm must be, (NH,),[Fe(CN)'] ~1 

me gas temperature for a half-meter cat lh'.~t bed flow • of CH in coke oven ea.~es 

: :: "= ~irst. gives some consideration tO the existing -~(FetCN).),-~Iutermediate carbides. :nitrides, etc.;:~| rate . 1 m./sec., . and overall . gas . temperan re rl~e of 10. : 362. - - . Fuel and Allied Industries. Gns and 011' 

..... 

' 

: 

- 

: 

• , 

: 

I 

- 

: : 

:. 

. 

: . . . 

: . 

• 

. 

knowledge concernin ~ the composition and the them:: 

tc al . and P hvsmal P ro P erties ' ~ Of lubricatin~ • ~ oils derived 

from petroleum Tbe absence of real knowledge as to. 

the physical and chemical properties required in 

->a-Fe Th'e .~uppo~iti6n is made that the appearanee~| 358. ~ . :Heat Transfer •Between: a Fluid :and a ..... Power vol 35 1940 ~ o36-°37" Chem Abs, vol 35 

ofce't ~'a " n extra . • hne.~ ~ rn the cliff1 ' action pattern of the ~i ~ '?~ -v Por0ns Solid Gei - crating o - -: Hea~ . . Join . . . &ppl . Pby~ =:' ....... : ~all ' ~ .... .qv~ ~ :' ' ' "~:' ~ " " . ...... . . " . " . " . " 

"product obtained when H- andN.~ act on ammomU ~;~ ol. 18 1947, pp. oS--~S:J: Chem. Abs. vol. 41 194, ~ , . . . , . .. \ 

ferroc~anide at 400" is dne to a carbide of:unknqw~.~(~[ P. ~007: : : :- : ~:- ~. : - :' -~ectu,re w~rn empnas,s on.syntn~sozjlyu~:::~=~. : 

' 

" 

.: 

' lubricntin~ oil has been a major difficulty in researches ~ ~ernctu~e .5"~1 "The th~ "a , ~ ~ ~ ,~, e ~ ~ ~ ~ , 363 

. . ~ ~ . .... • . ~ , : ~ . ~ x: ~ry, ,,lie ~o .~nze, lus o~ ~-e ,rnns~er o~ ,lea, - " " 

~ Coal 

.... 

and Oil--~ur 

1 

"e 

" 

oz 

1 

~ew 

18 

~" 

No 3065 

~ • 

. on:synthetic hibricating oflS.anu~f:ctVariOoUtS r van~hema c " 355a. Blu~f~r,::E. O. A.~n LXh'0H, M:A. Estlma~ed~|~tweeria fialdflbwingwith c0hstantvelocity through~ oF:tier; f::s~b~4~i?SppG~(~.~i Icd~Z~r ~b s vol 37'. ::. 

. . . . terials.availab! e for the:m . .... • : Bond Order in Metal Carbonyls. Am. Chem. S "g~|:..~orousSolidisextendedtoiucludethecasewherethe ?: ~o~ "~o~ " ' - ' " "- '' 

:. ~ lubricating .oils are : Coal-carbomzati0n product% m- : 12Ist Meeting Ab's, March-April, 1952, p.~ 38--N. :~.~!id generates heat, Expressions are obtained for the: . ~' p" ~"'~7 " : -- .... ; ' 

, eluding tar fractions aud C~.~i, ; Pr0aucts o~ toe pres- ~ .~.~ ..... k~ ~-rt]al double bond character o~:~ N~nPeratures Of solids and fluid as functions of posi- : An address. The blending of synthetic o,esel fue~ . 

: 

: 

• 

I 

I 

.: 

: 

: : sure hydrogenation :of coal or: tar; nod ~he prmmry 

. products of the Flscher-Tropsch process. The prm-. 

: .~.h~me~al~'~on~i~lne~al carbonyl~ has been postU~~[~ ~0n and time it- bein,z assumed that the heat source 

~ ~â .~ -:-'~un* for *~,e shortness of the observed bon~ ~eti0n is a {inear! function of 'the temperature Of the 

" produced by the Fiseher-Tropsch process with an equal 

quantity, of-the diesel fractions 0fthe oils from.high- 7 " 

[ 

I 

: :, clpal methods for producing lubricating oils from : ~a~,.~y ,~.^ ~. ~ou~i. bond characterof the metal...-~'~ lid with coefficients independent of position" and time • temperature carbonization to give a suitable diesel fuel •. 

" : these products are : ISolation of' sui~bleli:a~i.C:niOnl ~?:d~]n:n~et~/ca~onyls substituted metal earbon~eaTh...te,~application :of the them'y-to the calculation. 0f : is sugg ested~ : : : ~ ~ • ~ ] 

" ' 

- 

', by distillation or solvent extracuon ; sta . - 

" Such fractions br hydrogenation" ~ polymerizatmn • of 

. 'hydrocarbons esi~ecially olefins, with or without cata: 

" -~,~ ~,-:~--~nvis ~is estimated by means of Pauling~'~:~'~*~-.~- yst and gas.temperatfires in a typica~ operation:of 

.~ .... ,~'-~, ~ . . -÷ . olo-troneutralitv . . . . . . . A decrease in the:or d e~L.~[~.~,~,~ < ,~ae ~4iehae 1 process for the sYnthesm " of hydrocarbons 

: prmc~I,~e_ ~ .... ~,~ vo~,~'~ e,.~m eh~ n,rttal d o u b l ~ ~C-~ an¢l:~.iS indicated" '. :" ' . . . . . 

~64 B~oc~:H ! [Liquid Fuels From:Cbal in Relation .. 

to " German ' Power . . Economics . ] . Glfickauf . . vol 70 ..... 

~o~a .n, il.~V l~U .... m Abs vol b9 193~' : 

::. 

' 

' 

:~: ne~trfa:c~olr~fr%t]e°nS~el°~r~Pg~ra:t~ren over a Mo : tetracobalt d°decacarb°nYlda~rh~ira~ecncar~O~.~_.eral :relafi0n hetween Contact time:and space . "by (a)~ild refining of e0ke:0ven light oils; (b) ..use : ~: 

" catalyst. The viscosity was to o 10W at the higher .... manganese a~acarn°nY~'a -- "~'--~ Iments on ~,~.lty is 0btained.by comparing the solutions of the: of the. roof-canal and the Still proems for pfl~ecun g : ~. 

...... -~ temperatures aud there was too great a tendency 3~6. ~m~m,r~.,,uxn ~u~'~,-.. tr~xi~r . -¢o~41(;~-'.r-and Lagrange forms of the :hydrodynamical " coke-oven:light oils from aecompesiuon; ~o~ ~urmer : ..... 

: toward oxidation andearhonisatiom Better results : Carbides o~Aluminum, Nickel, and:~oppere~m ~:~Y-stat e equations for theeomposition of aflowing development of low-temperature carbonization. Hy- 

: might be~ attained by using the superi0r hydrogenation chim. phys, vol. 13;"1915, ]pP. 3ol-3~; 0h • ~.~emthat~ndergoeschemicalreaetionwith. aecom- dr0genationandsynthesisfrom:watergas~willbecome 

..... .... eatahsts subsequently discovered .vol :t0, lv16 p. 3ua.t. . '~L~;~',-" : " • . . . .

......... 48 OF FISCHER-TROPSC~ SYNTHESIS AND I~LATED PROCESSES 

. . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ... . .... 

important sources of Iiquid fuels. Some progress has catalysts. From toe data thus obtained the pore volbeen 

made in the adaptation of the diesel motor to 

tar oils by use of a special fuel injector, 

umes and the porosity as well as the ehange in volume 

through reduction of the catalyst are determined. 

365. BRonrs, B~ C. Synthesis of Methane nnd Formic (2) Plotfiog a structure curve in order to find out 

Acid. Prec. Roy. See., voL 21, 1372, pp. 245-247; how the micropore space is divided among the various 

;lour~ Chem. Sot., 1873, p. 744; Chem. News., vol. 27, 

1872, p~ !87 ;Chem. Zentralil., 1873, p. 451. 

On passing an electric current through a mixture 

pore radiL (3) Determination of the average POre 

radius of the macropores by means of a perfusioa 

method. By this means tbere results for CO and ~: 

~ sn excess flow, which is designated as smfface diffu. 

of CO and H:, after 5 hr. about 6% of CH, was detected sion and explains ~che otherwise determined complete 

in accordance with the reaction utilization of the Catalyst grain. 4) Determination 

C0-{-3H.. = CH,q-H.~O. 

In a corresponding test with a nlixture of CO_* and H~, 

the resultant gas was found to contsin, besides H~ and 

of the inner surfsce by plotting nn adsol~ltion isotherm. 

In connection with surface deternlination, absorptioa 

measurements of CO and H-. slmw that the temperature 

unchanged CO.-, some CO ,tad CH~ and an oily liquid region of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis corresponds to 

identified as HCOOH. the beginning chemisorption of tbis gas. The heat of 

369, ~ . Formaldehyde Synthesis. Pr0c. ]Roy. adsorptiml of CO sad t1_- is calculated from the ad- 

Soc., vol. 22, :IS73, p. 172. sorptiou isotherms. (~ee abs. 3243.) ~ 

CH.-O is produced when the silent electric discharge 371. Bnoxi, N. [The Motor-Fuel Crisis and]Remedies 

: : " is passed thrmlgh a nlixture of CO.- and H:. for Snrmounting Ia.] Giorn. hihlio~'afis tecoica 

: 367. ~ . Formaidehyde Synthesis. Angew. Chem.,: intern., 1925, No. 2, pp: 1-8, Nos. 3-4, pp. 3-13, NO. 5, 

vol. 174, 1874, p. 284. pp. 1-8, No. 6, pp. 1-9 ." 1926, No. 1. liP. 3-0 ; Chem. 

.... On passing an electric cnrrent through a mixture of Abs.; vol/20,1926, p. 1808. : 

CO-- and H.- shout 5.2% of I-ICHO was detected in the "~.xtended review and: cliscnssion dealing with ;differ. 

end gas, and with CO and H:, only CH~ and CO.- were ent types of motor fuels general method..: available 

:obtained. : : for increasing their supply, methods of increasing 

374. . ~Iethanol From Hydrogen aod Carhon 

Monoxide. II. DimethyI Ether. Ind. Eng. Chem., 

vol. 21, 1929, pp. 310-313 ; Chem. Abs, voL 23, 1929, 

p. 2150. 

Production 0f Me~O (I) as a side reaction of the .~ynthesis 

of MeOH {II) over ZnCrO, at 300°-400 ° add 

180 ann. has been studied. TOe formation of I is slow 

and increases with temperature tO 5.2e,~ at 397 ° while 

II reaches s maximnm of about 309~ st 375 ° and then 

" LITERATURE . ABSTRACTS . . . . 49 

catalysts on carriers employing silic|c acid to be highly 

resistant to S poisoning. 

380. B~3CHAX0V, A. [Effect of Compressive Stress on 

Disintegration o£ Cementite.] Ztachr. anorg. Chem., 

vol. 218, 1934, pp. 146-150; ~Ietulinrgia, voI. 9, No. 

5, 1934; pp. 37--40 ; Chem. Abs, vol. 28, 1934, p. 

5792. 

Experimeots with cast bars eonsisting of pearlite and 

eementite showed thut eementite was stable up to 

falls oft. High space velocity favors formation of If. temperatures of about 000% but under pressure it 

375;--. Methanol Fronl Hydrogen and Carbon begins to disintegrate at tlmt temperature and disin- 

,Monoxide. III. Further Work on Dimethyl Ether. tegrates more wtth higher pressures. As the stability 

Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 22, 1930, PP~ 175-170 ; Chem. of eementite decreases with increasing temperature, 

Abs., vol 24;1930, p. 1840. the effect of pressure becomes less appreciable at 

Catalyst prepared by precipitating the nitrates with higher temperatures and cannot be observed above 

Na0H to give all ot anie ratio of 3 Cn : I Cr in con- 750 °. 

tact with a 2 : I=H= : CO mixture at 180 arm. yielded 381.: Bnffc~xEn, H. [Coke:0ven Gas as a Chemical Raw 

Me0H and Me:0 in the following molecular ~ ratios : 

265 ° 7 : 4:285 °, 14 : 6:all5 °. 24 : do. --' 340 o. 17 : 20; 

355 °, 11.5 : 1"~.5 The region of maxiinmn conversion : 

was 31~°-320 °. and e0nver.~ions were on the order of :: 

5Iaterisl.] Ztsehr. Vet. deut. Ing., vol. 75, 1931, liP. 

93-97 ; Chem. Abs. xol. 25, 1931, p. 3800. 

- , 

_~vailabi]ity, generation, and utilizatim~ of e¢,ke- ', 

30 reel ~, that to Me.O bein~ tbe larger, 

" " 

Bn0wxz, R. :~'. Scc abs: 576. 

i 

oven gas nre considered from an econonlic vlewpohlt. 

:i Separation of 10" cu. m. of gas of average composirioo 

into its Components should fui'nisli 49,000 tons CO.-, 

Bnowxlx~, L~ C. See abs. 2008. = 23 tons C=H, and honl01ogs, 14 tons C,H~ T0 tons CO: 47 

: : 

368. BR00IE, G. H., JEN.NI.XGS, W. H., AXn HATES, A. 

Beat of F0rnmti0n o£ Cementite as Electrolyzed 

:tbe yield Of benzine fl'om crude oils, the recovery of 

benzine from solid, I/quid, and gaseous substances, the 

876, BRoW.~I.wGo L. C., A~n E.MMZ'rT.: P. I-]~: Eqnilib- tons H= and 178 tons CH,. Coal hYdrogenation, synrimn 

,Measm'ements in file system C-CI-LLH.- .)"our. i thesis of feel oils. of NH,. ~le0H, and of well-known 

From s Pure Iron-Carl on ~klloy o£ Eutectoid Strut- liquefaction of natnrai gas distiller/on of coals, lit, Aim CheniJ Soc, vnl. 73, 1951. pp. ~$1-5~3 ; Chem. C~.H, derivatives are now teelnlieally perfected, and 

lure and Composition. Trans. Am, Soc. Steel Treat- nites, and pest, production of artificial petroleum bf::~ : Absj vol. 45, 1951, p. 4534. : : offer ]a:omisiog outlets, bat only for very large Scale 

in," vol 10 19°6 nn 615-6o9 • Chem. Abs. vol. 21 direct srnthesis and frmn vegetable and aninlal 0ils -~ :In tlie course nf experilnents relative tO the:Fe- operation~ : : • : 

: • ' 19~7 p "3878 ~ 'if": 7 ~ snd tile: direct use of vegetai~le oils, alcohol~ gas-pr~ Fe~C-CH~-H-. equilibria, it was found that the C 382. . [Brown Coal and Peat-Gas Syntheses.] 

xr 

%sine 

[ ' '- 

oz --.t~,obu 

: .... 

cat. 

: 

per gin. mu. 

î ~a 

" s 

obtained 

, 

: at 36 ° F by Calorimetric determination ot the heat of 

:ducer ga~ and coiloidal mixtures as feels Inclnde~::' 

economic 

. -, " . ~ . : ~ 

• as well ,. as cbemlcal slid en~nee~m~ ~ data • ::r 

f0rmed by the decomposition of Fe.~C reacted readily ' 

with H: at temperatures as low as 400°, the Fe caralyz- _: 

l=Iaudbuch der Gasindustrie, vol. 2, pr. 2, 1940, SS 

pp.; T0~I Reel 24i. . . ~ ' / : : 

- 

" . . . . 

: - 

. . . . 

formstio]~ of.Fe:C. ~ ' ~ "( : • : BRooKs s~. p. lee abs. 2064. : : 

B R O D K O R B " , F. See . . abs~ . . 1798, . . . 1757. . . . . ..... BO0U~H~0~ J. W~ -SCC abS. 298; -" 

369 • BROETZ ,, W ~ [Svstemat . cs of tile . Fischer;Tropsch -. . 372. B~ow.w . B K ,~xD Gux.w~ss ,. R~ C. 

: ~ :: 

' .~-, 

~utur~71 {~ | 

ing the reaction. A study was made of the CH~=C-I-2 383. . [F0rnmrion of 5letlmne From Carbon 

H= equilbrinm co'slantS hi tle temle'atnre range:. "(l,,,~-'no~v~,o ~,~ ~r-~,,~ -., ~^ +,~, ....... 

° ~ "° " S" ] - , . - .... xx...-....r~g,~,z,l~,,,,'='l~ ~,n,,,~, ~ l[a 1~ow- 

380 --~:38 U~lng the C f¢ rlncd as fib( ve. Tbe values : "~ " " I "~ " " : ~ " ':-" ~) ~ ' " -- 

. ootalneu . . . are , close . . to . tnose . . ~or toe . . reaction . . . nl . wales . . . nestoff-Cbenl ~Lemperatu 'e ~.ot:e vol o0 a~ lq39 nlcl'e:~sea ml 346-348" • ressures.l Chem ~l'en- ~kb~ - 

- Catalysis.] Ztsehr. Elektrochem., ~'ol. ~,3, 1949, Fuels---Ltqmd" and Gaseous. Mech. Eng:,~v0L 70;:~:| :the Cform is ~-grnpbite: :: ": : .... : vol 34 1040 ") 7582 ..... "" ~ ' .... ' 

• pp. 301-306 ; Chem Zentralb.,1950 I p. 1432, Chem: ~ No. 5 1948 pp. 421--424; Chem. Eng. News voh 26::;~ | : : • : : • I. ~,. . . . . . . . . : : , 

.... : ' ~bs vol 44 1950: p 2358 ~' : 1947 pp. 2123-2127 2171. Chenl: Abs..:vo]. 42 1948~| 377. B~owxzxo, L. =C. DsWzrr~ T. W., .~x~i E.~L~mTr, Conversion Of H:- into: CH, in presence of low- : 

.... : ~ ' : , "~ : . : - . , o : p 43'o~ (Brown and'Gunne.~)p6509:(Guoness)~ "?~ P' H. EquiHhria in tbe Systems: Fe:C-Fe-CH,-H.- : temperathre coke (5 gqn. of coke, lliter of H: standard ::. 

Fundamental Fmcher-lb:op.ch ~eactlon. (.O-f-H:> : : :-? , ~| and:Fe~C-Fe-=CHr-I-L-. 5onr. ~Am. Chenl. See., vol. 72 : , conditions per:hr., ~0 stm0' rose:from 7% at 500°:to 

CH:~H:0 at atmospheric and at 5-20 atm. gage pres- Demand for petroleum products has quadrupled du¢~,| 1950. pp. 4211-4217 Chem..-kbs. voL 45 1951. p. t861. 23% at 700 °. CorreSpondingly lower valnes were ob- 

. : 

: - 

.: .... 

: 

sure between 160° nnd 186" is discussed. Oil technical ing the last 25 ~r., and tt may be expected to increaS~'~| 

: catalysts at pressures UP to 10 atm. gage pressure the another 30c~ by 1970, at: which time the total deman~i-i ~i 

: : reaction rate. is given b3~: d[CO] : dt=k [H.-]'-': [CO] !.: will exceed 7 million bbl. per day. Tbis demand w[~| 

Where k at 7:ahn .gage pressure V~:ries from-7.S×10-~ :: be met by domestic crude-oil production, some f0rei~ 

at 173 ° to 18.8x !o-' at 186 °, yieldiongian lact~vatiuOn Imports, and by synthesis from natural gas and cos 

ener$~:of 31 keel per reel, At aim sp e"c 1 'e:s • . 0il from shale and tar Sands seems to be more retool • 

" " 

~:: Equilibrlom constants:f0r the react/ou if) CH~-{-2 rained at lower pressures. CH, was also formed when 

Fe(s) =Fe=C-~2E.-were reported blthe temperatilre : s water gas Was Similarly treated; toe reaction in this 

range 295°-350 ° and for the reaction (II) ~ CH~-~3 case, however, was principally 2C0-{-2H==CtLq-CO:. 

: Fe(a)=Fe~C(fl)-~2H.. 

320°-:408°. . Free energies 

in: 

Of 

the 

~ormstioo 

temperature 

of Fe=C 

:raoge 

and ..... obtained 

Themaximum 

at 40 atm. 

yield 

and 

of CH, 

700~ 

40% 

; the,.yield 

in the 

fell 

outlet 

with 

gss, 

rising 

was 

Fe~C calculated f~:om the data" for reactions (I) dad pressures- " : :: 

: 

: : ~ a 1 activation energy of 28 keel. per nmh is :f0und. -than from Syuthesis. The economies of toe industi': : ; (II), led to the c0nclusion that.theformation of all ~ -c: See abs. 408. : : : 

:: 

: 

.... 

: At high :pressures the reaction:late is:: d [CO] :dr= will • result ins gradually diminishing supply of resid 

{H.-]:.[CO]}(k~[H.-]: (!-{-/c:[H,])}. The presence ual fuel oil for industrial purposes, and'coal w~) 

of .OH, in the reaction lnixture does not affect the :: handle an increasing share of the expanding industrial 

.~ mono~01efins and:0f saturated hydr0carboils e0atain- : 

i " • 

: ~gGm:r~ ~an ion C attOemS b~i~lle d,~rect ~educti~n ~f. 

385: BRi~c~ : H :: ,~X" OH0U'L~T a rr~l~,V : 

• ' ..... . . . . . . . ~"-~ .......... ~ 

:Residual Gas From tlie Fischer-Tropsch-]Ruhrchemie 

: 

I 

: - • rate oz the nature of the products:" The catalysts : :'fuel load. This ~means s very large fiiture develo~ ::t~..~, e~ ..... .. pe' ~e r~ ~e v °-)~ * . : Process~as City Gas.] Gas- u. Wasserfach voL 83, 

:: ;:. gradually lose activity, which may :b e recovered by ment in coal inining to take ~care of the increasing ~ .-: tained~ taermo~ynamicaUYfor 

reaction (II) unzavorame.agree well with'=~uethosereSm~Sobtained°°" : :19~t0, p,,.n 497--409 : Chem, ~ ~ £bs., vol. 35, 1941, ~.., 300. Ii 

, 

heating in H: at 400°. : The ~eaction take~ place di-" : :inand for.cohl.: To predate' eve~.l million bbl.: 0f ..... ::at higher temperatures by watase (abs 36161 

rectly in 1 step ot the catalyst surface without forms: : per day from coal will require the:nlinin~ andproce~J, ; : 378 ~ -- ' " ~ : ~ " '.." ....... 

: tion Of an intermediate" carbide. Tbe CH: radicals : Jag of 650,000 tons of coal per day or 236 million to~ , ~.U~t~0:W-XmE,. ~_ A us~'at!an ~ieu'pointon uilPrp: 

are combined atthe eatalyst~surface under forhmt on :: per:yr, or nearly one=half Of our~present productio.~; producl ~,.! v on ~om ~oat_ ~ron_ and. t~oal '.t'raaes ~ev:, 

of. double bonds at the chains ends, 

el 136 1938 pp 6o3-604 

. :which are subse- : : B~ox~x ..... E k See • abs ..... 3551 " • " ' " ' - : :': . :: : ' , ..~: c ,' 

quenti~ shifted by H exchange to,xard t!,e center of ' " Bad )::'-x-'u-~, ~~" ;~cc sos" n2f ;: : "~|ii:/:chSummaryoftal'epc 

~*~" argeofAu ralian report prepared for the l~Iinister in 

" the'~l~'alus : " " : : ..... "" . . . . " " ' : : : r~.'~'~¢~"i':~v'; entifig ~ "s " Commonwealth Council for Sci- 

Analyses of the residual gas from the gasoline plant 

showed the following variations and average values 

over a per/od of 18 days: C0..13.6--19.8c/c ave. 17.0%; :' 

unsaturated. 03_1i% a ~ . e , ~ , , . ~c/~.,... v:,n 0 ~%. 6-0 .__, ave. 

0.1% ;CO 2.9-11.9%, ave. 9.0~v ;: H: i 1~..3-o-.3.6c~, 

o 

ave ~::: 

20.0v]~ ;= CH~ 27.6-40.9%, :ave. ~33.0~/~ ;:N.-, 16.,~,.35:1%,::~,{ 

ave 20:2.%.~ The average gloss heating value was :-~ 

l 

I 

] 

I 

--- ~ x~r ~ ..._.; ~ fp,.~l~...,h~m~,~ ; : .' Baow~ R.L. gec abs. 921,922, 928. ~:~'! ..... " c and .Industrial Research "by Sir D Rivett. The - 4 170 k ~ -cal per m (0 ° 760 mm Hg add dry) and 

• - ' ""'--'" ~ --1 ch ~at ti sis" Bzenn ~ 373 Bno~ ~ R]L ~n G ~nnow~Y ~ E Metban0~;|i" ' luszon is against recommending that ado public average density O 7~5 The maximuni rate of flame 

• ' , ~ Benavior,,oz ~'mener-=~"ops' ~ ~ Y. .~ " - • '" . . . . . . . . ~: ~;~ mone be reside a t s n i " ~ o" " . . T 

: " , ~ r,~ ~ ~ ~a ,~n ~- n~.) ~ ~h~in &bs From ;Hrdr0-en liid Carbon Monoxide I In ~ti|~ ~:~ y p ' d t he pre e t t me for so costly propagahon was-9 cm per see as compared with ~0-9a " 

v-~ 4~ ~-~o n eo49 . . . . En~ Chem vol e0 19o8 pp 960-968" Fuel vol.~l:" :::~ ,,,project.: The study covered low-temperature d~s

5O 

RIBLIOGRAPY=I'Y OF PlS~ER-TROPSC]K SYIWT]KESIS AI~D RELATED PROCESSES 

• V 

I/fEI~LTUI~E -~ ABSTRACTS - 5"[ 

:: 

.... 

Chem. Abs., B; 1933, p. 77-o; Chem, Abs., voL 27, 1933, molecules, N and H as atoms, 0 probably as ions.' 

p. 51;54. 

Both the Al=O~ and K=O promoters are strongly con- 

Addition of SiO.~ gel, AhO,, Th0=, or the oxides of centrated on the surfaces of singly and doubly pro- 

Ba, St, and Ca activates or increases, in the order muted catalysts. The alkali promoter is very inti, 

named, the life of Ni catalysts. The Weekly alkaline mately mixed with Fe atoms on the surface. The Pe 

catalysts of pure Ni, Ni-alkaline earths, and Ni-ThO=, surface is heterogen0us; the heterogeneity probably Is 

prepared by reducing the hydroxides, are almost corn- due to differently developed crystal faces. The n olepletely 

inactive. The Ni-Al=Os catalyst, however is cular CO and CO, chemisorptions are purely surface 

highly active, yet when prepared by calcining the adsorptions ; 0 ions penetrate several layers beIow the 

nitrate it: fs inactive. On the other hand, nitrate- surface; N and H atoms probably do not penetrate beprepared 

Ni, Ni-alkaline earths, and Ni-Th0~ are ac- low the surface but migrate to Fe atoms located under 

tive. The best catalysts are mixtures of 90% Ni and surface promoter molecules. Both the K.~0 and Al~0, 

:t0% AI.~O, or Tb0:. Additions of alkaline earths, par- promoters give evidences of specific chemical effects. 

ticularly of Ba0, increase many times the activity of 

the catalysts prepared from :the nitrate. Addition of Adsorption of Oases in Multimolecular Layers. Jonr. 

Co greatly decreases the activity of Ni while Cu make ~m. Chem. Soe., vol. 60, 193S, pp. 309-319; Chem. 

it completely inactiv e. Beviews literature briefly. Abs., vol, 32, 1935, p. 4037. 

BIIUDE, G. 8ce abs. 900, 901. 

Poiarization theory of multimoiecular adsorption dis- 

. BI~UX.~UER, S. 8Ce abs. 822, 823 ' 824, 828, 826, cussed critically. The adsorption energy, owing to at- 

827, 836, 22i9, 2216. 

traction of dipoles induced intoa nonpolar gas such as 

A, is insufficient to constitute a major portion of the 

386. B~V,~'.~VEn, 8...~X~ E.MM~TT, P. }i. Use of van der 

Waals' Adsorption Isorl~ernls:in Determining the 

bindlhg energy between adsorbed layers. Adsorption- 

Surface Area of h.on-SYmhetie-Anmlonia Catalysts. 

isotherm equations for multimolecular adsorption are 

: Jour. Am. Chem. 8oc.. vol. 57. :1935, pp. 1754-1755 

derived 0n the assumption that the same forces that ' 

Chem. Abs., vol. 29, 1935, p. 7!68. 

produce condensation are responsible also for multimolecular 

adsorption. ~umer0us applications of the 

The determination of van der ~Yaa]s" adsorption iso- : equations aregiven to experimental adsorption isotherms 

of goses close to their boiling poiuts affm'ds a therms. 

General consideration of synthefio fuels and methods 

of synthesis in other conntries with an explanation of 

the position in France with respect to alcohol fuels. 

coaI-earboniTmtion products, and hydrogenation. 

.~395 Bnr~rz~:vs. M. [Processes for the Production of 

Light Oils for Internal-Combustion Engines.] Chim. 

et ind., vol. 14.1925, pp. 171-185, 358-302 ; Chem. Abs,, 

vol. 20. 1926. p. 102. 

Van't Hoff's equation, dlnK/dT=Q/Tl~ = is expressed 

os follows: Any chemical reaction can be directed and 

acceleraled in a eel~tuin direction by continuous and 

simultaneous external vnriations in pressure, tempera: 

ture, aBd concentration, acthlg in a direction contrary 

to that of the corresponding variations caused by the 

: desired reaction. Brutzkus suggests that the desired 

variations ill pressure, temperature, and concentration 

Call easily be ohtuined by operating ill a compressor 

constructed and (perated substuntial~" as u diesel 

engine. Application of sueb a method for cracking or 

hydrogenation under vari0tls conditions (exothermic 

and endi~thermic reactions}, for:the treatment of petroleum. 

tar oil,c; tnrpenrine, fats. sugars and molasses, 

eelluh,se colilpoun(]s~ and coal. and for the synthesis 

of light oil fl'om CO; C0:, und H=, ~s discussed and cornpared 

with correslmnding processes at present in use 

or pr0P0sed. : Yery~ high temperatures and pressnre 

could he:used~ and Catalyzers emfld be elifidnated~ 

396. B;~V.~.~T, y¢..M: D. Cnlculations ou Water-Gas 

399. ~ . |Catalysts for an Increased Preparation 

of Paruflfin.] FIAT Reel K29, 1939, frame 

6,9"7.~; PB 70,218; TOM Reel 296. 

Supplement to :FIAT Reel I, L29, frames 6,941-6,944, 

in which Co catalyst containing Mn is described. Separation 

of the obtained quantity of paraffin into :1 pof 

fiou (Gatsch) with a solidification point under 50 ° 

and into another Imrtiou with a solidification point 

over 50 ° is given° 

400. ~ , Examination of the Reaction Water of 

the Iron-Catalyst Synthesis. FIAT Reel K 29, 1941, 

frames ~o4~ 7 °-~n" PB 70~18; TOM Reel ~6. 

Analysis of products dissolved in the reaction water 

in the Fe-catalyst syuthesis and description of the 

analytical method. Since the reaction water contains 

only about 4 gin. EtOH/l. a technical extraction 

scarcely seems po~ible. 5 tables. 

401. . Alcohol-F0rming Catalysts. FIAT' Reel 

K 29, 1945, frames 7,214-7.21~ ; PB 70,218; TO~£ 

Reel 296 .... 

Constituents amt operating data of 3 alcohol-form-: 

ing Fe catalysts, 1 of tilem is proposed as a standard 

catalyst. 

402, BL'ECH-~En, I-- HECItEL, H., ~Otd ROELEX, 0, Be: 

haviorofInorgnnic ImpnritiesiuKieselguhr, FIAT 

: Reel K-20, frames 99-10"-). 1939 ; PB 70.211: TOM :: 

Reel 287, frames 99-102. 

convenient method 0f measuring the extent of surface 390. Bnux.

5~ BIBLIOGRAP~'Y OF FIS(IIKER-TROPSC]K STNT]HESIS A_~D RELATED PROCESSES 

20,000 litsrs/day. A new water-gas plant has been 1. Gas manufacture, Germany. 2~ Flscher-Tropseh 

installed with a capaeivy of SO 000 m2/day Nearl~ all process. 3~ Gas synthesis, Germany: 4. Catalysts Pc, 

the MeOH produced is couverted to CH:(). Before the Germany~ 5. Flscher-Tropsch P l a n t, Courr/~res. 

war the company had a pilot plant for the hydrogena- Kuhlmann 0il, Harnes, France. i 

tion of eoal~ar oils producing 85-90 octane gasoline, 

but in 19~0 it was dismantled, although iu 1939 it pro- 

duced 600 tons of gasoline for the Belgian army. 

406. BuxT~, K. [Residual Gas Prom Fischer-Tropsch 

410. BUOYANT, P., .~XD Gn.¢E-rz, A. [Synthesis of Liquid 

Fuel.] Tech. moderne, col. 19• 1927, pp. 705-713, 

743-749 ; Chem. Abs., yol. ~, 1928, p. 676. 

Iteview Showing status of investigatious in this 

~ield. 

+ 

LrrB~ATURE ABSTRACTS 53 

fa¢~ to which the gas mixture has access. Saturation 

of Zn0 surfaces by H:0 markedly iuhibits the activated 

adsorption of I-I: and CO. 

415. . &dsorption and Decomposition of Carbon 

Monoxide on Ztac Oxide Catalysts. Jour. Am. Chem. 

See., col. 59, 1937, pp. 697-699 ; Chem. Abs., col. 31, 

1937, p. 4S82. 

follou-ing current research in the United States and of 

drau-ing up a new liquid-fuel program for the 

Dominion. Plans approved by Parliament for a $T50,000 

coal-hydrogenation pilot plant will be postponed, since 

the Canadian Government sees no economic future for a 

synthetic-fuels industry in eastern Canada based on 

high.cost Nova Scotia coal. The same applies to the 

Study of the activated adsorption of co on Zn0 at Pacific coast region. Attention will, however, continue 

: 

: 

_ 

: 

: : 

: 

: 

: : 

Synthesis as Town~ Gas.] Gas-u. Wasserfach, col. 

83, 1940, pp. 497-499 ; British Abs.. 194S, B I, p. 64. 

Btr~oox'-~ E.E. See abs. 7. I 

Composition of the gas varies rather widely, mean 

values being: CO.-, 17% ; CO, 9~ ; CH~, 33c~ ; 1=~, 20~ ; 411, BURKE, S. P. Use Of Oxygea in the ~fanufacture 

h~ and C~H~, 0.7 col ~. The calorific value is within of Gas--Gas Production Subcommi}tee Itepol'k 

the town's gas range but the high density and low flame Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly, col. 26. September 1944, 

speed renders its belmvior unsatisfactory unless it is p, 374 ; U. O. P, Co• Lib. Bull., abs. 39, ]944. 

mixed with 2.5 col. of normal town's gas. 

: 

it appears probable that, if the air is replaced by 

407. B~,~T~, K., A.~D GmSSEX. A. [Influence of Coke 93% pure 0~ in the manufacture of blue gas, a gas of 

Beactiyity on W,'iter-Gas FOrmation.] : Gas-u. approximately 300 B. t. u. can be produced continu- 

"Wasserfach, v01. 73. 1930, pp. 241-247; Chem. Abs:, 0uSly without increasing the clinkering difficulties. 

col. 24, 1930, p. 2562. 

• Approximately 220 cu, ft. Of 0.~ is necessary t0 produce 

Experimental results indicate that tbe reactivity Of 1,000 cu. ft. of blue gas. The use of 0.~ means a large 

: : increase in the gas-making capacity of the gas pro. 

various cokes With .respect to water vapor decreases ducer. A conservative est mate tel: tile cost of 9S% 

in tile following order : Wet-qnenched. low-tempera- O_. phices it at $0.14 pet. M cu. ft. Electrolytic protemperuture 

tare lignite coke; lignite wood coke charcoal: semicoke : dry-quenched wet-quenched , low- gas auction of H.~ and 0.- under pressures up to 300 atm. 

coke; dr.x-quenched gas coke and Oven coke: This i~ has been reported as successful from soln'ees i i Ger- 

:ill the Same order as determined for 0.: alone aud 0~ in many and Sweden. At such a pressure there is a :| 

CO.- (bibliograpby given}. Some relationship can be depolarizing effect and a reduction of solution resist- ~| 

noted between water-vapor decomposition and ignition ante such that the electrical efficiency is improved !::| 

temperature of tbe coke but tiffs is obscured by the enough to offset the el ergv of eompressi0u, the elec. ~:| 

effect of undec0mposed steam llassing through the fflel trical requirement :is no ~g~:eater than tlmV necessary: ::¢| 

bed ou the water-gas equilibrhun in the gaseous phase, at atmospheric preSsure~ The.size and :coSt Of such: : "~| 

: This effect is difficn k to e~'aluate as it is practically electrolytic lllsnts are far less thau for a plant~for ~!| 

: impossible redraw gas sami)les direr.fly from the fuel _ making O~ froml the air. =: . . . . . . . . . . . . :| 

surface and, in addition, eqnilibr um is not reached in :, B~.~S, Z~ iSee abs. esS4. :: : : - . ~:| 

the Water-gas reaction, eyen "it the higbet~=tempcra- Bun~s, R.~. See ahs)aSss. • ::;~, 

tares. ~ " 412. BUnRELL. G. A: Hvdr0genation 0~ Coai Processes. 

:) 408. ~ BU.~E~ K., Bnff6K.x'E~, H.I Axn ScH~.~'x P. [syn: Oil Gas Jotlr., yol. 27: October 1S 1928 56 

thesis of .Benzine Hydrocarbons From Methane.] : Motor tuels maybe prepared from coal by hvdro- 

:: Gas-u. Wasserfaeh. col. 84, 1941, pp. 377-381, 391- - ii:'l 

:. ; 896 ; Chem: .~bs., col. 36, 1942, p. 8155 . . . . genation of coal (Bergius process) or of CO. Water ":1 

: gas (CO and H,) is made to combine ill the presence 

..... Only 12 wt.% (maximum Yield)of CH~:conld be ~0f vari0us'catalysts with Or withoUt pressure. Pr0c- ~i 

converted into liqnid products by passing it at a rate " esses in actiye stages of developlnent in Germany are 

of 100 L/hr. througb a Pythagorns tube heated at 1,200 ° the Bergius process (pressure hydrogenation of C0al), 

temperatures of ]$4 ° and higimr shows that concurto 

be given to the Mid-Continent region and research 

rentiy with the activated adsorption some decmnposition on natural gas. coal, and natural bitumen from Alberta 

into cO.. and C oecm.s. C deposited on the catalyst is tar sands will be continued. I 

removed hy H: at 1S4 °aud above, ln'esnmab]y as CH,. 418. Bi~Tr.FXSO~, --. Synthetic-Oil I~roduction in Ger- 

Bvscnow, H.F. Sec abs. 1625. many. BIOS Final Rept. 169"/ (IntelTogation Itept- 

66T), 1946, 26 pp. ; PB 92,191. 

BCS]:; 5i. ~CC abs. 2106. i 

416. BVSrXF.SS WE~. Petroleum Substithtes. 3Uly 21, .4. questionnaire directed to Dr. Biitefisch with his i 

replies, which bring out several points of comparison ' 

1945, Sept. p. 5, 74 1945 ; Nat. Petrol. News, vel. 37, No. 36, RT44, between the Fischer-Tropsch and coal-hydrogenation : 

: processes. Data ou plants, plant capacity, lu'oducts. 

Hydrocarbon Resear(.h.: Inc, announces that it:will prodnction costs, and uses of and properties of the 

construct a commercial Synthine (Fischer-Tl:6psch) : products are reviewed: It iS concluded that rlle ~ i 

p~nt !11 East Texas.. "Abe plant will liar el 2 yap~lcity, of Fischer,Tropseh process sbould be regarded as a purely . 

t,u0u upL/{t;ly ox nlnsnea lu'oaucts~ Su-~,~c oz whn.h chemical process yielding hydrocarbons, where as the i 

will be high-octane motor gasoline. Production will be bvdrogenation process was mainly suitable for making I 

at the rate of 1 bh]. of oi!/10.000 ca. ft. of gas. The fuel oils bat not chemicals. • ] 

process, developed ill tile .ll;l~t 20 months, lms beeu 

sponsdi'ed bY 3 oil lu'oducers : The Magnol a Petroleum 419. BrYI.L~, B. A.• .~.~n PF.l~TmanA. J.M. [ Synthesis l 

Co., tl~e LaGloria Corp..:and the J. S. Abercrombie CO. of High Hydreearbons From Water Gas.] Anales [ 

The process is based 0a 0ermau laboratory• research soc. espan, fis.o, quim.,~,~v01., 27, 1929 pp. 23-3S; Chem. i 

applied to American oil-industry techniques concerning Zentralb, 19-9, I, p. ZS-IU; Chem. Abs., v01• 23, 1929, 

plant design and construction and tile use of cheaper p. ~$10. - 

eatalysts~ :The i)lant; it is:said will be consn'ucted it a = : In the eatalytic reduction of C0 coiitained in water: 

fraction of/lie cost:of simi u' German plants and will gas by CuO, C0~O~ and:Mn0.~, a:test w'ls made at254 °, 

produce :a'higbdr quality: gas diue - : whieb was lower than any previons tenlperature used 

417. - - ~ ;Fuel Itesearch . . . . ill . . Canada• . . . . ,No. . . 590 . . 1146 Here the Contraction was less ~lan at higher tempera- 

:: :p. 1i2. : : : : :: : .... ': ture. but the yicld of liqnid and solid hydrocarbons was 

higher. The fiecessity of extrenlepurification of water : 

: It is reported that : the Cduadian Governmeilt is gas to maintain uctivity of a catalyst activated bY sucabandoning 

its active particilmtion hi syntlietic-liqu d- cessive oxidations and redactions is Shown. : 

fnels research nnd,/ascend, plans :to appoint a fuelresearch 

board represel~tiii.." both the Go~:ernmeuf and :: ~ : Bx-n.xE, B. J. ~ccabs. 2448. : 

private industry and assign to.it the resi onsibiiitv of :BYsT~,~q :H: Zce abs.i 1388. :: 

" 

~: : : ..... : ::" : i: ~:( C:: : : : ..... : i ~ i 

: : : 

' 

~ : 

. 

: 

: in an electric furnace. The exit gases h ~d the corn-., the I. G. Farbenindnstrie process (pressure h dro"ena- ~.:~ 420. CAD.Xr.~X, W; H. Fuels Produced by Hydrbgena= ; - : suggests a ~Yay in Wb ch .the rings ~ may haw bee~( 

pos~on~ C:H.., l~S~ :: CoH~, 2.0% ;':C.,H,, 3:8% ; H: fi0n of coa ! :with a 'catalyst); a~d the~FisclieY:Tropsch :'/i~;|. ti0u and Syn~l etic Pro cesses ~ .4.nn~: Itev. Pen'ol. formed. • : " 

45u-zv;~H~.SO:oz¢ The yield of l quid products was process: (C0+H~ a catalyst ~lth o~ w~ 

. . . . " ~ "" -+ • . ~ : • "thout pres- .~| .: Technol., v01. 6: ]94L pp. ]53--165. : ....... ) ' : ~': 420b•: C-~IN;: D. G,, WmTK.*.M~:~.: "W~ Axn Bow~,~i : 

:~ 

~ 

,or 

Light 

size 

ofl39.v 

ox reaction 

~m/m 

tuoe 

and 

(13 

tar 

lu, 

86.OgmJm: 

~, and ~ mm 

Theeffect 

~iafn,) catalyst+high 

sure) ; :in Prance 

Pressure) 

the Patart 

and the 

pr0cess 

Audi 

:(C0:+H:+a ~.|- 

~.: 

"-Review 

of the commercial 

developments'in 

Great ~ • 

N. ft. Prodncts of the Hydrogenation of Carbon:'. 

was studied~ Beha~-ior of :catalysts of groups I~-iii . (C0+H~+a Catalyst+p~;esSure) : :and udiber t process =i ~t .... Britais and abroad in 1940. ' : .-" • : Monoxide Over an Iron Catalyst. 0il-Soluble 

: : .... 

: 

. 

m those of the ~ : Pe g~oup . . p~omote ' direct " dec0m b omtmn .... of : :" ~ot-r~ 1 '~,-~-~ 

[~nthe 

'~" "! 

Is 

. 

of 

~ 

Fuels 

..... 

to* 

" "" 

k~rplane ~: 

~!~ Products' of "the' H:vdl'ogeuation of Carbon ~onoxide ; 

~a~i to ~an d H.-;-the de¢omposifi0n rate is aeceier- : : ",~^...: ~:.:'L ¢ ~J"2"... T." _'.~- _ , P" ~~ - ;-~"~ : :0yet'an iron Catalyst :. ~r0matic Hrd~:ocarbons ::: 

. ated . and . tim . reactma temperature lowered by such ~2~. ~nd'a~. ±u~u :z± p ~42~', Chem Abs., col ~%]~!~4 " ..... -~m o~,,, ~,~., ~t~ • ~r~+',~.•~ '~'~. ~a.'~--~vr,,~r~ ,~! ~,, ~,: 

catalyst s. Thesmall increase in the yield of'liquid :~ o, xv~l,:p. 41,8.: : : ' : :i~: :: 19"5½ p~.]~ :' ~" ?~ "~" : ...... : .... 

The ox Yg enated " c o mponnds in the: oil stream pr6:: 

duced by hydrogenation of CO over an Fe catalyst" 

are hi~her~ homoln~_~ ....... nf those i" th~ ~:~_ __~r~ ........ ~r~nm, ~'~h~• 

main components are acids alcohols, an4 carbonyl 

: 

; • 

: 

hydrocarbons effected bY U,W, an d Me apparently is ..... TOPICS considered include properties Of fuels corn- ~|:~:: ~ ' kro'mades constitute abed" h wt :'~- o" th ~ hLdro : Compounds Of the aliphatic series. Yields of these 

not due to catalytic action. Ag has a slight catalytic ~ position and properties of the~more 'lmpbrtant hvdr0- ~i~i:~::'" ca~'bonS'obtainen ~n ~h~ ~a,~,~£~" [~,°-~-~o~ ~ ' : classes decrease with increasing C number>5 At a 

: action, ]3.!:wt. ~?^ of CH~ being converted lute liquid, carbons, gases, and cracked benzines; processes Of: ~!:'~/r;: They were se~a~'ated bv'~a~l'~o~:='t~:n'~aL~li~'-~ ,~:~ran~ ::: / glve~:c number, :the: ratio b£~the molar, qUantities~:- :-, 

proquc~s. ~ ±#nn°::anu a t a rate of 40 1./hr: the exit semcuve extraction and polymerization 0f the prod- .~'::5:~ by distillation" and w~l :o "~'n~ :'~:~: i,, ,~,.:~:~o~=~ ,,,n : : of each of the main components to the ~t0tal molar ~ 

gases consisted of::: C:H~, 2.7% 'CJ~ 2.3% C H ucts of cracking, benzine substitutes and uartin] sub-~,~ :¢" ~:~- - - ' ~ ~-" " ~'~-" ~" .... ?"~'~, .... " ,uanfitv of oxvsenatoa o01nnnnnf]~ ,rid hvdrnenrhnn~ 

5.0~$; H.~,'47.4%; and CH,,:47.6~: The yield Of liqnid :" StAtutes (etllfirs, alc0hols),: antiknock':agen~s (alcohol !~|!:~':: butrare~e~Pe,?e~r~s.c2uPY'de2enze~ie~ s l~ese~ ~u,,~22~ce ~ is appr'ox/matel.v cons'taut• "--~eqa~coho~s appearrto '~ 

: .proaucm was: ~ignr oil 38.1gmdm. and tar 53•6 gin:/ 

m• Liquid hydrocarbons formed by the thermal deoenzene, 

~bEh), :liquefaction of :~oal and Syntheses- "~:~|;::~ : "concentrations of~r,~a;l,~"'.~',noC.0~"~::~'~;~'i~c'~'~,~ 

for benzine and Diesel fuels, production and s~nthesis ~|: :: tricrclic,aromati,, ,:~r ~ ~. ,~u~,.~)~.=, ~:~: ~,:.~; ..~ 

be more cl0sely'related struciurally to the: alipl/~tic : : 

7 .hydrocarbons than are the acids. ' Branched isomers : 

: : 

• : 

. pos tion ~ etCH, are almost entirely:aromatic iu 

enaracter, the main constituents being CJ~t~, toluene 

: O f airplane lubricants, and the lubricating efl=~cieney !~|:' ~vl~ the number of 'aromatic ri~-s ° 8ome~of'~+il ~: 

and resistance to oxidatl0n ~ of these oils; :~ ~'~| ~ : 'aromatic hvdrocarhon~ ,~nt-~ , ~,,,,~,+i, ,.~e: 

_are more preyalent in the acids• Oleflnic lmsaturation 

and aromatic rings are present insome oxygenated 

: 

:: 

cC~on~ss[~d:nth~ce~i ~ d(tYPinC~l analyses giyeu). The 

pe s caieny on the reaction 

tern. perature and reaction time an d not to any marked 

ex'mn~ on me type ot catalyst used. . 

409. I Bul~'o, It:, AXD HU~rE~, W. Synthesi~Gas Pro- 

414, Bumvmx, R. L., Zm~ A~, T~xno~: H. S: kcfi;ated . -~!{!~!'i~i . . . . r. f used with ..... the-nucleus• ' ......... 01efinie,unsaturation ............ is '*'~ an . molecules . . . bu~ molecules containln~ ~ -o - oxygenated 

" .... 

Adsorptio~ of Hydrogen aud Carbon Monoxide on ~|:~."~i: important feature of the high-molecular-weight are- ~ groups have not been detected. : 

. Zinc Oxide---Effect of Water Vapor. 3our: Am: Chem. ' ~i -'t::: ! "' rustics:: Some unsaturatlon may be iu the rin~s of 421. C~co~'r,W. S. Activities of]:. G. Farbenindustrie TM 

: : Sot., col. 58,1936, pp. 1753-1755 "Chem ibs ' col 30, : "~ :ili::::: C0mpounds:of the indene or:the dihydronaphthalene :,- A.:G., Leuna. Soap Substitute. CIOS BePt. X=V~II- 

( 1936 p• 7954. : " : ~ ~ "' : .~J~':~:'?~: series ; the :'remainder is side-chaiu : unsaturation. : .:!9; TOM ~el 196 ; PB Rept. !S7 , 1945, 8 : " : 

.... 

: - 

: d ucti0n in the Fischer-Tropsch Process• . Interrogat 

ionôf Dr. Ko~bel: Bib. Sci. Iud. Itepts. col. ~0 

• ~0 z, ±u~, p. 1~, • ~'~ 9 2, 12 0! -: " ' 

• : 

~O vapor minimizes surface_ rodn~ei,, ,e ~.,n ,,,,,. 

]ysts at lower temperatures 5t-ls"stron~,5[va~s0rbe-d 

from g a S mixtures by those':fractions of the~' " Zn0 sur- 

:~[|:::::~. : .Aromatic rings occur to a small extent in the struc: : 

~ f$::" tUres of the oxygenated compounds. In tile benzene 

:~]~['~ -,:4, ~ '. ' ,~ ":~:~' : sel.les, monoalkyl and o-diall~yl:isomers Predominate. 

54 BIBLIOGRAPt-IY OF FISCHER-TRoPSCH 

saturated compounds, which were eliminated by 

catalytic hydrogenation over a Ni tungstate catalyst 

at 200 atmo and 300°-350 °. A mixture of straight- 

chain hydrocarbons was obtained containing the com- 

pounds from C~..H~ to C~J=I~,, but chiefly C~H~. This 

mixture was treated with SO~ and C1 while being ir- 

radiated with ultraviolet light at 30°-40 °. The reac- 

tion is carried to only 70% completion to avoid form°- 

. . . . . 

SY1WTHESIS AND RELATED ~ROCESSES . V . .... = ..... 

Z~TEZA~n~E ~STRAOZS 

: ............... .... 

55 

and CO at 250 ° the activity of these catalysts in- 

Was reputed by ignition 0f'pure NLN0, deposited 

lys~ 

an asbestos 

P . 

ricers. 

. . . . 

Ares 

. . . 

ma~e~r~a~ 

. . . . . 

~,~ 

+~^n 

~,~ 

reduced 

__ 

stiff mud. FIoHgel requires°-50% ~oreH:O than does 

ball 

_~ 

clay 

~ + 

to 

~ 

obtain 

~^~ 

the 

x-~ 

same 

r.r~ .~a 

eonsmteney. 

:N'a~H dissolved 

.~omt~ves, 

in 

=eases. At 2S0 ° the activity drops rapidly and even. 

tually reaches a period of constant activiw where the 

only products are CH~, C~H~, C and CO.,. The loss in 

activity due to 1%.S poisoning is a linear function of the 

amount of S absorbed, and when about 0.5 atom of 

S/atom of metal is taken up the activity is 0. Catalysts 

~i~ ~-- The gas mixture ~:as e.lrcula~d nOVeo~l:ne 

heated catalyst un~l no zurm~r lu~ 

was observed. The equilibrium composition of the 

gag was found by analysis to be: Temperature 565°, 

~ CH,, 32.7; % H, 53.9; % N=,~6.5; % COL1.4: 67~ 0°, 

24.4, 63.S, 5.3, 1.9 ; 770 °, 9.2 °, $5.9, 3.7, 1.~ '~t'ne vames 

~et~=~)~lmprove ~xtru~ion' characteristics. Florigel 

was tested as a bonding agent for a synthetic Mg silicute, 

an excellent decolorizing agent; at about 35% of 

Florigel, a maximum decoloring capacity was atrained 

and a hardness for commercial use, The follow- 

producing C0-~ are active for the water gas shift reae- of K~ corresponding to these results are: 565 °, 0.95; ing characteristics make Florigel suitable as a binder :" 

tion of excessive amounts of disulfouyl chloride, which 

is useless for soap prodnction. The sulfouyl chloride 

is used for soap making, belng saponifled with other 

soapmaking materials. A cresol ester is prepm'ed 

tion. Heating at 310 ° in the presence of H(and CO 

destroys the synthesis reaction activity, but does not 

change the shift reaction activity. H~S destroys the 

activity for both reactions. The shift reaction activ- 

670 o, 0.47 ; 770 °, 0.12. • 

429. ~ . :Methane Equilibrium. II. dour. Phys. 

Chem., vol. 31, 1927, pp. 124=130 ; Chem. Abs., voL 

Mixed with H:0 and catalytic or adsorptive materials 

it is readily pelleted, pressed or extruded; it increases 

mechanical irreversible strength with respect of soft to nonplastic H~O ; it is materials; porous pnd it in- is 

from sulfonyl chloride and used as a plasticizer for 

:polyvlnyl chimqde. The .No salt, called Mersolat, is 

ity of a H.~O producing catalyst can be increased by 

increasing the H.- concentration in the feed gas. These 

21, 1927, p. $49. : . . . . . 

Equilibrium constants for the reactions that might soluble, the material hence being does not bound; detract it from iS an the adsorbent surface area and of a 

nmde by Saponifying the Mers01 at 70 ° with a 10~ 

:NaOH solution. The oil is separated from the sodium 

alkyl sulfonate by decantation, chlorinated, and used 

as a solvent. At the peak of operation about 4,500 

tons per month o'f Mersol were being produced. Equipment 

and process are described, 

results are definite proof of the existence of 2 types of 

active centers: I for the sbift reaction and the other 

for the synthesis reaction. :~- dual reaction meclmnism 

is proposed; by which paratfins are formed by 

craxford's meclmnism, and oleflns are formed by 

simply splitting the (CH.-), chain off the surface. In 

conceivably occur along with the tbermal decomposition 

of C-.H~ are calculated by menns of the .Nernst 

approximation formula. The ealculatious are tabuluted 

for 200% 400 °, 600% and 800 °. The reactions 

with theirincrease in heat content :are : 

C~H~2C , 2H.~--14,600 cal.; C,I:I~G.,H~H.~43,500 

catalyst in its own right; it is stable at high temper°tare. 

CAPP,.T.P. Sceabs. 740. : 

CAnL~I~, 5. H.G. £'ee abe. 450. 

433. CAum.w.G.T. German Meat-Packing and Fat and 

422. CALnWEnn, ~. M.. AXD S.~ZT~, G. H, : Mersol and 

Hostapon Processes. L G. "Farbenindustrie A.-G., 

a: C0:-producing eatalvst the ~ }etal active centers must 

be present in clusters principally _ : : , 

cal.; 3C,H,.~-C~Hs-]-3H~--32,500 cal.; C..H~.~-2C-l-, 3H~ 

.{-23,300 cal.; C,H~C:H~-I-H_~W37,900 cal.; C.~H%'~. 

Oil Operations During tbe ~,Var Period. Food Teehnol 

voi. 1. 1947, pp. 404--414: Chem. Abs., vol. 41, 

: 

. 

: 

• 

• 

: 

. . 

H~chst. BIOS Final Rept. 1222. 1946, 9 Pp.; PB 

79,310. . . . . " 

Further infornmtion than iS given in BIOS :Final 

Bept. ~17S on the mamffacmre of Mers0l-type detergent 

products from a liydrogenated Piseber-Tropseb cut 

of boiling range 220°-320 °, Mepasim Mersol H: is: 

produced by the action of SO.- and C1 on Mepasin. 

Mersol H~ can be e0nverted to Mersoiat by reacting 

with caustic soda in 10% solution. Hostapon is produced 

by the direct action of SO.- and O: on Mepasin, 

using light or acetic aithydride" as catalyst. Tbe detergent 

properties:of H0stapon are essentially tbe same 

as Mersolat. Giyes derails of metlmds: 

. - " 

423: CALVERT G. C. Synrbetic~ Aleobols and Liquid 

Fuels Chem Age vol 5, 1921, p 153; Che u Abs 

voL 15, 1921, p. 3735. . . . . ~ : " . ' 

425. C,~XDEA, C...~-xn Kt~.x, 5. |Decomposition of 

Methane nnd Petroleum Hydrocarbeus'With Stealu.] 

Bull. sci. dcole polYtech. Timisoara. vol 5, ]934; pp. 

225--°32; Chem. Abs., vo]. 29, 1935, p. $302. 

Reaction of stealn upon OH, and vuri0us petroleum 

fractions, including n distillation residue, u'as Studied 

in quartz, aud steel rubes wi~:h various Catalysts and 

a wide range o£ temperatures. Natural:gas containing 

96.4% OH, was almost completely transformed iuto 

1%- (70%) and CO (20%) at 1 000 ° with an Fe-Ni-Mn 

catalyst, a ratio of sterna to natural gas of 1 : 3. and 

time of contact 20 sec. Kerosine produced 30..'% -H:and 

70%C0 under similar eondizions, excel~t that the 

" . . . . . 

tg.i,me,;°£s c~a{~cetd'XfaSmle~l~e ;e4"tro~r'~;n~06~liilthmin;tbig 

~' O " ' 1 e~ residue at ~007- 

0 °. This gas would als0 be suitable aS fuel for 

' 

C~H.~2H~={-S1,40O col:; 3C~H.~C6H~-163,0uo cal.; 1947, p. 7556, : -~ 

CH~C%2H.--I-l$:900 cal.; 2CH~C.,H~%2H,.W52,400 Synthetic butter wos made bY means of the Fischer= : : 

cal. ; 2CH,~C=H-_-I-, 3H.--I-95,900 cal. From a consider°- .Tropsch synthesis for the production of fat. Both Co 

tion of the equilibrium constants ir appears .that and Fe Catalysts were used. The yields of various 

whether the initial system be OH,, C.-H,, or C-.H~i:tbe fatty acid fractions " are listed, and the conversion of 

final equilibrium system will be CH,. C. and H-. in the : the fatty acids in triglycerides by esierification of 

proportions to satisfy this equilibrium. A In.ief review glycerol is discussed. The ~ synthetic" butter exhibited 

of the experimefital work upon C.~H~ and C-.~t~ decom- tt~e following values: M:lJ. 35 ° ; I number 10; saponifi: 

position shows that the above conclusion i s SUplmrted cation °--35; nonsaponifiable matter 0.2% ; hydroxyl 

by the experin emai evidence, value 8--!0: and free fatty acids 0.5%. Feeding tests 

~n ~+h-~ E~nilibrium ilI :~our Ph~'S ind coted tbat fatty acid Clmias of odd number were 

~. ~ . ~L...e .~ . .: ~. " -," : ,' just as valuable in human nutrition as the natural: • 

. Chem.. vol. 31. 1927, pp. 24t~-2~o; uuem~ -~Ds~, ~ o,. even.numbered fatty acids~ :It= was claimed: tlmt odd- : 

: °1 i9 ~7 i 1533 ~ um red ~vnthetic fat~ were of value in the feeding 

- In the catalytic decompositim~ of-C=IL the.cat, alwt . .... " of diabetics "' 

- , .... ...... , .... ....... . ......... n b, bee°use . . acetone . . bodies . . . are . not . . formed. 

most effective is a specially prepared -Ni-Ni oxide:; at from the odd-nmnbered C elmins. Soaps am1 lubrit-at~ 

300° and higher. CH~ is:prescott in tbe produqts, the : ing greases were made from fatty acid fractions un: 

• . ~ • caivert,has developed a meflmd of converting • . C . . =426 gas engines CA~TE~'O B : " % of CPL increasing with the temperature. C-.H~ isi=~ :~u table for themanufacture:0f svntbet ebutter.: 

into water gas ~and mixing this With 'otlier gases,' • " '" , . C. Thermal Decomposition Of Met h- L: ~II~ Stable up to 360 ° in the presence of a :Ni catalyst." 434 "CAnns.x~rr~, L. E.' Large:scale Production of - 

according to the product desired. Utilization of wood ane. I. dour. Phys. Chem.. voL 23, mlibrmm constants for the CH, equilibrmm at ovv - ~ o,, "FIAT Final Bent 11o0 1947 45 ~n • PB 

1924. iiP~ 1036- 7~717~o were Obtained. bY repeatedly circulating the :~xyg~,- . ,. ,, ,----', 

waste, charcoal, or earb0nizable tropical matter slmuld ~ 1048 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 19, 1925. p. 204. 

products of the 'catalytic decomposition of C-.H, over v~'~ 

yield fuel MeOH at $19/ton. Details of the process are • Calculation of the equilibrium constant for }be de- the Ni catalyst which are in general agreement with This report is:a Compilation of miscellaneous i~fforwithheld. 

The ratio of efficiency of MeOH to gasoline - composition of OH, into C and ~ slmws tbis reaction .~ those 0brained'by oti~er investigators :: ; : marion on oxygen production not previously recorded. 

: ~ for use in internal-combustion enginesis 5 : 4. to be almost complete at 700 °. Various contact cute- . . . . . . .... : The adtivitie~ of the ~Messer Company are discussed 

. . . . . . . 424 . . CAMPnEZL . ..... w..19 "~ ~."IN~ : W ~ ~ .~ ~XU :--= ~:':-- nw~ ~:-- Y V :., : lvsts " l' were ': therefore , hied • to hasten , the 431. . Ziethane Equiiibrinm~ IV. Jour~Phys. and tbe larger: plants built by them are listed. The • 

Ir0n-Irofl . Carbide . Equilib~'iUm:in . . Dry :Hydrogen . . at Cibla~k . ~:ot~: . s' tempe~:a~,'e; . :Asbestos . ~orma~o~½:f ::i :: Chem. V01: 31~ 1927 pp. 417-413; Cbomr.Xbs;, vo!. 21, ~ Kapitza process (iRnssim~) is .reported, This i s ~so : 

• 950 °. .Tour. Iron Steel Inst. (London), No. 108, - • ~ • - . : ' ~ ' .... ':.~| -:1927: p.' 2213. - .' : ~ • : : : . 'i" :::! :a nrocess in Which low-pressure air is employed. 'J:he : 

: : II 1923 pp. :173A178 : Chem: Xbs~ vol. 13~ 1924, p. 427. : Thermal DecomPositio ~ e£ Methahe II :~:| Free energy of formation Of OH, from H.. and qmor-, ot{tstanding feature appears lobe:the use of a-very 

1.qo0 pp .~9.q .q0 ~' oi~em: ~Z~-| :phous G i~ Calculated ~ as h :F~--19.280-~1o.o7 TInT efficient, compact, radial-flow, expansion tu~:bme. 

012 . . . . :: : ::: :: : our: Fbys: Chem:, 30, . . . . . . . . : "'- 

:Results uf several experiments to determine the Abs., vol. 20, 1926, p. 2934.: " 

in Fe to one of lower eoneentration Tlie loss :in -and-2 H.. Were derived and applied to experimental 43 ~ulCl~rP'~'n~h r t a~pdo]Victh:~a44r~Ce_l::~ledunbYtsL~ndt~ a~3i3e~ 

weight of the samples indicates formation-of a solu- results at 935 °. The reaction was 0nly36% complete ~:.'~}:~ : eats. Petrol: Bed e, • --,: " ' ' : ' ": States " ...... : : '~: : . .... 

" 

..... 

• - 

i - 

:~: : lion of Fe carbides, :which ': then react: With H~ , to :. after 1 -hr, -The velocity: was abnormally high for 5 ~:" : Flori ells a grade:0f Florida-Georgia fuller's earth 

~ form gaseous hydrocarbons. It is suggested, ffoni : min:untiltheWallswere'coveredWitb C:: : The velocity :~i[ : . that d~elops~its 'maximum adsorptive or: deqolorizing.: 

the small amount of.greasy substance found in ~che constant is of the order of 0 15 - ~i~[: ' capacity WheiJ heated to 1.200 ° F and its maximum - 

reaction 

.. ^~ 

tubes 

:' 

that 

.- 

the gaseous 

" 

C compounds are not 

* 

428 

, ~ . luemane 

-- ~ . 

~qullinrium. 

. . . . . ~ 

k~ dour. 

-; " .-rnvS. 

:~{~]~ 

:,~ 

i: dehydrating capacity= at 600. F. Plastic properties' 

enurely t~: out t~nat a part at least Were! hvdrocar-: ~ chem v01 ~n 

de 

~aoa 

uas 

,~n 

mot 

~a~, 

effechxe 

le,.~r, r,~ .... Ah~ ~I '~i|~,,~::: are destroyed at 700" 

~ner. 

F. 

vol..o5~ 

anda hard 

No 

granule 

ushm 

is 

tr 

formed 

. bons of higher molecular weight : ; 21 19'27 ~" ~,~o .......... ~e~-~=v; " ~ ..... ' --~" :~| 

n h 

~',': ? ':~ resistant to the action of H~O or steam~ ii Above 1,2007: 

': : Z ' bs 1625 " .... ..... 

: -"--'7-." ~ea ~o~,~: ~R25a ........ 

wAnLso~ ~, ~. ..... ,~. .... . " 

435. CARk~ols i.wSTITUTE OF" TECHNbLOGY~: :C0~T~ BE" : : 

~uss=~ 

:sz~zc~r 

=~--genieu[ vol 

I~noaA~rosY 

44 194hpp 

STA~. 

Mnl-50 

Coal---An 

~Iour inst~ 

Abundant 

Raw Material for Ne~- chemteuls: C hem. Ind,, 

Petrol 

v01. 

...... i i -: 

: : 

• .: 

".. 

4~t~onC~_~:~Wen ~L~°n~o~°~x~12"inF a ~e- : Equilibrium constants for the reacti0n C+2 H.~ ;~:'~-~ ..... ~(~.' ~':' :F IF. its adsorptive ad~ and catalytic properties decline. " In '52 19-13, pp. 202--20~L .... ::/" :: : ~ : : 

. .v t; ou- ' 21 "3 . . . . . • ~ ~ ~" ~vesfigating the use of Florigel as a binding agent in: : ~ Mention is made in the discussion of chemicals de- ::, 

lar Boa~ctor Wieh I--- o ..... ~-+~o+ v ~ ~-~ CHc{- ~ O cal., were calculated by ,:~aunuers Sounders' equa~ equa- ~ ~:,: ~:!:: catalyst: 

catalyst manufacture experimental samples were pre7 : rived from :coal • of the possibilities of the Fischer- 

"~h ^-~ v~l ~ . ~--~.~.:,,~..~.~,~.n~. ~,g._ tion log Kf~(4583/T)~1.75 log 2~-~-0.000630 :T--0.7 : 

:: vo~.~ :~ ~-~,~v~, pp. ~.~v.V--~,v, 0 ;~ne m AoS:, over the temperature range 500°-1 1000 With these ~v" e i -~]~ !,'i :': -~red -Imred by mixing a finely ground catalytic base mate,' TropschprocesS ..... ~ ....... : :: ..... : :':~ 

tues ~. t rlal and 

a binding agent kneading in the desired" /. ~ ,~ .o '~, .- :~ /:: .-- ,,~ ' : 

~" ~' "~ ' ~" "~" :: " :: ' :: :. :-: values of K, the equilibrium concentrations of Ctt, :: amount of H~.O and ---*,~-~*n~ the mixture drying at ~3v. ,~Ano,x, m. x~. t~nuns~mm uses o, vxygenj- xn- 

Some of the.factors affecting the Fischer-Tropsch and H~. are calculated to be" Temperature bOO ° % : 

~!](~: amount 0 

Cooling, "anti'testing for er" " g s egt , : ', • , 7 • ;. • " • 

syntheSiSalundumWere studied ~inimpregnatedorder to withlearn more about.-CI~, 63.9; % H:, 36.1:000 °, 37.9; 02.1:700 °, 16.3; " y ~ : i-.~. w ~cw~Chel~rt~ei~Os~t 

~ ° a ~ , ! ~ l i' l"" i ; i'i" i .~ ~ur]~}~b~nUfO~s~rmg~:us°sCie::w~..~f : ' .-'~" ' ~ ' i I ' -;: " "-' :" " tOhOi 'i 

• ' the reaction .mechanism. The rea'ct0r consisted o~ a ~ = $3.7: 750°, , 13.0 ; 87.0: 8OO °, 7.5 ; 92.5: $50°,4.5 ; 95.5 : 

porous tube, the catalyst, 900 °, 3.6 ; 96.4: 1 000 °, 2.0 ; 98.0 : 1,100% 0.3 ; 99.2. ~-~ 

through which the gases flowed longitudinally. Stable : These values reconcile the'results of earlier investiga- ~|i;:~'~i.i Ceded for good extrnsio .- " gr ~.~" ~'--~^- w,'^~ch Lur~i and Bergius processes and in 

: : anal reproducible Fe-Cu catalysts which produce CO2 tots. The equilibrium concentrations of CH~ and H~ ~:::.T(,~0ugh mixing are essential in increasing pellet strengm ~l~a~-~,~ , ~:~ ^f coal : : 

and hydrocarbons from synthesis gas at atmospheric ' obtained from the catalytic decomposition of pure '~3| ~ ~ ann ..o~-~ enou h H.-O to ~ive it the consistency o£a . unuergrounu ~u~m~u~u, ~ . 

~:,.,~ ...... ~ g . o . . . . . . . . . ~ ...... ......... . . . . 

pressure were developed. When treated with steam CH~ were measured at 565 °, 070 °, and 770 o. The cata- ~ z:=~. ~).. - . . ~ - • ~ . 

.... : : .... . , . - . .... : 

~ ' . ~-.~ ,~ ~=~!~.~.;~.*~'~'~v~-z-'~:~,~ "~-'.~ - ~ ...... ,.

" 5 7 

ABSTRACTS 

56 ~r~UOGR~P~" or nS~_ZmTROPSC~ Sn~S~S X~m RZ~T~D PR0CESS~S 

loducts form u substantial part of the produets of 431, C~'r~z, C. C, Tlzo~Ps°'~_; OGEZ;,K~y~e~I',2/". 

437. CAm~mCTER, H. C. H., ANn SMITH, C.C. Some Ex- amount of coal required to produce I ton of primary 

P' "n nine lants ATWELL. H. V.. -~..~D JONES, ~-. ~ .~e~a,,s~..~.~ • 

che Fi.~eher-Trop~eh process empk, yed i P " v ~ ,~ ~..,~t-en,-t- am --%Iain (.ermanv, CIO~ Rel t. 

perimentS on the Reaetion Between Pure Carbon products may be approximately 5 tons, whereas, with ~.'~(n~.~a combined outnut of about 500,000 tons per yr, ~ur=.; %,~-.~.~.~..

58 BIBLIOGRAPI-IT OF FISCI'IER-TROPSC[IK SYlqTHESIS A-~'D RELATED PROCESSES 

1 

}' W 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS : ....... - 59 

-: 

= - 

gasified at from 20-30 atm. pressure with O.- and steam. 

The coal need not be dry. but the water i:'ontent should 

not exceed 25%. Four plants had been built by Lurg~ : 

At Hh'scbfelde. 5 million m2 gos/year; 2 at BShlen, 

150 million m2; and ut B~ix, 100 million m2 The 

generator and its operation are described, operating 

results are presented, and directions are given for 

recovery of the liquid products. ::Results are given for 

3 kinds of fuel---2 brown and 1 lean bituminous coal. 

Composition of a typical purified city ga.~-C0~. 3.0 ; 

C,H,,, 0.5; ()~, 0.1 : CO: 22.$ ;' H:. 48.7 : CH, 22.6 : N=. 

2.3%; gas yield 760 m2/ton; 0.- requirement 0.15 m.'/ 

m2 gas (about one-half that required by Winkler generator); 

eflieiency of fuel conversion , about 85.2%; 

cost 2.4 pf./m; ~ wifl~ brown coal at 6.5 RM:/ton. In 

the making of synthesis gas a different procedure is 

followed. It bus been found that the actual pressure 

existing !n the pressure generator influences the 

nature of the produced gas; at lower pressures less 

CH, is formed In the presence of C. pressure displaces 

the CO : CO= equilibrium iu favor of CO:. At low temperature 

also the equilibrium is further displaced in 

favor of a reduced formation of CO. Since the requtred 

reducriou of CO forum]ion is not great, it is 

adequate to reduce the pressure from the usual 20 atm. 

to about "5-10 aim. Practical tests have showl| thata 

C0-H: gas mixture suitable for the Fischer-Tropseh 

lllthl i&: ith C0- bo: catoiyst can prepared by 

when g em-)l-v" . 'arran: of ^ low-temperature " _ . bitunlinon~ coke 

I o. lag u In'essure o~ aoout S.5 aim. with 

both 0.- and steam. Under such conditions a erode ",as 

of composition (C0..: 29.3. C0 el 9. ~. ~a a. ,~a ~,'; 

_A~, 15~)is 0bthined whc I :~fter tide"CO'is "~i ,,~,~,:~:~°-~' 

455. ~ . Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Monox. 

]de. Sci. and Culture, tel. 4, 1938, pp. 300-301. 

Chem. Zentralb., 1939, I, p. 3996. 

CO can be reduced at 243°'by means of a :Ni-c u 

catalyst activated and reduced at 2T5 ° tu a gas mixture, 

which contains more olefins (3.7%) than CH~ (1.71) 

458,~. Hydrogenatiouof_NIcke!Carb0nyl. Ind. 

Eug. Chem., tel. 31, 1939, pp. 1059-1060; Chem. Abs., 

tel 33, 1939, p. 7498. 

Evidence is givea to show that the principal reac: 

tions in the process of Litkenbous and Mann ]see abs. 

~.~) are C0+~==O+0= and 2 CO+2I-~-=C0..+CH~ 

t~eo aDS. V-lZ1.} 

i 

457. ~ . SYnthetic-Fuel Industry in india. Sol. 

and Culture. tel. 4,1939, pp. 573-531; Cbem. Abs., tel. 

33, 1939, p. 5]53. 

Ber~us, Fiscber-Tropseh :processes for hydro: 

genating coal, the preparation and nse of alcohol motor 

~s,.,comDl:essed-fi, el gases, and Sewage-disposal gas, 

'art]--. ~*r UP pncarmns tO motors are discussed with: 

P, nclnar rexerence to Indian conditions. Of 103.000,: 

900 gaL of gasoline consumed in i937. about 15.4 million 

gal. wos produced in India and 88.1 million gal 

imported from Rurma. The erection' era p out like 

that at Billingham, England. is recommended as a 

means for protecting the motor-fuel supph- both in 

peace Inu war. • : " . " 

458 ,~ ....... • -~ ~- -.. . 

Tran~,h ~,.,-~::~s~on o~o.at x]~o Ud. The Fischer-~ 

4, ~,~- ~.,.c ..... .,our. am,an uhem. See,, Ind and ~ 

~ews.J~u., yol. 8,!940 pp. 185_192; Chem A.~s. tel ~ 

• Sugar charcoal-N] catalyst for the reaction CO-53 and NH~ vanadate or of Ce nitrate and Cr(OAc)= to 

H4.3 at 4tl0°). fortuity of the Ni particles, prevents granule formation 

This catalyst entn'ely suppressed the reacuon " CO~ ou the surfaee and clogging of the pores of the pumice 

C+CO= and prevented deposition of C on the Ni surface, used, and prevents sintering. At 400°--t50 * the Ni 

Co0= acted as a promoter for this catalyst increasing eatslysts adsorb much CO=. 

the critical space velocity at 355 ° from 3.5 to 4.4. Some 484. - - . Catalytic Formation of Methane From 

C0=, obont 9 relume c,~ of exit gas. was pr,duced, owing Carbon Monoxide and HYdrogeu. V. Study of the 

mainly to the reaction 2 CO-~-2 H..~C0.-~CH~ and Promoter Effect' On Nickel Catalyst. Jour. Indian 

partly to the reaction C~2 H=0~CO=+2 H.~. Chem. See., re1. 15, 1938, pp. 2T~-248; Chem..%-bs., 

461. ~ , Catalytic Formatioa of :Methane From tel. 32, 193S, p. $742. 

Csrbou Monoxide and Hydrogeu. II. Production . Rednction of Ni catalyst at a temperature of 300 ° 

of Fuel GasesRich in Metlmne. Quart: Jour. Indian IS incomplete when it is prepared from pure Ni 

Chem. See.. tel. 2. 1925, pp. 157-164; Cicero. Abs., acetate. Addition of a small qunntlty of a mixture 

tel. 20, 1926, p. $6L . . . . of Ce nitrate and NIJ, vanadate or of ce nin-ate and Cr 

Use of sugar charcdal-pUmice-Ni Catalyst for ~lie acetate helps in bringing about' amore th0rongh reformation 

of CH~ was studiedwitb equimolal mixtures duct]on. Thus catalysis of a 'reactiou 2CO4-2H:~ 

~of H: and CO. with View to its use in cnrichh~g blue C0:nuCH, is accelerated by these promoters through 

water gas (H-~ 49% CO 42~). This catalyst was n0t their influence on the preParation of the Ni. Whether - 

as efficient as a' sugar charcoul-Ni catal.vst for pro- the promoters bare a direct effect. On the reaction 

motiug the reaction 2 C0-}-2 H.->CH,~C0: (I) and has not been settled: 

was little improved by addition of Ce0=~ Pumice- .485. - - . Catalytic Formation of Merhune From 

V..0~-Ni (A) was at ih'sr ver~: • effeeth.e but rapidly Carbon M0nox]de and Hydrogen. :VI. Poisoning by 

lost its act]riD': as re a¢'t}.o,L(I}. ~Jns ~'~arde!l, the Carbon Deposition. Jour. Indian Chem. See., tel. 

undesirable reactmn ~:u-t-3 ..r~-~u~t-t-~:u tx.*j was . 16, 1939, pp. 663-670; Chem.. Zeatralb:, 1940, II, 

" favored, thougll:with n slnfltler total conversion. ~ : ,~ 7o~. ~h~,, Ah~ v¢,l ~4 ~nan-~ 4723 

su"ar chareoal-pnmice-V.O--Ni catalyst (B) at 400 °-- ..... ,-.., ........ v ...... v .... ~'~' ,. . : 

~=~o ~o+~,~ ¢,i. ,,,,h*h~ ~'~ ~,,~*~" ~" ""~V~V of ¢ k~ Deposited C nay be adsorbed on Ni particles or may 

~:l'-:sin'"~:-=" ~:~o:l~'v ia\~'ol'e~l~'~:e,q~'ti'o ]~"¢II~ 'l~t form a simple layer on the sln~faCe Moreover, Ni may 

: m~, .y~elds a synthesis gas of cOmposition : CO- 1 0- 

~.v. 8u7, H~ 6t6" CH~-:'46" N o1~" F-...*~-^.::--E ' 

= ' ' p" 48,8. : . 

Nl can repmce Co h] the Co.ThO catalyst ~ 

: E:.q 

,,~ ~:;"! 

:even with h space velocft~ of over 2.5 cc~ gas pel- ca2 

~.*.x-~ ..... .'.. ~1l~- on;'f. ,¢ el~a {~a" ~'-s ¢Ollleel by 

uadergo carbide formatio n and .N],.0 may have .cat-: 

a vile-act vitv. Athos oeen suawn tna[ tile reacuon 

by mcreas ng the addition of srealn in t o nia~.~ ~,~ t ~e.~]eld of sohdparafiiis reacho~ a maximu 4~ ~,., ~':| ,~,,,~h,, crm~ Te a,,,,-,. ;.i,-,.o-&l -,-= ~ei~la~;ed by .... 2C0=C-[-CO= ~s catalyzed .by :N] and also by LNz=C. : _ 

_ : 

. . 

:, : 

- 

. g:qsi.fieatmn, tbe formation of CO may be so reduced : 1,0 ; tint of h~jnefiable hydrocarbon s at 150'/i Pros-:~]- Coconut charcoal the catalyst deteriorated rapidly; The ,~achgn C0-F3H~=CH,-{-HL0 Ls 2150,C 2, 0-1:~,0, 

~aa~ a scrubbed gas containing 70-75c~ H. and only ~res greater tuan 15:atm:= are not ~dvantage0us::'~"~| : Fe=O=-in place Of V-0= made (II) the chief reactiou. :.:Mg 0.~D,1.80, ~ 6.10+0.,~p, und ~'e o.lu-u.~U./~ ~ ~a]s . : 

~5% u0 is prQduced suitable for -~H= svntliesis or fo'r ~r]euy reviews large-scale operation in the Ruhr ';:~.~| :: The ~us obtained bv'u~e Of catalyst (B) was eom- .1 the remainder, butso that if uu Is'near its maximnm,.~ 11 

uydrogenatlon. In preparing: ~rnthe~is' ~as of • o .... ~ - • - - : ' ~ '~7~! "~ ~ar-~ in ~-~-rifi~'v-ltl ~ +o carl)ureted water ~as the total of the Ni. Sb, and Si is near the lower limit: :: 

H.- CO ratio to be used ~:ith th :'~'~ ~:÷-~ ,h~ ~:.'~ : r~-.,~' ~.am].~:dc Formatloa: of Methane From~:~S ~,~:~,~,,,,~"~*~. ~,~'~': ~.~:,,^,,1 ,~ ~" ,~:~n~ : and-vice versa. The alloy may also contain :Mn np 

: " " ~ : . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ya[']uUS Lure 0~ .rromoter Effect 0ll a Nickel- a ~" ~::;i . .- ..~ ..... = ,,o v.~,,, ,.. ~0-/c, --~.= = ..... g..~ ~. . . . . . . . . . : 

p°ss],bihties.a~aflable for the solution of the problem :: as Reactants Water VaPor and ~,,n,C~ talyst-U-"mg~:.:/~ very high calorific value. . 486. CIL~KnA-V.~-aTY, K. t%I., AND SAnr~a, J.M. Catalyt:m ! 

;i;a~a~go~,s%C~Icmsion-~at .econ om]caliy t!m most Carbon Mouoxide and tI~'drogen-;';;'ab:!~." ~.~}:._'~|: ~"! 48~ -~---2 Cata]yt ~ Formation of Methane From" : Formation:of OH, From CO and H:---a Study of~'~_ i 

" ' coal is to emnla, ;~[--:- ~:.~lm~:mg,~egaszro[u.m.own ' : " Catah't e Fo.,--,~x,, ..... [*':i.^ ~".^2~g'~| :: Carbon Monoxide and H./'drogen.: IIL Study of. ' ana ,~i-~*um.ma: Cu~a*~s~ t'repare 9,~rom ~n~ ! 

and • • : = " : • ' ", .... ~ Carbon Menoxid , ,.~=~-. : Varmus CataDsts. Quart. Jour. lndmn Chem. ~oc. . . . . . . 

.... : ,~,~ aft.el sc~ubbin = the gas to remove about ~'of the : )p,,~,,,,~ ~4~". e and Hy(~o~en. V Study of the~:,i~ - v,~ ~ ~no- ~, ~...a~, ~hmn" ~h~ ,-m no ~ao.~ cipitants - Current Sm, tel 13, 1944 p. 12~ ; Chem. 

: ' - ~_- an.u some of the H=S. The gas is heated to 145 ° "~"~r ~*~ec~0n ~mget uatalyst.::~ee:abs484:i_:4~|/_(:' ',~v~'d~, "-'~ ~" :?"* ":" vrT"-: q'~'; ";~" :-' ~';'~' -~bs tel 38 1944 p 6178.: " ! 

. . samrareu with H,O, again preheated to 500 ° and b~ CatalrtieFormation 0f Methm]e Froifi~:~:~|L ~ ~.~vw. : : : : ~ = : :i: ":" ": :~.~.~ ~,~:w ~,;,~ wn 1,^,,~-hi~ ~:1:;1~'> " 

• partial conlbustion with 0. beated t ~ ~-v~,nJ".. ~,~ Carbon Momxide'an ~ u_~.~ ~. ~ . . ~:!:~.;|~ 'r ~atalrsts as follows were investigated at 3On ° on . '~n a m~x~ur= ~ ~, ~--, ==, ~--~, .~=~... ~.*t.-, .-"' 

: absence of a catalyst recent-el]the C_'H con~;~!~,~ e' Carb0n DepositionS: .~,~ur~gen~d~ ~" ~ms0nm~!: ~'~ asbest0s" NI(0H) - Ni(OH)= and Mn(0H)- Ni(OH)= reactions occur inthe presenc e:-ofN1 ca tal.y~s: ~) 

,/~ ' .... and H=: :After sc~uibbia~ to remove~20', t1~'~'~,~:~'~"~ y ....... £ = " --~:7 -~" =v~" .::;~-(: on Mn('0H). ~InO..on: :Ni(OH)....~i(0H): and :. 2C0+2H=~CH~+C0.-. (2)= (.:u~-l/:u'~(;U=:-i-~=l:, :'±'ne:='- 

' gas has the com=o ...... -~'- o^ "~ -=-::'=- -,~.-~s]s ' - • ~ . ,~oe ads :1184, 1190, 1191 ~";~,~:~: Mg(OH) Xi~0H~ " on M-{oH~' M,{OH~ = on " influence of KOH' Na0H and NH~0H used to precipi, : 

::-: : ...... . S=, 50.7 CH,, 2.4; N=,:2 5.q~. 'In'this meihod 0f ~vn': 459. C~,u-:n~v.~m~, K. M..~Nn C~,~:mwAn~"~, P : R ~ NI(0H)= Ni (OH).- and'-Zn (OH).. 'Ni (OH)= on -tote ~z, wa s sma!l. Alumma promotes reac~on (1! .~*~ 

. ' thesis-gas production, 0:317 m? of 0. is~consum~a"~o: " :'~r~ee~ °~.~'°tassinm Carbonate ou Nickel CatalY~Q2~n(0H),,Ni{OH}.~andPb(OH)=,NHW0~snNi{OH),, := maximum acun~y oec~S a.v a:concen~.~:armn .e.=... 

' m:~_A flow sheet: with .diam.am of'ann,~,~,~,'~ ~,'_ " ~ortheF~scher-TropSchSynthesis. Sci. andCult~re~:~:~!~!~r(0Ae), on.Ni(0H)~, (NH0..M00, bn Ni(OH)=,:O.16Vo.:zxuvatmno~ ,,=uu~ ~o zne camtssc promotes 

i 1, 6, p;. 110-111 Chem. vo,, 41, 

) " , cost of ------5 pf./N m. in uni{s : ' : : ' ~ -: .- 

• of 1,000-2,000 N m2/hr;Lcapaclty and power c0nsum~ Catalysts eonta nlug traces of K C0, were fm~ 

' - ' 

tion of 0.65-0.63 kw-hr/N m ~ 

i I ' . . . . . . > 

-- = 

H=-C01°se" theirmixture..activitYTheafterdeactivatedPassage catah, st°f small afterV°hm: 

: C~kKR~V~, ~.:N. ~ce abs. 1183." i .: :.~ Washed with distilled'vCater and reduced at 200% 

~i_ : 

" 4St. CH~aAvAnrr K: M. {Equilibrinm Constants of 

~the Reactions CO-}-3 H=~CH~-}-H~0 • C0=-}-4 H ~ 

negligibly active at first but rose in'activity to ~s I 

value somewhat below that found with the 

• • : 

:CH,+2 H:O .: and 2 CO~_~'H=-'-CH,~-'C01 ZtSe~. 

Elektrochem, tel 34 i928 p~. oo-25 ~hem Abe" 

ivoI. 221928 p,~040. ' :' " -- ' " ~" 

preparationi- ~he catalyst composition was • K 

- guhr, 461 Ni, 45.771 Th0= 8.3%'andi~C0, tr 

Asimilarpreparationcontaining00~23~ Ce0~e~ 

: 

' : 

• ' : ' 

Constants for the above :equilibria at tem!~rafures- 

- hi the same manner; the reactivated Catalyst wa= 

very:active at 178°-180 ° but Was.steadii~, :acfl~ 

' 800°-1,300 ° have been calculated : (a) From the tart-. 

atio n with temperature of the equilibrium constants 

an : 

7- • ~ ] zrom me aea~s oz reaeuon and me 

specific heats and chemical constants of reactants and 

2i9=-220 °. The presence of K~C0= causes'the f6 

tion of C, CO.., a~d H=0 rather than hydrocarbons 

460. c.: 

•'Formation of :Methane From Carbon Monoxide 

Hydrogen. I: Quart. 3our. Iudian Chem. 

products. The figures obtained are 

diSeussed.~. " .... i • i 

compared and ,vol. 2t 1925, pp 

:1926~ pp 860=861; 

150-156; Chem 

i, = : 

Abs: voL 

: 

• ,j ,~: . . . . . ....... : , , . . . . . . 

"~ an A M ''~U~ NV'~H ~ on ~I'0H ~ AlCOHOl' ' reaction' (9) . Results of 1i runs are tabulated with ~- 

',OH)~, Ni(NO=)= on AI(0H)=. Those with AI analyses of reaetants and resultants, we]ghtandvolume 

lost promising..4: rapid fall 0f activity occurred :L of catalyst rate of flow and total:volume of gases, and : " i 

roses. Thepumice-sugar citrbon-Nt catalyst at : reaction temperatures..i i ! 

ld not sh0w-marked increase of activity with L 467. ~CHA~V~T~,K. M., ,~'~n SE~,-~ E. X-ray Diffrac- ~ ! 

~l[t 10:2 : 0~65. Loss: of activity was slow, bu t. ~ ti0n Studies Of a Nickel-Thori~t-Kieselguhr Catalyst ~-: i 

Lys deposited ou the catalyst. :. ": for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.) Nature, vol. 160, : :i q 

Hkt~n:m'A~-, K. M. cataiytie Formation Of." 1947, pp. 907-908; British AbS~ 1948, A 1, p. 155..i' i 

lane From Carbon iMonoxide and Hydrogen._ : The prese:uce of fffew diffraction lines:0f kiese]guhr"., i 

SPecific Nature of Promoter Effect: on a-Nickel "ion the X-ray diffraction diagram shows thats in the _ i 

Llyst Using as :Reactants water Vapor and Equal i process of depositing Ni On kieSelguhr, the structure I 

~mes of Carbon Monoxide ~and Hydrogen. Sci-- has undergone a change. The 2 lines of Eae kieselguhr ~ i 

and Culture, vol 31938 p. 396 ; Ztsehr. anorg, show~n in the photograph are identified :as the strong 

n~,~vol. 23~/ 1938; pp: 331-387; Chem. Abs:, vol. linesofferriei0xideDresentinthekieselgahr. Thelines i 

• 938, pp. 2818, 6535. " :-; : - o f silica of the .kiese]guhr are absent inl that of the • I 

rt from CH, formation a C-Ni catalyst contain- catalyst. ~ It is concluded from this that during deposi- 

3ria and ceSta'accelerates the formation of CO, tion of metallicNi and Th on theldesclguhr theerystal- 

nd H~ from H=O and C, but with K:CO= the i line portion :of silica becomes amorphous, while the: 

~ion of C and CO- from C0 is promoted The structure and the crystallinity otthe ferric oxide re- 

)n 0f a small quanttty of a mixture of Ce nitrate main unchanged. : The broadness of the lines indicates,'

60: ¸ i• 

OF FIS(IH_ER-TROPSC2K_ SYl~T]KESIS A~D RELATED PROCESSES [ 

_ LITERATURE ABSTRACTS . . . . 

[ / v :¸¸ : 

however, that the er.vstal particles of ferric oxide have 

disintegrated, yielding crystallites of smaller s/ze. The 

change in structure was brought about, not by the 

heating of the kieselguhr in H.- during the deposition 

of Ni and Th; but by the disintegration caused hy the 

decomposition of the carbonates of Ni and Th delmsited 

as an initial step in the preparation of the catalyst. 

:Nt is present as is Th in crystalline fm~a in these 

samples. 

CHAm:.~VAm'Y, P.B. R.cc nbs. 459. 

468, C~AO, T. Y, Hsv, YV. W., ~.~-o "Wzx, C. [Study of 

Iron Catalysts for the Synthesis of Liquid Fuels Frem 

Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen.] Jonr. Chin'ese 

Chem. See., vol. :12, 1945, pp. 1-14 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 

40, I946, p. 3S6~. 

Becanse of the lhnited supply of Co and Ni in China, 

increased use must be mode of Fe catalysts in indns- 

~rial processes. Ill preparing tl e catolyst, Fe pills varylng 

anlonnts.of Cu as promoter are dissolved ill l'l~Oa, 

mL~ed With stdrch: kieselguln., and K=C0~. aild ignited 

Water gas is passed thr0ngh the reactor at a rate of 

2 1. per hr. and the yield measm'ed in terms of ml. per 

m.~ of gas. Each:run was continned for 20 days or 

znore, and the products were examined at 24-hr intervals. 

hIaximum results are obtained when about (}.5~, 

of K.-CO~ is pre,¢ent mid when the Fe : Cu ratio is 5 : 1. 

Satisfactory yields are obtained at a reaction temper l- 

lure of 240% The activity of the Fe rntalysts w IS long 

lived. The kogasins produced gave on distillation good 

yields of light oil as well as paraffin. 

469. C~JAP~A,X, O. ~[ S.vnthetie Liquid Ftiels. !949 

Annual Report .of the Secretary Of" the Interior. L 

470. ~ . Synthetic Liquid Faels. 1950 Annual 

Report of the Secretary of the Interior~ L Oil 

]Prom Coal. IL Oil From Oil Shale. III. LiOui,1 

Fuels From Agricultural Residue. IV. 0ii ~om 

Secondary Recovery and Refiniog. Bureau 0f Mines 

Repts. Of Investigations 4770, 4771, 4772, 4773 February 

1951, pp. i-xiv, 1-74, 1--SS, 1-1:2, 1-16. ' 

Review of operations during :1950 of the synthetic 

liquid fuels Iaborat0rles and demonstration plants. 

Progress in the oil-shale developnient program reveals 

the commercial feasibility Of these operations, and it 

is believed that gasoline and oil can be produced from 

Shale at costs that coral)ere faverably with those for 

petroleum products. The estimated cost of delivering 

raw shale to the retorting plnnt: exclusive of depletion, 

interest, nnd profits, is $0.426/ton or $0.015/gal. of 

shale oil The retorting process has been improved as 

to both method and cost by the development of the gascombustion 

retort. New experience has been gained 

in the operation of the coal-hydrogenation demonstration 

plant. Costs:are beilg reestimated and will be 

reported on completion. Ir appears that the Cost Of 

producing gasoline from coal i~ sonlewhat greater than 

it is from shale. The potentialit/es of the producrion 

of aromatic chemicals, such ns benzene,and phenols, 

are being im-e}t gated~ The great flexibility in the 

operation Of coal-hyd~'ogenadon plants to produce different 

grades and types of fuels is of great strategic 

advantage T lie construction of .one Or more commercial 

plants is also recolmnended. T1}e gas:synthesis 

process for the production of synthetic liquid 

~uels from coal by way of synthesis gas (C0+H:) is 

t~ be p!aced iu operation ~at the :delnonstrati0u plant / 

tuining below 570 ° Fee prepared at high temperature, 

nny change ifi lU'operties after gradual heating to 900% and using metailographie methods and appenro 

1,000~during 10 hr. Slight separation of graphite in ante of ferromagnetic propertie.~ The diagram, tern - 

previous experiments of this nature may be attributed perature-gas composition, fixes the conditions for preto 

oxidation. Fine Fe wire was transformed entirely paring Fe, Fee, and Fe~O~. The following equilibria 

into eementite, with nu trace of grnphite, after heating were also studied: Co-{-H:0~CoO-{-H--; Mo+2FI:O~ 

to SS0 ° in cynnide. Pyrometer protection tubes of Fe ~Io0..-{-2H.-; -W.{_ o_I~ 0 ~,.~_W 0.~ +2H.: 2W0~-{- H:-O.~- 

I ram. thick from cementatiou furnaces were also TF*_0~+H:. The last confirm the existence of the oxides 

fmmd to be completely U.an~ormed into eememite- we= and W-O: and the diagram fixes the conditions for 

Carburafiou of solid Fe below 1,000 ° tends therefore preparing we_-. Ni. 51nO, and UO.- are not oxidized by 

to form cementite, nud the distribution ef the C be- water vapor. From tile measurements of She sy~ems 

neath the surface is de~ernfined enly by the rate of Fe.t_H.O(CO,)~FeO+H=(C0) values of the water-gas 

solution and diffusion of cementite :in solid Ft. 

equilibrium K=(CcoC~o--Cco~Cu:),are calculated 

473. CHAR~,'C [Synthetic Fuels.] Chaleur et ind,, 

vol. 10, 1029, p. 3S0 ; Chem. :kbs., v0]. 24, 1930~ p. for 686 °. 786% 886% and 986 ° in excellent agreement 

witll Haber's values• For K=I was found S1O°; 

1197. 

Brief mention i.~ made of some French workers, Mar- Hnber, ~5 °. 

celin Berthelor, Snbatier and Seuderens. Prudhmnme 477. ~ . [Reduction of Metallie Oxides by Means 

aud Houdry. The Pieters furnace at Millau and the 0f Hydrogen and Carbon .Monoxide,] Chim. et iud., 

Tauzer furnaee af Lahnlue. Frauce, have not giveu vol. S, 1922, pp. 959-964; Chem: Abs., vol. !7, 1923, 

the exl)eeted resultm An attempt is being made to p. 821. 

use tlle Prndhonnne-H~mdr); process in ~lle catalytic Review of tlle lueehanics of flle.veversihle reactions 

hydrogenndon of the water gas froni St: :Julieu: Jig -r : Fe+H=O-----FeO-}-]~- aud Fe+co~=Fe0WC0 and their : 

nire to produ(:e a mo~or spirit. 

reh~tion ~0 tile di.~0ciatinn (,f Fe0. H=0. and CO:., and : : 

474. CH,~SnX~. L. M. [Synthesis of .Methanol.] npplicafion of these results to the measurement of tile " 

Jonr. Cliem. Ind. IU. S. S. R.). 3"01. kl~ ~, 1037 h PD, : equilibrium of o mixture of C0 and CO.-: 

366-369 ; Chem. Abs.. vol. 294 1935, p. ,939. : -------. ~cc abs. 1053, 1054, 1514, 2272, 2275. 

~iatheniatical eqnations arc derived for tile ealeula - 478. C~A~nuo~', G.. Axu B~:XAi:n, .'L [Process of Detiou 

ill general form of tile eqtiliibrliun concentration 

of MeOH.'for tile maximum productivity of the appara- composition 

Fro lee ;1949: 

of 

D 

Ferrous 

pp 117-119; 

Oxide.] 

Chem. 

Bull. 

Abs. 

see. 

vol. 

chhu. 

43, 

tus, and for connecting the ratio H.~ : CO in the freshly:: ' 1949 p, 6901, ~ . ' :. 

introduced gas with thor ill the eirculatiug gas. The 

:. pre~enee~ of inert :~'~ .~tr( n~h~. :affected. ~ the~,, vield. Of .~olidDec°mp0siti0nplmse reaction°f FeOTheat reaction30tl~-ZT0°wasiS exOnsivelYfollowed bya : 

; 

[:': 

ufl From Coal. II. 0il From 0il Shale. HI Linuid 

Fuels Fl'om Agrieultaral--ltesidnes. IV. 0il F~'iun 

Secondary:Recovery and lletining:[ Bul'enifof Mil 

es 

Repts. of Investigations 4651, 4652 4653. 4654[ FebrU- 

~ ~msmna, ~Io.- Studies of this process are no't 

as f~r adva~med as those for coal-hydrogenation or 

Off ~hale.- ~he greatest attention is 

-being given 

:-to 

'the completion 0fa method for t e production of:sYn- 

!~il ~Ie0H. 1- xl~ i'l e, a ch'm#e " ~ ill ~he rnuo ' r~* . : . ~-~ . . a,o, . . r~,,-. . . 

: C~Er~ F, ~C "~ " ~ 1~ : 

tively little e f f e e t . . . . . 

~ . - , • • ': " '--"~ ............ - ..... 

475; C~ikt'nno~. G[.r [Reversible Re'~ctions of Carbon 

- thermom.l-netic : • ~ . nnalvsis. . . . . A phase . dmgram • l~ -.~ given - 

:[or tile-system !ZeO-Fe~0c-Fe: Tile rate of decom ..... 

l~osithm:wfis 

. . . 

determ 

. . 

ned. 

. 

to he,~ 

. 

functiou of the temperature 

of 1)reparation, the..cencentrafi0n of O.- : - 

.: : 

ary 1950. pp. i-xxii, :1-62. 1-70, 1-13, and:l-26, 

• : • 

:~Ianvtechnmalprohlemsarevett0besolvedinplac- 

. 

thesis ga s by gasifying Pulvtrized' coal iu the presence 

of steam and 0- under pressure of 450 ~ ~ i Tile 

n~ee ;~ ~,; ~5: .... --" '~ ..1-.~. - 

Monoxide 0n.the 0xide~ of ir0n.] : C0mpt. rend, vol. :. duringpreparution, 

, - 

179 1921. up. 15"-'-15o; Jonr. Chem. 

~ 

~ocr, 1,_1, 

,o -ii 

, or Fete,. 

nod the presenee 0£ particles of Ft. 

- . 

• • 

: 

! ' : process improvements Should effect a redaction in'o;~er- the 2feint studies and results of the dem0nstration :,~'| F~.0, is rednced te the nlagnet~c oxule; a]~_d.be)'~:s a :in 19-4, pp. _!73-21',6; (:he .... ..... • 

atin .o~e ~-~ ,u.o +i .... ;,u,:~h,, o,, ,~ ..... ,~. worx. omer pro3ects under investigation are" Vor- ;;~! : stage2 reactions maYoccnr, l~e/0w v~u ~,v~Z2~- ~. ~ " : 330u. : 

. . . . n i'df~l~ i'n'd~,.~-~;~',~; :~,~,:~,~:~.:~, ~$~x~,~m rex reactor for coal gasification in~d~:~i0und -a~fica : ~| gle ~,.~tem corresponding with Fe=0~+4CO~co.--t-3Fe; Object was to Study the vel0cit es of. 2 reactions in- 

: : able rates 'The estiiunt~d onn~en~ ~m-,~h~,~,~r ~.~, " ti0n, purlflcahon of synthesis .gas and tile 0xo ~?| - Above uS0* fllere are 2 eqmhbrla~leloxe inlaying a.t~ voh'ed in the equilibrlum4FE0----Fe~O,+Fe. Fee was 

"i .... ~:,: ~,a,~ :~.~,:^, _.,:...~ ,~2"2X-~,r:?;"-rr .~"':~Vr:~L "~'~ " process, : ~" ~ ~| Fe, namely Fe~0,+C0,~3FeO-{-C~: ann reu'ruu~ ~r~ared at 800°-900 ° and cooled rapidly .to avom- 

": ¢~E~ ¢o 7)7,=. i::';:[7" ~7~ ~-~. .... ~---~ ~ ..... ,, rim. per ~,]~a~,~.'~" '~,;,,,~'~'~"~ ~': ..... ,. ~., n~nesls o~ if or- :~'| ' at 5S0 ~ .Below ~5.~0 ° ' Fe0 is: unstable ~and ~s trans . .: o~ ~. at Constant teuiperature and anah'zed by treat- 

--~ ,eo,-~ per urn..4.e~ual prouuction eost~ per g. 1 " - .. ........ .. ...... r. ~em. ~oe, vol. ~7 ~vo5 pp vlu- : ~.~ . ~ . " . ." ~... L ..~ ~: ~.,a +he nia~netic Oxide : - . . . . . . ~-~ ~ ~0 ,-- :. ~+,.-+;r.',~ ~ith 

..... Of aas~;-~ - ..... ~;...-*^.~--~ ¢c~ o-., ^--, en ~n~ ' • 9o0 ..... : • . . •'. '.' ' " .. " j~| ~[orlne¢l 11110 a unxLuI'~' ,J~ ~e ,,,u • ~ ' ~ " - ' ' inz with dilute ~ ~or ~- ,~... ~,,,,,~--- ,, 

: " ': ~i~Y~]:i ~ a:lo]~h]gi~i;i:~:!~ ;~;~.ii'm!aa,[e:(a;eeSlueji : ~:By p a,smg O0:andl~.- over .N[ w0ol heated td:480 °, " :5 ~:O~'~Fe'0'-}-[Reversible: Reactions of Hydrogen and TY~henOr':c~v:"tho~'~igh~e~ Feant~s~toe~tee(~e'd~th~ s~?t~ :s 

: ' would thus:an-near that oil-rh~le~'~r-~,~;~-~]'~'x,,~; ~J~ ~ ,,~mou.nes, o~:y,.~ -were obtained, that could be. : ")" Carb0n 310noxide off Blet,~liic:OxideS.] :'Aun. chim.; :: plotted: against the[ temperatnre:; At 300° ~ree i~e 

..... from th~ ,mh;t',~f e.m,m~,., ;~ , +" :.,:~-::~-~'-~--;~ ..... "~'- ~W=~u N-,..v ~y me most carezul tests with Schiff% :- wl ~r :~,o~ ~,,~ oo1-')8i- Chem. -Abs., vol 16;~1922, : could" be determined. 'The fra¢¢ion trans~ormea then 

. . . . . . . . . . ~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,1..allen. -tile cost or . reagent. Wlth CO.- until=I: and xvith C0,.]~.., and steam ~ , - .... , ~--, ri • -- , 

': 

[ 

,- 

i ~ 

: 

shale mining has:recentl~'been'~rednced to $0.29 per appreciable quantities of OH.-0 were obtained. : ....... 

, ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ton: It is. coneedgd~ however that. it is doubtful at 472. CHAnPy; G.~XND PINOAULT,: P. ['conditions Re-. 

present that a c0al-hydr0genation plant: producing " qufred foi" Formation of Cementite ~ ^- ~+ a 

motor gasoline would be an attractive commercial in- : ,^, ..... o . . . . . . . ., vom~,~, ten,., ~ 

vestment in Viewof the above c0sts, li is reasonable ~ ~,,~o,,:~u~~,.:pp. Ou~=-a~u ; Chem. Abs., re!. 23, 1929~ 

to expect that these costs can he reduced :by the new ' :P::'~': : : ', ::" : [ [ : :~: :., 

developments in catalysts and operating methods.under " Review Of previous experiments, Showing that Fe ~ 

investigation perbo, by 15 0 : 0o t calculatious with the formation of 

pp OlO-Ol 3 : . . : Increased to 80%at 4S0% passing through a.maximum 

~ . " - ...... " r . 

feahires }~emously u~e}l with ':~ there and fnnlng to 0% at 570 °. At 592% 24% of Fee 

'~ :L ADpai.atus combined. • ' I : . . . . . : - - ....... ,~ ~ ~ were formed in °4br from 

[ ( modifications designed to effect continuous slow:circu- ann au uvu i ~7o v~ :~, ...... o - " " 

:' lotion of the gas phase over the solidi)hases and "to a sample originally c0nta/nin~-0% bf Fe0. At 445° 

'~:~ r i in-le tbei~m0stat well removed from tile':' the velocity ~of the :reaction :is expressed by ~x/dt= 

i~: ~. equ rc a s ~ .... ' -, ~ ~,~ a~ .: z:~100--x~ ~ :When change in'volume:is plotted against 

i~ ~: furnace;. The .comlm~xtlou~" ..o~ me gas. ~ ~.na~ .......... .... i ~ ..... . ,~,~,.o+,,,.e' . . . . ~ -nomalies . . . are . observed . . corresponding . 

to 

! ~" : termined at intervals, pH O-pH oy'tensmn measu;~- .... Zc~en~cal chart "es : • ' • :: :: 

: refr.ctio an interferentlal the g : .... : 

• 

: 

. 

: : 

: 

• 

• 

J : 

for commercial gas:synthesis Operations asia- coal will Y : " e separated from the 0ri inal metal ~ 

: be:based off the demonstration tests as Carried out :at bY a na~0w-transiti0n-zone, and that Ceme~tite could :~ 

: the plant being erected at Louisiana l~Io It will be. decompose at 700 °. Pure electrolytic Fe filings~ free. -! 

ab0uta yearbeforethese estimates:can be:made Sev ..... ~a~°~ng~ wlere carburized by cyanide or hydrocarbons, .~ 

~ eral gasification processes for the production of ~v{~: . p . " 1 properties :were-studied. Theden- ~ 

thesis gas from c0al are in the uilOt-nlant sta~,e Tl~ ": Slty, ~leereased graduaily with absorpti0n Of 7 C to a - ): 

• i~tvesti~ation~ s ~ are of -rim- p e.lmper[ance, " - ~ " " SlUCe • ° "'" toe cosl; ~ limit Of F~ of fi'~--- 7.40 at ~ 0% The ~ magnetic " " attraction of i ~ .-m. :~ 

~ 0f; s~'nthesis "-as wI" ~'--A-~ h , ~ ~ . ~ ~s uecreaseu oa earounzing, from 7gin to ~ 

:: (50~0%) 0f~he:'cos~ ~ o~'~llaY~d ~u~ ~;gm e ~a raea0n : : a. constant ~value of about 4 gin. The, filings Car-: ::! 

. . . . . . u e gas- burized to Constant density and-magnetic attraction .~ 

synthesis process. (Lengthy abstract appears 'in . contained 6.T5%::C and left no trace of insoluble C ~ 

: . . . . Chem. : • Eng. . News vol. : 2S~ pp. 914," 916 ) : when. dissolved in HN0~. This Droduct did not suffe r 

2~: :method shown:GO be Capable of detecting a variatio n" " CHA~AvI~r, :M: K. ~co-abs. 2754.. - 

~' 0f 0:5% in emuposition~ Equ/iibrlum ~as deterinined::r ~480 :CgA~x 1{ [Combustible Liquids From Coal--a 

by both oxidation nnd reduction experiments. The:" I~edture Deli~.ered: at the College of Frauee.] :Bull: 

...... triple Point at whk'h Fe Fe0 md Fe:0, coexist Was . ~c chim vol 43 19o8 pp 3~'~--t11" Chem. Abs v01 

:~ : ; found to be 570" the data being concordant for be : oo i9o8 ,~ 2S~6 ' " : " : 

U~ • gas ph[ises. Above 57/09 the: equilibrium curve has ~ =" " ' ~" " " ~ 

~::~: :z 2 branches Corresponding to .Fe-t-H:-O~Fe0"~H-" ~ t{evieW ::of :prodUction of :combustible liquids from 

~'~ (and Fe-}-CO:~FeO-}-C0) and 3FeO-}-H=0(C0:)~- c0al by hydrogenation and by Utilizing hydrecarbon~ 

1:.~;:~ ~ Fe~Oc~rH.(C0) " Below 570 ° I system onl~ exists: ' constituentS of coke-oven gas for producing alcohols 

~:.: 3Fe 4.1=Li- C0"I--~Fe30~4H.(C0)" The triple point ' and usingcoal tars for producing C~I~, its homologs, 

ii: .eo;e~go~ 0( totJhe invai, iant.svste£1 4Fe0--Fe~0,+Fe. and'other aromatic compounds. ~ The syntheses of 

ii This transformation Was directly 0bserve'd by main: . Me0H, synthel and liquid hydr0carb0 ns frbm C0 pro-. 

61

62 BIBLIOGRAPI-rY OF FISC/:IER-TROPSC~[ S'f~HEsis AND RELATED PROCESSES 

duced by the gasification of coal are discussed. Bibli- 

ography of 160 refs. 

481. C~E:~ze.~r., Aaz. Latest German Developments in 

Coal Liquefaction. VoL 13, 1925, pp.: 268-269. 

Information on processes for coal liquefaetien, the 

Ber~us process, and a brief discussion of the pessibili- 

tie s of synthol. 

482. --------. Fischer Process. Vol. 35, 1936, p. 367. 

Editorial comments on Melchett address by F. 

Fischer to the Institute of Fuel. 

4 8 3 . - - . Gasoline From Water Gas, Germany. 

¥ol. 36, 1937, p. 152. 

Loan of R~I 55,00iLO00 for Gelsenberg Benzin A.-G. 

was oversubscribed on Februarr 4, first application dar 

The loan is guaranteed by a mortgage over the Gelsen: 

berg's future plant, while the debt-service Secnrity is 

485. ~ Oil From Coal in South Africa. Vol. 36, 

1937, p. 215. 

i A Fischer-Tropseh plant is to be erected in South 

Africa by the Anglo-Transvaal Consolidated Invest- 

ment Co., Ltd., Which has acquired the rights. This 

will be the first Fischer-Tropsch gasoliue plant in the 

British Empire. 

: 486. ~ . Catalysts for the F!scher-Tropsch Proc- 

ess. VoL 39, 1938, p. 391. 

Fischer-Tropsch process of synthesizing-Petrol from 

CO and H~ is finding its way into large-scale iudustry 

in t!m Far East. The ~Iitsul Mining Co. which has' 

acquired the r~ghtSc£aOrthee~3:S~re~uinnth e Far East 

is building a p ' P p ci g 30,000 kl. of 

petrol per yr. and the South Manchurian Oil Liquefac- 

tion En~neering Co. which was founded joi ltly br . 

i the Mitsui Co. and the Government of Mauchukuo, is 

also to Utilize the same process ill a factory to be built 

I : = i . : i: ¸ 

D 

fm to 350 tons per me. The paraffin is first oxidized 

and then heated to extract the fatty acids, which are 

used to make butter or soap. For butter, the fatty 

cid is redistliled and glycerin and carotin are added. 

• ~rom ~o0 tons of paraSu, SO tons o~ ~at~ .~_d~!e 

^~uced enough to make 40 tons o£ nuccer or ~,~. 

63 

L=ERATU~Z ~ST~CTS .... 

ply in submarines° Its productiou, however, is not 

economical since, under the best conditions, the production 

of 1 ton of synthetic soap or fat required consumption 

of 60-70 tous of Coal 

491. ~ German Fatty Acids. Production From 

Lignite. Vol. 5T, 1947, p. ,542. 

The production of fatty acids bY I. G. at Oppau was, 

in general, simila~{ut~:ll:tcebYtt~aD~lltS~ah~tFe~.le~ 1 

Werke at Witten- , P " " 

with the Fischer Gatsch paraffins, while Rieheck paraffins 

were used at Oppau. The latter were obtained 

:from liguite pitch and TTH-paraffin, resulting from 

high-temperature hydrogenation of lignite, as well as 

from synthetic paraffius obtained by the Fischer- 

Tropsch synthesis. Output of synthetic fatty acids 

since 1937 amounted to 20,000 tons annually at Oppau, 

while Witten-Buhr turned out double the amount. The 

end products were mainly used in the manufacture 

of soap; only a few tons were used in e.x-periments on 

the manufacture 0f margarine. The price depended 

chiefly :on that of tl~e paraffins used. During tlm war, 

Oppau produced fatty acids at 2 :R~I per kg. or twice • 

that of fatty acids derived from natural fats. After 

Oxidation with air in presence of potassium permanganate, 

the fatty acids were distilled into 4 fractious and 

a residue, the latter being used for the manure':tare:of 

stove enamels, synthetic vaseline, etc. 

492. ~ . Utilization of Coal. Vol. 57, 1947. PP: 

. 

. 

' 

reinforced by a guarantee of Vereingte Stahlwerke. 

When production starts, Gelsenberg will, with Lennawerke, 

another subsidiary of Vereiugte Stahlwerke, be 

the largest hydrogenation works i'n Germany. But 

where Lennau erke u~es hgmte as raw materzal and 

proceeds by the costly Bergius process, depending on 

high-temperature pressures, involving rapid wear and 

: tea r of Plant, Gelseoberg will start from coal by using 

tile Fischer-Tropsch process which deteriorates the 

plant far less and produces higher petroleum yield with 

very little waste, 

484. - - . Hope L0ilg Deferred. Vol. 37, 1937, p. 

267. :: • : . 

Editorial calling attention to Poss ble misleadim, 

at Fushin. The latter, when fully eqtdpPed, will produee 

200 000 kl per yr 

Success of the~e enter~ri~e~ natural ....... --~lurge 

measure upo n the efficieocy :and economy of the ' 

catalyst emplo~'ed. The two finus are not likely to 

use the catal.~st discovered and recommender[ by 

Fischer himself, which is 1Wi containing oxides of Mn 

and A1 as promoters and kieselguhz; as carrier; but 

they will probably use one of those developed in this t 

country, such as those discovered by: Dr. Genitsu Ki~, 

: Profeesor in the Kyoto Imperial I~niversity. and the 

: Fuel Research Institute of the Miaistrr of Commere~ ::~ 

and Industry. : .... : -::: : :~ ::::- 

Pr~soap: th~ fatty acids are not redistnled, ou~ soua 

fs°%dded.-~T1]e butter nPorOdcU~end e by t?: onll-~ hauut~%n 

method, which conu~lns , 

that canoe eaten Safely by diabetics. 

489 ~ . Coal-Chemical Transformatiom: ¥ol. 55, 

1946, PP. 725-726; Cokd Smokeless-Fuel Age, vol. 8, 

1946, PP- 258-260. 

:Now that investigatiOn of the German chemical industry 

has been completed: a clearer analysis of Geran 

scientifc progress and development can be made: 

~s regards the Fischer-Tropsch process, around which 

almost fabulous hopes and exl~ctations had been 

built, the sober truth is: that tile vaunted German 

scientific abilityhas produced ahn0st nothing that 

was not known before the war and the impression now 

created upon our minds is that the commercial position 

possibilities and the methods for makin.-'z most of tile 

transformations from coal and gas into fuels and 

chemicals were l~nown before the war, and rile interim 

research developments do not appear to have contributsd 

~'eatiy to impr0~-enmn% in the efficiency Of 

the Fischer-Tropsch plants or to reduction in the cost 

,f uroduction. To make tlle future of the process 

~n~mercialtr and economically practical, the process 

00-70. 

Editm'ial connnents on the ec0nomic possibility in. 

Britain of Using coal as the n~.w material for l~'oduc( 

tion of gasoliue, Tile opimon Is expresse¢l .n~a~ sn~a 

• ~ 

.. ' ' 

; : ........ : 

: 

statements that havelbeen published in the official re =- Dr. Kite prepared a large 2:an.-e of Co catalysts con- '::! :" must first I~e: :cheapened, ~:and then a study must ~oe ~ . utilization cannot be econ0mical under ~.rmsa r~m~port 

of the committee appointed in 1937 hy the:Aus- raining Cu and the oxides of T~h. U and Zin as pro- " made :to discover i,1 wl~at direction it shm~l(t oe ~le- • tiens ; rather, encouragement sl*ou!d oe gzven o.n~yc~o 

tralian Go~'ermnen~ tO :advise UpOn the economics of .......... motera and kaol!n or kieselgulir as carrier,.and dis- .: : ycleped: As n method for producing fueis.ir~.m coa~, ~ the u~e of coal for the manufacture o£ tnose 1.nou~.~ 

. establishing a h~'drogenation plant in AUstralia:The i: covered that the oxides of U aml Th were tile most .- the process is hdllelessly expensive m!de.r:l~rl~ls~* COl]- . tlmt have an export value dud at:. tne salne ~me ~v~:. 

committee lms announced tile cenclnsiin that if in- " efficient promoters and kiesel~_nihr the best carrier ,% " m+~-ns since the production cost, zt zs camum~eu, ~ sume comparatively little coaI,m lnanu£~!ctme- _~\ " 

terest On capital i~eharged :at 3~':,% and 15:~'r ~ i~ :: grade wh cl wa~ made of S0~c Co li}~ Cu :~5 ~' '~ " ~u~d~le about o~ m °~-dd/°el of gasoline a condor mn anneals tl~erefore to be nlm'e profitable from rne 

: 

. 

.... 

r allowed for amortization, the total cost of hydr0-enated 

gasoline from bitumln0us C0al will' be 13:8 d. ~r' 

imperial gal. If, following the Imperial Che,nical In- 

.: dustries practice tbe interest :is charged at 6~ and 

amortization is effected ill ~0 yr s. the Cost of the gasohne 

~s as high as 17.3 d. per gal. ' The 'operating costs~ 

inclusiv e of coal at:14s.6d, per ton. are estiniated as 

Th0.~ 0.~% UO:, and tile balance kie~el-uhr -ave the '~': " +~÷ cannot imnrove because of the nsmg trend ~n British viewpmnt to continue to ~mpolt ~a-o!me and 

highest yield 144 cc. of petrol fz'om l"m. % of ~vnthesis :~: : t~eprice of Coa~. Furthe r research, whiehwoulfl.el~ - to use the coal supplies to tu~ild up a v~lu~blecxl!o~ ~ 

gas. His experiment with Ni, however, was not wholly : :!?-~: able a high proportion:0f the pr0ducts to oe un[~ze~ trade "nd leave the productzon of syntne~c~ gaso~m~ 

successful. He concluded that tile petrol yield coulcl '*: as hi~h.pricefl:chemical'Pr °ducts; woum ma~em~'~ b~ tile Fiscl~er-Tropsch~and hydrogenat~n l:eac:~o~-~ 

no t be raised, at least to such an extent that it might (.i: improve the economic prospects of the process;. ~7~ t£e United States where more ~avorao~e co~,~a s 

be compared with the yields of other catalysts unless .~: real economic improvement, however, a renuccmn ~,: exist because of tile extensive suppnes o~ na,u....-, 

, the metal was freated by: complicated metho'ds, which the cost of the syntlmsis gasis needed, and it mus~ .... and the development of t!le fluid catalyst. 

. 

- - .8.4d. per gel: Admittedly Austral ~in:costs are higher 

than Englisb costs but the committee has calculated 

:~ would make its commercial application difficult 

Catalysts of Ni; Co A!, and Si bad their own ad-: 

~ 

!:!~ 

be~produced' from products that woma omerwzse .u ~ . :: .... ~ ". 

wasted; such 'as natural gas 0r:refinery crack_'ing:ganS- : ~fv=~n 

Fi~her-Trop~ch Eesearch~Tracer 

~1 58,194s, pp. 680-6s1. : 

In-: 

• .' 

. :: 

:-~ 

that Under English conditions tile figures for t0tal Costs :: 'vantages, yet all failed to yield d large enough quam • :~| " 

would be respectively !0.5 d. per gal. and 12.75:d~ per :

6zl BIBLIOGR.4/~IKY OF FISCIKER-TROPSC2K SY~T~ESlS A-WD RELAYED F~O6~EssEs :: 

-1 

..... I.ffTER:&TUR E 

~SS~aACrS - 65 .... 

If they are derived from reduction of the Fe carbide, 

they will show a radioactivity comparable to that of 

the surface of the Fe carbide c,'atalyst. The Ca, experimeats 

at abou t 250 ° F. show that the hydrocarbon gas 

formed has less than 10~ of the radioactivity 

it would 

have if the entire surface of the catalyst reacted onductJontirely 

throughformation.the mechanism of alternate carbide re- 

494 . . . . Dismantling of German Plants Caneeled. 

VoL 61, 1949, p• 799. 

synthetic fuel and rubber plants removed from the 

dismantling list are those of Bayer at Leverkusen; 

Chemisehe Werke Huels: Gelsellberg Benzine A.-G.; 

Hydrierwerke Schoh'en A.-G., Gelsenkirehen-Buer ; 

Ruhrbel A.:G.. Bortrop : Rlrhrchemie A.-G., Oberhausen- 

Holten; Gewerkschaft'~'iktor, Castrop-Rauxel; Krupp- 

Treibstoff-Werke. :wanne-Eickel : Steinkohlenbergwerk 

Rheinprenssen, ~Ioers; Dortmunder Paraffin-Werke 

cases of Gewerkschaft Victor, Castrop-Rauxel, vehlch 

was converted to the production of nitrogenous ferttlizers, 

and of Krupp-Treibstoffwerk were given prior. 

ity. ~'othing further has been heard about another con- ::: 

version project for the Use of Fischer-Tropsch plants 

exempted from dismantling for paraffin synthesis. 

499. ~ . . Sensitive Pressure Controller in Hydrocarbon 

Synthesis. Vol. 63, 1950, pp. 59-60. 

Very e~ient sensitive pressure controller is described, 

e basic prin-eiple of tile device is the Wellknown 

use of a ball valve held on its seating by a ten. 

sion spring. It Is at present operating on a fluid bed, 

Fiseher-Tropsch process, and maintains a constant 20 

aim. pressure at gas-flow rates of 2 to 60 eu. ft. per hr. 

It :is capable of maintaining a preseleeted pressure for 

indefinite periods without supervision. The/control 

limits can be broadened by cbanging the tension of the • 

spring. 

found to be more volatile than those obtained by" normal 

'operation at the same temperatures. Ill studying the 

Co catalyst, it was found that a freshly reduced one did 

not give the X-ray diffraction pattern of Co. That file 

catalyst does not contain bulk metallic Co is confirmed 

bY measurement of the surface areas of file catalysts 

and their components. It is considered that the reaegon 

takes place on isolated Co atoms and not on bulk 

metallic Co or by way of bulk Co carbide. It is snggested 

that under certain conditions CH, present ill the 

"synthesis gas can take part in the reaction. Also, wax 

fanned on tile catalyst during synthesis reacts with H.. 

to yield higher hydrocarbons distributed 'among tile 

different molecular sizes in n way similar to the distribution 

of the synthesis products. These 2 facts, 

taken togetber, suggest that tile final stages of syilthesis 

involve a poiymerization-depolymerlzation equilib= 

-rium. When synthesis is curried out at abnormally low 

process axOth n view to the production of ke~ones. The 

fatty acids were saponified with lime and the resulting 

calcium salt subjected to dry dis~illation. A mixture 

of ketones of great variety was obtained. Experiments 

were carried out with fractionated fatty acids, 

and these showed' that the: ketones obtained corresponded 

closely in boiling and solidification range to 

the theoretical fl~lres. Various types of ketones were 

obtained. Some were liquids, with a pleasant odor, 

others ~vere White solids of waxlike appearance, They 

can be used in the cosmetics industry or as plastieizers. 

505. ~ Lignite-Gasification ]Plant at Grand 

Forks, N. Dak; Vo]. 23,1945, pp. 1242-1o-44, 

Federal Bureau of Mines eomlnercial-slze pilot plant 

for the gasification of lignite is described, and a flow 

sheet of the operation is shown. The process as used 

is a combination of the Reyerson low~tenlperature, ~ontinuous, 

isothermal system with the Parry vertical, 

• : 

Dortmund; and Chemische Werke, Essener Steinkohle, : ' ~00. ~ . Fluid-Bed and Liqnid-Phase Slurry Proc~ t~ 

Bergkamen. The synthetic fuel plants of Gewerk-:: 

sehaft Viktor and Krupp Treibstoff-Werke. which were ess. Vol. 64, 1951, lip. 773-775. 

to close down by the endOof the year. are still ill opera- .... Compares 2 processes. The Britisb Fuel Research .: 

tion. The Gerlnan hlrerests expect that it iS 0nly a Statibn is making all investigation for tile lmrpose of / 

matter of time before tile symbolic lind llydrogsua- improving, tile conventional ];'isc]ler-Tropsch process. 

lion plants wi,1 be permit ed to resnme prodnetion A l rge soule pilot plant is being erected 

495. . Economics ~ of Coal Gasific,qti0n. ~,,ol. 500a. -m---. Feel l{eseal:Cli since tile war: Vol. 65, 

61, 1949, p. 111. 1951, pp. 721-726. 

temperatures and low times of Coutact, appreciable 

quantities of alcobols are presem: in tile products produced 

by Co catalysts. These results, together with 

observotiOllS all the deconlpositiou of alcohols under 

•svnthesis conditions are eousistent with the view that 

the alcohols are the true primary products df the svnthesis 

reaction, 

501. --.: Sulfur Becovery in Germany: Vol. 64, 

]951, pp. 375-376.: : " : 

annular externally heated retort but over a wider 

range of temperature. Part of tbe:water.~aS produced: 

is formed by the reaction I etween the fresh lignite nnd 

its contained moistllre lu the upper zone, while the - 

: 

llalance comes fronl the lower zone'in whieh the lignite 

char reacts @irh steani passed c0untercurrenriy fronl 

the bottom of the retort. The 2 streams of water gas 

combine uud pass out at tlie tt,p through the center. 

The systenl is desiglied for nn output of 7:'~-80 cu. it: 

Seine operating results on the new Continh0us c0al: Fuel Research Board of Great Britain reports on a 

. . . . gasifler at Louisiana are presented. A 4-hr. full-scale : study made during the3:yr, endin~ March 31, 1949, on 

test was nlade with gasifier tempel'arures avera.-'illg the enriellment of water gas: by tl]e conversion of the 

• . about 2,200 ~ F. Tlle feed rates were: coal 2.30(~ lb. CO and H.- to CH~. A reactor to treat 100-200-ft3 of 

: . pc}- hr., 0--: a7,000 std. c~.~. fL pe~ hi':, and:steam 2.000 lb.::: water gas wus constructed ill wliieh the ~rannlar rata: 

per hi'. Approximately 70 000 std. cu. ft of ~.'is per hr' : lyst:was placed in a ~ertieal perforated:tube 6 it:by ! 

was made. The gas. was 42e~ ' H.-. 37% CO: 16% CO.-, 1.25 in. enclosed ill a water-jacketed Steel tube 1.S0-in. i 

" " : 4%- N.-; :and 1% :nlisceilane0as~ It is expected thati inside diameten ":Thewater gas entered this nlbe at the 

with c0ntihuons operati0il: the CO: content will he re-. . bottom, flowed up the annular.spaOe, and reached the 

Re'dew of various methods adopted in Gernlany to of:water gas per hr~ per sq. it: of lleated retort surface. 

combat:the shortage of S is give m They are divided Tlle unit produces 33.000 cu ft. of a 300-1]. t. u: gas 

: into (a) dry-recovery Processes" (b) wet-rCco~el'y • per toll of !iguite containing 70-72% of 1~, The H.- : CO 

i)rocesses, such as the Thylox. Dutch .Mines and ratio con be Varied fronl 1.S to:12, with: changes in 

Katasulf processes ; and (c) scrubbing with an organic temperature and concentration of steam. The higllest : 

:: !iquid, suel* as the Alkazid and the Girbol:ol processes. :* ratios giving mnxinmm H:: production are obtained at 

References are made to technical documents ell British low temileratul'es, while at higher temPeratureS a 

- ED microfilmS, . ": : " synthesis gaS, Which is high hi CO and suitable for use: : 

~Obla. ~ . EXlmndin~ Horizol~s "foiJ-0xo -Petro :- in ~'ischer~TropsCh reactkms is obtained. : # : :- 

• duced and a better synthesis gas obtained. : : _ catalys~ bY free diffusion, the productsof the reaction_::i'. 

chemicalS... Yol. 67 1952 lip. 95-9{}. . . , 506. - - . : New Sources of Fats Soughtin Germany.' 

: ::i :} : 496~ ~ . Reshaping :German Industry. Vol. 6i, then diffusing back into'the main gas Stream.. This hr-~:~ 

ImPortance is sfl:es.~ed bf: the 0x0 process :to tl~e : Yo'L 23. 19457 p. 2SS4. : ~ ...... .: ::': ' .- 

, ..... : ...... rangement permitted of obtaining.a uniforln tempera- - .~,~ petroleum refiner in upgrading byproduct 01efins to The ~:apidiy developing synthesis of hydrochrbons ' 

lure distribution along file length of the'tube Without ::~{'3 

Editorial presenting Some argunlents for and against::' deposition:of C and a preferential Consumption of 1~ ~ (aldehydes, alcohols and other petrdcllemicals~ -:: with fatty acids in tbe ltlst 10 yr. (directly from CO.- : 

the dismantling of the German Fi~eher-Trop~ch. and so that cases of low ]~- : CO ratio, such ns blue water %:!~ : 502 ~HEMIC.%L" AXD ENoINEEIliXG NEws:' Catairsts and H.., Or from .hydrocarbons)Suggested that tile ~ : 

• , Bmerng~:o]n,]o~:: pr~dspt~effeet that It will !rove on Get- .gas: could be used without addition ofH.4 From time "+-i 

• Investi-ated for ' Synthesis of Methane Vol " do ~ynthesis of fat~ (throu-h e~terifvin ~, fattr acid~ with 

1944 pp 19 1710 " glycerol) could soon be "lttempted on a l/rge ~cale Ill 

4 ~" -- .ff~ ~ "~ ~ ' to nine asthe catalyst deteriorated a part of the Cbarge "~}: - 

~. v~. ~ . - umte a ~tates coal Gasifl~ariou. : V01.60 " was discharged at thebottom mid a'fre~hamount added'.:~'!.~'" : 

: w i- • %i' ~ +i. * r~= ~..~ 1, .%,~ ^ .practme however, it became apparent that the road 

• 

. 

~ 

,,ark on ~,le vnt~esls o~ ~i ,,a. ,een ,cal'rl~,, ,,n "-" ' l : " " " 'm 

+~, ~. +~. ,-, :~ ' . -- - ..... ~ . . . . from the f~ ttv avid to'nn edible.foE 1.. extremely cam- 

~: : .:. 1949! PP. 924--925r :. :! : ~ . :: at the toll- by gravity feed. :With the" ch'cu]ating ]~h0-:~T~ :.: ~te~ at ~:e ~a~esearc}~oa.l~ t~srm~n~ a.na at tne.: plicated and expensive. Th s iS'the reason why" direct 

: ~ :The production of synthetic liquid fuel occurs i~i 4:: a.t:2°0°, the.eataly st temperature was at 350~=375~:;~ ! , ,,e earth ~a~lon x~rldS~j .~ pre,lnnnarv ex- • • . 

"': 

~]lstmct pl!ases : Coal gasification ; gas purification : lly= ; Using a: N17kleselguhr I : 1 catalyst, tile plant, perf0rm- 5~;:!~ .-.~ 

lo . ~ . ". .. ...... ". .... ~ ... ". 7 .~yntlleSls has not been takea lip-Oil a large techUlcal 

• 

P 

- 

ration nas 

.~ 

lll(Ueatea 

• 

~nflE 

' 

a.Nl 

. ~.. 

eal:alVSE 

* 

1. 

. 

UKelV' 

" 

[0 2 

, 

~:" 

sefl,e. 

1 ~ 

~ynille[lg 

~. z•_-~ 

~[aE 

~ 

1. 

.~ 

n.efl 

S ~ 

in. 

" ~" 

u-Death, 

• ~S ~ 

uowever, 

" 

de- • 

. . . . arocarbon synthesis; and refining Of produet~ Each -anee, whenproduchlgenrichedgasof456B t u perft~=~;~ we 

, 

a 

. 

sail 

s 

factoiv 

• 

rnte 

" 

of con~e[ 

" " 

1011 

' 

at a high 

~ 

~pace 

~ cause it never'gets rancid. Kctually Imhausen syn- 

: : : of these receives brief description the first b:v.~id of a . was equivalenl: to a yield of 2 100 lb. of CI-t~'per lb. of.;~i~ velocity. At th e Fuel Researcl.~ statiofi most of the , - thesis fusuished a,high-quaiity edible fat. Because of 

:-: : " " ": sectional diagram of the Koppers 0.. stean~ gasifier: : : ~J:in the ~afa!yst, which I/ad a ~isefui life of 16S "days;: ..... 

4 jen ii a r?,? ° the above mentioned .nsatisfaotory as,ee of a tota 

: Hydrocarbons are.synthesized from synthesis gas eit]ier ~xleselguhr was found to be an essential promoting cam: 

e ~ , g --.., , : s . ,, e" fat Synthesis from CO. and::H: bv ester formation.: 

: " :. 'ill a unit known as an internally cooled converter stituent:of the catalyst. Reduced NiCO~ preparations 

atalyst for work at a relatively low temperature has • - " . . . . . . . . 

: through Whicl~ c001illg:oil is circulated, or in a siurr.~' made without theaddRi0n ofkieselguhr Showed n0 ac ~ 

:,proved to be a Ni catalyst promoted by :ThO.. and sup- • recourse was made to bioellenlieal methods: Ill this 

. ~ype reactor, the Laluo process in which the fiuldlzed . flinty for CH. synthesis

-66 BIBLIOGRAP]KY" OFIFISCHER-THOPSCH: S~rl~Ia~rESISA~'~D RELATED PROCESSES : - ~ ~ | .. :: .. : . . . : . LIT~RATURB ABSTRACTS_ . .... : ..... : -:- : ....... 6t 

' ' 

. 

produce 3,5,5-trimethylhexaldehyde. The 6 chemicals 

• 

caustic potash leaving a skeleton of the heavier metals ' ) ..... of extremel_v large volumes of H,, such as are 524. - - . 

. o r 7 

Sep a-~-a~on by ~dsorp~on. 1~4~I.. 61,194, 

now availableare derived from this nonyl aldehyde: Ni :Co :SI ::1:1:2provedmost effective. Almost -: ] ~ai~ed in the off gas from large synthetic fuels pp. 6"2,5-631; Fuet.'~s, mo .... ~:--~-~ -:. ,~ , 

~onanom ac~o, nonylamme, nonyl aldehyde cyanohydrtn, 

a-bydroxydecanoic acid, octadecenyl aldehyde, 

100 cma liquid hydroearbons was produced from l m * of 

gas mixture in :[ ~ass " - 

• | 

? | 

~:: ~:nthetic NH, plants. Total estimated cost .of a 

o, --~.-:, -~e~'~,~ ¢~rnfh~tte nlants is 85 000,000. Sur- 

Summary of the development o~ aasorp~mn ,%: 

method of separation is given with rezer.ence co tn~ 

and octadecyl alcohol. Some potential uses for these 

products are enumerated 

513. C~E~IV~n E~.X~II¢I~EaLWo Ox~-~on p~- p.~, 

and Pra~t~ " V,~I "~" ~^ ~ t~ ~-~'-' "~:,',= \~', 

::| 

- l 

plan~t:r~eun~er~w'~yto~'det~rmine the selection of a 

vy..~ .... w~ ..... ~ -l~,,ut ¢0 ~vnthetie NH~ plants 

production of activated C from bituminous coal, 

methods for the activation of C, and nyurocaroon 

508 ~ , Blaw-Knox Fuel S~'nthesis Vol ~3 wh ...... h ~, .~.,_ r~ ~,.~ . . . . . " .I 

No 5 19~0 o 331 ~ . . . . ,o.~-~ ~y,,, ..... .,:~=ap v.. t,-a~ containing ~rom 88- ] 

" ' ' ~" • . ~oo/o ~) nas recelveu considerable impetus recently : ~ 

Blaw-Knox Co. has announced the formation of a and it appears likely that such a low-pnritv O, can b~ ::i 

a~cc2~v~_val~i~indefayelwS]~ntt~es,snde~,a~tment; 

.~he n_ew p~'oduced for a sma!l fraeti?n (abont 4% or less) of : ( 

--P~ *~o United States 

~- ~,v " .- . ~ ~ ~ ~e~-~ 

~-, ~ . Methanol Today. • eL or, .~o. ~, ~, 

~uu o8"5--287 

~wo major processes are belng used to produce 

fractmnatmn by means of fired beds of C attached to 

Fischer-Tropsch converters and operatea in a manner 

• -~ *^ +~- ~h~e~o~Dhit* senaration of various 

s~,m~a~r,~t;~f~'..~'o~ut~ons'-~nd~bv=the h~persorptlon 

~°~'~;;~-~be-a~.~nt 0 fans througb a to,vet 

~_ . • _: ..... .:.. ~ :..~7:.,r:mn u~. ~ueis )my 

eu~m~ca~s ann wm ~ oaseu i n i t i a l l y on the ~'mcner- 

Tropech synthetic fuels process and on related proc- 

.tnepresenr cost ornign-puriry gas, provided itismade 

in large units, operated at substantially constant rate 

and installed at the point Of use. Estimates of costs 

] 

~: 

~vnthetic MeOH: Reaction of CO and H= and oxiaa- 

=: - ~v ~a]a~f~tl fr'l~'tions of natural nr C~H, ~md 

~on wc~.~,~,:;~, =~I'e~H ur0ducera are listed. Estieounte'rcurrently 

to hydrocarbon yapors~ As the v 

¢,n~ ~* ~-^~ +he li,,hter constituents. Lower down 

~;:::~,'~,,,"~:'~ ~,reater concentration of heavier 

esses for making synthes.~s gas. An agreement has 

0een mane w~tn ~unrcnemm and Lur~ for licenses and 

range from $0.048 for :[,000 cu. ft. of 9o% O_. in a plant 

of 48,000,000 en. ft. per day capacity to an average of 

: 

" 

~,t~a -orodnction costs are $0.133 per gal., net profit 

~':"=-¢'~ o_~.~ ~or ~al The major % uses of Me0H are 

constituents which displace the lighter matermL 

;Ph,~ throughout the length of the column, an effect 

access to all process information developed by thes e $0.:[2 includ!ng all.the factors in power cost. In Get. ::~:. a~°u.~l.~'~'Syn~het~e-production-in 1951 sh0ukl be about ~su~'o~ced~comparable ~to refluxing in distillation, i 

: 

German firms. 'l he ne~ delmrtment will adapt processes, 

develop pl!ot plants, design equipment, provide 

engineering,.and built plants for converting plentiful 

fuels into. more valuable chemical materials and uPmany 

the Lmde-Frhnkl, low-cost low-purity 0, process .~' 

was able to produce 98% Oz in a large plant for :[.53 = 

pf. per m: ~ ($0.:[0 per :[.000 cu. ft.)• Of the total costs, : 

power cost amounted to 58.8c~. depreciation 81.4%, - 

~nilli0~ gai_'and will probab!y :reach 200 milho n 

gal. by 1953. 

520a. . Fisclmr-Tropech Makes Progress. Vol. 

Th~ bottom section consists of a steaming sectmn m 

which adsorbed material is stripped from the C. In 

a C.H, recovery unit now in operation, 70.900 cu. ft. 

: 

graded forms of hydrocarbons: 

509. --'. Cost of Synthetic Fuels. Vol. 28, No. 

:[5 1950, pp. 1187-:[189. 

Ana]ytica ! summary 0f the econ0mic features of the 

synthetic 

anmml report 

liqui d 

of 

fuels 

the Secretary 

program. 

of the Interior on the 

• 

510." ~ : Synthetic Fuels Plant for India. Vol. 

wages 4.9%, and Water, lubricating oil, and cbemieals . 

4.9%~: Much research has been done in the United 

States and developments by several companies are . 

commented upon, and a nnmbcr Of applications for 

cheap 0.- are presented. The principal nses include: 

hydrocarbon-synthesis, steel-industry, 

. 

and ga.¢-industry 

applicatiens, the technical feasability and tim econ0mic 

Justificatten of which still require further proof. ~ 

a 

-9 

, 

No 

.... 

o 

' 

:[95 ° 

"P .... 

250 

: ~ ' ~ 

Progress .~ made - m " the o P e~atmn " " "" of the " ~. improve~ ~ 1 

Bureau of Mines reactor at Lomsmna..M~s~onrL ll}e 

new reactor con',errs 75-S5/c/( of the synthesis gas to 

oil. If coi)version can be raised, to 9()9~', the process 

can be operated in 1 stage instead of 2, Overall costs 

are being re(lured. ' 

tower 

of gases 

per 

containing 

hr and ,~pproximatetv 

5.7% Of C~.H~ 

7.000 

are 

lb. 

fed 

of a 

into 

product 

the 

'"~ mtailun a , . ~ 9'~%-,, "' of C.H,. " i~. " el t,lined, " pel..d'~x:. • Acttvated , 

~ haa been enmloyed to recover antflnotms. 

. . . . . 

525. Oxoated Oieflns. Vol. 63, No. 2. :[948, 

:pp. 2:[1-2:[2 , : .... . 

First commercial application of the Oxo synthesis 

is now Under way by the Esso Standard Oil Co. at 

{ 

] 

i 

" I 

: ) 

: 

29, 1951, p. 1136. : 

Announcement has been made of plans for construetion 

of a plant for the Kalaga Synthetic 0il Corp., Ltd:; 

of Cuttaok, Orissa by cie Pan-Europdenne d'Installar : 

tions et d'Equipment industriels of Paris and Ruhr: 

chemie A.-G. of Germany. The plant will have an ini- 

514. . Recent Developments in Fiiel T4chhol: ~ 

ogy. Vol. ~4, No. 4, 19=t7, pp. 127-:[32. 

Review,: particularly of the progress in Fischer- T::~| 

• States. ' : . :~| 

Tropsch lu'actice in the united 

5t~. - - . Liquid Fuels: From Lignite in Australia, ~ }/] 

52i. "CH~.~tic,~L F enl Gleans I.~DVSTaI~S. a~ )ca Alco!mls .Mon0x de Above and C, ttvdro- Produced':'r 

- - "" C~ô o--: ' " ' 

gen. ¥ o !. 60, lv4~, pp. Z~--=oo. 

Description of the Oxo process for the synthesis of 

~ primary alcohol ~ b: ~ tl ~ e nteractmn .~ ' . of . . 01efin~ . -, CO .'. and .... 

' Eh ove'r a Fischer-Tr0psch catalyst.' Infm:n!at,on I ~) 

Baton Rouge in the high-procure petroleum hydro- 

: ~enation unit. Iso-octyl alcohol i s being produced. 

~l'be price is expected to be somewhat under $0.30 per n?. 

It is tO be used in making plasticizers. Other orgamzatmm 

• ~ a~e makin~ ~ ~)lan.~ , ~ alSo" - Standard ., " Oil ...~.:. Co of 

Ind{ana will produce nonyl alcohol .at its C~J m~dg i 

..... . _ 

tons: 

tial calmcit.x= 

Synthesis 

of 1O,0O0 

gas wili 

tons 

be'made 

expandible 

from 

later 

powdered 

t0 20O,00O 

Coal 

by total gasification~ The Indian Government lms 

9, 1943, p.~36. : 

~oL, 55 No . . . . . . and: sfli¢~v bvGer~ 

• After several months of research 

man scientists, one 0f them familiar=with the develop- 

~.-| 

.. 

~:] 

!t 

taken from Bureau of Mines Information C~rcu a" 

- 7370~ - :: " :_: ...... . . . . . : - 

~22 ~ NeW CO-~H~' Converter Pro~qdes Better . 

plant" the Oronite Chemical Co., Texas t, .,- ~ 

duPo~t are also interested in=tlm production of high- : : 

molecular-weight alcohols, as-isthe Shell group i u ~ts 

i 

! 

: agreed to buy the entireontput of gasoline:" 5 Indian : meat of the Lur~ process for gasification and liquefac- Temperature Control. Yol. 60, 1947, p: ~ 9 3 . . : petrochemical plant in England. : , 

: ' . Students wh o lmv e:been stndYing i~ Paris for 2 yrs, tion of coal.:it has been decided that the brown coal of ~ - 526. . :: ~'ischer~Tr0psch Fats. : V01. 6~, No: 6~::: 

" will 0aerate the plant: Pr0duction]s expected to begin "~TiCtoria .is'-suitabJe.for gasification and as raw;ran- :/:~] : est" 

Cio~e 

Bureau: 

Control 

nf 

of 

.~Iines 

tim reaction 

Fischer-Tropsci~ 

temperature 

converter 

in the new- 

~ -: 1949, liP. 914-915. . 

.in :[952. :. - terial for synthetiC-gas0iine.plants The expectation : 

: 511. CHE.~XC,~n .~XD MET.

68 ~1~o~m- ................................................... 

oF r~Sc~-~oPsc~ S~Tr~S~S ~-','D ~ z , P~,OC~SS~S 

meat of tlle Ruba'chcmie and Lur~ colnPanies, the 

latter of ~I• ~V. Kellogg Co. The principal difference 

between the2 methods lies in the actual synthesis 

stage, especially in the types of reactor vessels• eat- : 

a]ysts, and process techniques. Tile coal with 26-29c]b 

ash content will be gasified in a Lurgi pressure :plant 

thus enebling the gas tO :be generated under the actuaI 

pressure used for the subsequent synthesis, 300-430 

P. s- L The :RuhrchemIe-Lurgi's "Reetisol" process will 

be used for the gas purification. The combined process 

Is considered the most advantageous economically be- 

cause of the greeter flexibility of operations. Whereas 

Kellogg's powdered-catalyst method yields essentially 

fuels, the iRuhrchemie.Lm,gl process may be directed 

either te fuels production or to a larger output of par- 

affin wax and base stocks for chemical manufacture. 

Improvements in the fixed-bed technique of the German : 

process Permits an:increase in the daily output capacity 

from an a~'erege of 2 to about 50 tons/day. It is ex- 

pected tlmt 50,000 tons;year of prhnary ln'oducts will 

= . be obtained froul the 1Ruhrchenfie.Lnrgi plant, and 

' 150.000 tons from the Kellogg plant, Which will use the 

tail ges fr0nl the German plant- ill the syuthesis 

operation. 

528. CHEMICAL TnkDE .7OFRXAr, AXD CHE.M/CAL ENGI= 

XZEe. Hydrocarbon Synthesis From Water. Vol. 99, 

1936, p. 50. 

of C atoms. These synthetic fats apIle.'u: to be assimi- 

lated without any physiological disturbance to the 

huma n system. 

533. ~ . Edilfle Fats From Fischer-Tropsch Wax. 

Vol. 105, 1940, :p. 235. 

References to large-scale experiments on file ln•Oduc. 

ti0n of "ersatz" fats by the interaction of glycerin with 

the fatty acids made by the catalytic 0xidntioa of the = 

paraffin wax from the Fiseher-Tropscil process )lave 

been frequent in the (:'ontincntal press over the past year 

orso. Production 0f glycerin by fermentqtion of sugar 

solubles, a process used by Germany in 1.¢}14-15. may be 

revived, but it is more likely that the all-synthetic route 

to glycerin from prop~qene will be the one chosen• 

534. ~ . Iron Catalyst. Vet, 10S, 5Iarch 1, 19411 

p.S• 

New Fe eatalvst that'hes been developed recently in 

tile laimratory of Dr• Kite of the Ky0to Imperial Uni- 

versity is claimed to be quite es efficient nS the German 

(~O caTn]yst ill the :prodaction of synthetic petrol by t])e 

Fischer-Tropsch and a]]ied processes; A. pilot phlnt for 

its utilizoti0n is to be erected. (See British Petent 

529,390, abs. 1861.) 

Investment Co. for produdng liquid fuels from coal. 

The following stipulations are given : Production shall 

be starred within a pelSod of 4 years. Production is to 

be 76,000-100,000 gaL per yr. The process to be used iS 

the generation of gases from C material and the cata- 

lytic conversion of the gases to :petrol and petroleum- 

like bydrocarbons. The coal used shall befrom the de- 

posits in Vredefort in the Orange Free State. All of 

the coal in each seam is to be use(L and no coal contain- ' 

ink less than 30% ash is to be rejected, unless it can be 

proved that rI~e properties of such coal, other than its 

ash content, render it uusuitabie for this purpose• Ti~e 

Government will not grant n similar license to nuy other 

concern for a period of 4 yr• 

~38.--. South Africon Synthetic Petrol Plans. 

Vol. 122. 194S. p. 44. 

In his statement for the general meeting of Adagio- 

Transvaal Consolideted Investment Co.. Ltd., at 5ohan-: 

: ncsburg.: Dee. 19, 1947, A. S.: PIersov reported that 

rights to the syntlmtic petrol process del:eloped by 

Hydrocarbon Researcb. Inc.. had been ohteined. Ap- 

plication lms been alade for liceuse to produce 60,006,- 

000 gel, of petrol and 10.600:000 gal. diesel oil per yr• 

The factory will cost £12.000.000-£12,500.600 and take 

2-3 yr to erect. : : 

~aA~Ua~ ~BST~CTS 69 

194S--49, according to "%.ufbau". The :plant is again 

producing I~una synthetic rubber. 0iI hydrogenation 

is 25~ of prewar rate. 

544. • Synthetic Fatty Acids in Germany. VoL 

125, 1949, p. 410. 

According to Die chcmische Iudu~rie. Diisseidorf 

the :Hydrierwerk of Rodleben near Ro.~lau (formerl~ 

• . f ° s . ." , • , . - . _ 

terial is to be used in the manufacture of soap. The 

new phmt will have an annual capacity of 0,400 tons 

per Year• The fla.'st section, 185 tons per me., is expected 

to be ready soon. 

545. • Fischer-Tropsch P/nnt~ Vol. 126• 1950, 

p. 616. ~" 

Both the Government and private pressure groups 

in. western Germany are doing.their atmost to keep 

o~om.? of the Fischcr-Tropsch pi.nts intact and ~,, 

• I elahon. AS the manufactm.c of synthetic-oil prod- 

UCtS is UOW a prohibited industry and ns the need 

for rmmiag the plants for fl~e production of Gatsch is 

no longer urgent, the Fedora1 ~iinistry of Econoluics 

has subndtted to the Allied experts a menmrandum 

suggesting centers'ion of the remaining phlnrs to the 

i 

if:. 

: 

. :: 

::- 

Winterslmll .&.-O. of Berlin end Kassei is to menulecture 

synthetic fuel by a modification Of the Fiseber- 

Tropsch pr0eess and for this purpose has founded a 

subsidiary styled the "Mittel Deutsche 'lh'eibstoff und 

Ochverks A.-G."~ with hcndqaa{'tcrs ill 'Kasscl and n'n 

initial capital of R31 500.000. Tile now plant, which is: 

being finenced entirely l)r the WintershMl Co.: is cxpeered 

to start inthe ~nid'dle 0f 1937: Tlie processeni5 

ploye4 hasbeen established on thc'experinientnl Scale:: 

535: ~: ,FittV Acids Frt l Paniffins. Gormhn Ex-: 

pcrience With Wartime Process• Vol 1~6, 1945, pp. 

30(,)-311 ; Die C ~emie. wl]. -.';7, No. 1-2, 1044, Ill). 6-11. 

Ilevlew of the art/cle l~y L~ 3Iannes (nbs: 2170). In 

tlm development of a fatty acid indush.y ill Germony : 

for the nlanufactllre of soap andthe pl'odllctioa of substitutes 

for tlle natural edible fats, it was f~ und that the ii!l 

prihcilml saitable:matei~ial available in Gcrumny Was ~ 

the waxy paraffinie bvlu'( duct produced ill t le synthe- .... 

sis of gasoline bx the Fisc er-Trolseh lnocess Tbis- 

:product at ordinary temperatures is virnmlly'wholly : 

:hydroc,~rbons, partly !iquid aud imrtly solid, wkb iso- ,:] 

synthesis of alcohols. The Germans now maintain 

::539. . Synt!letic Fatty Acids. VoL 122, 1948, that. 

p• 70. " " 

by suitable 

, 

lnodificatiou, tile process can be 

. . . . operated without :production of any" hYdroearbou frac- 

Production of sYntbetic ~atty acids, On: u limited tions. Tile conversion Can bc completed in 6-S months. 

scale, has been resumed by Deutsclie Fetts}inrewerke The: views of the Allies are not known .In another : 

et Witten Since small amounts of Fiseher-Tropsch direction the Federal German G0vernment has aireldy 

g.atsch bate been received wit!l the restarting of the been snccessful in negotiatio,ls with the Allie~ 

-, Flscher:Tropsch plants at Cnstrop-Rauxcl and Wanne- : have agreed thet Gel~enbqr,. r~,,~-. • o ..:. They 

Eickel. :Tllese. Witten works:were: idle froiu tile end refinin~ this re'on05 ~ho~lg]~-no~v" t~e~wnita resume " 

of the:war until September.104, . .... : . : :: :pressure hydr0gemltion process:: ~Tlle main~',..1;ailggl~ - : 

540.--. :German Fischer-Tropsch "Pla its. Vol• 

stuck'will be crude oil from the Emsland fields, of 

, 

at ,~ plant .at the Rauxel Niti'0gen Works, which the 

=eckuer Co .... : ...... 

and hranehed-cilain compounds, these latte~ • increasing 

• . . . . ., ..... 

.(;| 

:!!] 

:: 

' 

: 125; 1949, p: 410. 

: _ . , g : . . 

: 

. 

,:; 

:. 

: : : 

, . : 

: which large supplies exist, supplemeuted :hy inl:ported 

el from ti e erma.American Oil Co. td: Tl, c 

, 

_: 529; _."C:T--~ ' Fisciler-Tropsch Process in Fi'ance~ Wen with :the closest control of-the oxi~iat oii -lad 1,~ : }':~| •' g . , -, 9 produced -S.lrt6 tons -as oi ~ " - , sel oil and about 1 000 tons 

" ~, ol. 1O0. 193. p• "-'12 Gas Times tel 13, -No ~ 15S fining stages and the use of the choicest hvdr~,.vh.n i;~ | primary lU'odncts compared with 24;83S r0ns, 5anuar.v- v .• .... : • :: , ~ .: 

• ~9~r~ p. ~s. : : : - : ra,v msteriai, liumerous m desirable and o~e',:o.~i'~ii~i ?iil ~ae ~:^ ~ale .vi~i~ in. fi~%cd :prodnct~ was: ~cn- ~4fi _-=--=--- Gel~an.v's on ~n d u s t r v--Fischerh 

A . plant . . for . the . . production . of motor spirit from coke: .... byproducts ~ ~ were'produced .............. u h ell lowel-d ~ha ,-;~m .':,~ ,.,~ .~¢ :'~:I me, - ±o.~lll -, t0u~ Koeaslu . ~ I - , 453 ton~ -, kogasin II , . . . :tropsgn . ~'lants • . - -~ot To :Be Resta~ 'ted. Vol 1 6 19~0 

:. as recently been put into operation at Harne~ in die detracted from tile qualities of the fatty acids" of 10-20 :~ (] ' 4,4o3tons, Paraffin Garscb , 2,949 tons; and hard paraf., p. 9S4: : , . ..... . - , ; o, , 

..... :: Pas de Calais district of France. This plant which is : G atom range ~ ;By the mtr0duction of imln'oved earn- -~;~i ' :n~?,u tons. ,. : . ~ ~ •: .... ~. : :. ÷, Regm'dmg rumors tha t Fischer-Tr6p~h 'plants in : 

:. ? . ease d onthe Fischer pt'oeess, hasbeen designed for an ',: ~YStS, accura~ e ~emperaturc control, and=the a~:oidance ,~/ " ~' ~ " ~ermanys ~yntnen c uu a:lants~ tel• ..:=,:.mlr were Stlil producin~ des ite h " " : : 

.... annual production of 20 000 tons of Spirit ~ Of o~ e~omdatloa tl~e,.,e has leon some imp .ovemeht in: ~I ..... 124.1949 p 336 . . . . . . .......... h gh official Of the ,&merica~ Hi~ ot e.~l~ed ban, a_ 

. . . . " ...... • .... ' " ' , ' : ' , , : : ? ~-- ..... ~J~ll's xue~ 

530. ., .New Fischer-Trou~ch ~lan; ' ~rS~ .^. the quahtv of thedeslred produc t Figures quoted fr0m ~I Production: of synthetic petrol.and oll in Germany :and power: branc!a reported that the last o nl.nnt~ :: 

: " .... 1937 p. 346' ~:: : ....... . .... . . . . . •' . ~,. .... ~v±, lauoratory Fischer Tro mvestlgatmn " s on the catalrst oxidation of ~I " is still ~till :prohibited &t Present "~ ulants: us n ~, the worki lg on the method had closed down D,~ .~l~-~-~:-tn ~ 

k .~... '. " :, .-. ~ . . : - . ,- : . . . •- ; psch Pa!'affin:wax residues show that out of- ;:~, I Flscher-Tropseh 

rhe~ iorocess are ,:producing :primary :ma- ' : when.a temporary allied production permit expired "~ - 

b: "~t:.~aC'%nelPna*~Y~,n~ne l~at~'~.~°¢'m 2u.t~k.endorf G:m .... a.tot~ ~.atty-ac~ymld of- v~-60%, 20-25c/e consists of ::~°l .... : terials~for a!s~ th ~ manufacture of fatty acids and Synthetic ( ~The ~orth Rhme-W'estPhalian Economics:Ministry has : : 

" ; capital of 1 5 million R~r ~.'.'~:~l^~J.e.~se.~nm'~ wmi .a ~-~+~.t~: ac*.os.w~n~z- a~oms ~.:on~ng from 1-9, aud of this: ::i ~etergents for the soap and washing-powder industry T/_Y ''n ~.t corn snoumer to German industrialists' hopes 

: ; factm'ing catalyst fo~se']'l~ ~hel'~l)~°lse~°~ma'~ "., ' ~'o[.rn]cato~U~'~.~ C°#S*,.stso 0z z¢-tt~y a Cuds :rviging n.om ,~|, 5ermission: has been Wen for 2 plants~ originally ,: ~or.a:envmg [:he industry.: While.prices Of basic ms-: 

~ro~. ~ . -- . . . . . . . . . . r--ropscn . . y--.,=:: ......... r aoou~ .uc/o:oz the-paranm ~'~:~-~I': " uUu[,ior nydrogenation of coal by the Bet ms ioeess ~e, la~ cspeclany coke had risen b u to 1 a 

• : : • . . . . . . lmze~ to Uo: w~tl~ a little CO. Frmn the results 'qf~I m be used to a limited extent for the hydrogenation of sales p~lces for P~odacts had rmen no more than 50c~ 

., ' : 53L ~ : Pr0dacti0n of Motor Fnel in Germany .-rep°rted\lt.w°uld not al~Pea.r that the production of ~'~ |:~:: residues from the initial refining of imported crude oils ~ae price oz catalysts was 3 times the prewar level; i 

:- : tel. 101, 1937 p: 592. .... :' ......... : ~a~. a.cms oy Paramn omdation is a process tba~holds ~,~- and also for the prodnction of synthetic ammouim s~ ~e on~v Wes t German :plant produciug the 

• ~. 

Total ca 

pacity 

' 

of all lnischer-Tropsch 

. " 

plants in oper- 

" mucn 

sunnlles 

muucement 

of natural 

to 

~-**~ 

any 

-~.~- 

Country 

" . 

havin~ 

. . . . 

rea~0nable: 

' ~ ~'~i'-~% 

~':%~ ~:~Y 

,- 

~ 

~i. -------" 

: 

: Hydrocol 

.... 

s New Hydrocarbon Synthesm 

: : ~ 

. 

ys 

. 

s, 

. 

a~:uoernausen-W, 

. . . . 0 

1 

ten, :was ~ 0rkmg 

-- 

at con- 

, _ 

at*on or under Construction in Germany is 700 00 a -^-~ . . . . . . . "~" ...... " '~25~-' "rmnt Approaching Completion :: Vol 124 1 4 ~ siderably reduced capacity. Gelsenberg Benzin A-G "~ 

. per yr as agail st/900 , , OO0 t0ns bY ~ the hvdr- ~ ~ g a/,.*;^- ~ . ~ , ~ 536 • ~ South: _ . . African . . Synthetic ,. Fuel ' Plans . "~(' ¢-~ ~,2 ,~:~,' ~,z~' .' _ 9S9 ~ . : . : . . . . : ~e senm):cnen mad.Umon Rhemmche Braunkohlen - ..... .... 

. process Itwill be several years before thes~ ule~,,,.~ : Vol. 121 194 , p 484 . : ...... ' .... " ":~' ~;!"~-'~ •"'Inifia~ ~ ,,-+~-" ~'h~-~^~*;,d hat .... ~ Kraftstoff A.-G• at: Wessellng, are making petroleum : 

: - - • ' . ....... e . : . ~ k~:' . ,,rod ..... - ,~ =~v=~,=- -..-ore:the end of the; fr • ' • . . . . 

. . . . . ~arPae~tiesfan boe_a~ained, tbe anticipated, production - _ Anglo-Transvaal Consolidated Investment lia~ plansi~'~:~ ~ear. Coproducts of the new plant in excess of 300 000 < z o.m ef_ude ell by. the high.pressur e Bergms hydro- ~ -" 

: ) ~;-~i".,= ~'" 7 ~mg -°U,?vv:r0ns and 900,000 tons i'espec- : t0 erect .anew oil-from-cod I plant on ,Vaal River near :,~.'~}fx0: Of water-s01uble oxygenated compounds are :to be s e~at&u, process ~rom ~crman and imported crude .... 

..... ~• : : : . . . . : .' ' Vereemgmg. Hydrocol COrli. will acta§ eonshltents.:~

. 70 OF FISC:HER-T_ROPSCE ST'NT!KESIS .AND ~ELATED PROCESSES 

plant, coming from ~he French •zone of Germany, will 

have an output of 10,000 metric tons/yr. The Gov- 

ernment has also contracted with Koppers Co., United 

States, to prepare plant designs for utilizing lower- 

grade Indian coals for synthetic-oil manufacture by 

hydrogenation. The plant will have an output of 

100,009 metric tons of products/yr. ,'rod will require " 

a capital investment of 220,000,000 rupees {£16.5 

million). 

~48. German 0il Processing. Vol. 125, 1951, 

p. 36. 

Ruhrchemie A.-G. and the Omnipetrol Oil Process- 

ing Co. of Karlsrube (representing the West German ' 

interests of the 0mnium Francois P~troles) have con- 

cluded a contract providing for close cooperation in 

oil processing. The cOntract provides for the repair . 

of Flscher-Tropsch installations of the Ruhrchemie 

A.-G. and the construction of a refinery at 0berhausen• 

. : The crude oil supplied by 0nmipetrol from the Middle 

East will be finished by Ruhrchemie A.-G: A process- 

ing capacity of 200;000 tons is planned. The oil will 

be topped i n o disUllation plant and the residues 

line, Gasoline output is estimated at 100,000 tons/yr. 

sThae e¢~-.'ciS e~hnated a t about 10,000,000 RM. : 

-%~y. Ln~.%IIKER-ZEIT~.'~O. [Synthetic Fuels Prodnc: 

tmn.] June 15, 1~51; Chem. Trade Jour., col 128, 

1951, p. 1502. 

of different average diameters, 500-10~, and the magnetic 

susceptibility X of each was determined in a field 

of 700 gausses. X diminishes by about 10% as d decreases 

from 500 to 100/,, then more rapidly to only 

about 25% of the initial value for d=10#. Extrapo. ~;: 

lated t0 g=0, x=20--30X10 -', or approximately that 

of powdered artificial rhombchedral F~O,. 

'~ 

'~. 

552. - - , [Adsorption in Precipitation of the 

Hydroxide From FenCe Sulfate;] Compt • rend., 

col 206~ 1938, PP- 1249-1251, 146.%-1471, 1955-1955; 

and col. 207, 1938, pp. 5~e--61; Chem. Abs~ col 3 ° 

1935, pp, 4854, 5269, 6516. " " "' 

In precipitating ferric Oxide from a solution Of ferric 

sulfate with KOH, the magnetic susceptibility of the 

Preeipitnnt is a strong function of the coucentradon 

[: 

:: : 

:: 

" ' 

. . . . LITERATURE .ESSTRACTS 71 

from h.vdrocarbons by oxidation, chlorination, sulfo- used : A ferrous-b.~ed catalyst in the gaseohs-reaction 

chlorination and nitration, and the reaction of olefins phase, and a Co-based catalysn: in the Hquid phase. 

with compounds containing hydroxyl, with HOCL CO, The final products incIude approximately I7~;% gasoline, 

and H= .(eatalyUcally), and with formaldehyde. The -oils, and lubricants. It is proposed to convert the 

importance of these proces~ in the Austrian oil in- Bergkamen plant of Essener Steinkohlsn A.-G. to pro- 

dustry is considered, duction of gas for normal heating purposes by hyper- 

5~7. CH~OST.t: Y. [Wash-Oil Problem.] eel u. Kohle, purification and detoxification of coke-oven gases. 

col 37, 1941, pp. 961-902; Chem. kbs., col 37, 1943. Proposals for conversion or disposition of the other 

p. 6110. 4 Ftscher-Tropsch plants have not been announced. 

These plants are : Ruhrchemie A.-G. at Oberhausen- 

Paraffin oils from brown-c0al tar and low-viscous oils ~ Holten, capacity 65,000 tons per year. ; Steinkohien- 

from the Fischer-Tropsch hydro¢~rbens synthesis berg werk Rheinpreusseu at Moors, 73,000 t0ns capac- 

process are both being successfully used for benzene ity; Dortmunder Paraffin Werke of Dortmund, 50,000 

scrubbing. ' . . . . tons capacity ; Gewerkschaft Viktor a t Castrop-Rauxel, 

558. C~OUL~T, G. [Residual Gas From Fischer- 61.000 tons capacity. 

Tropsch Synthesis as Town's Gas.] Gas u. Wasser- CHL', P.L. gee abe. 1269. 

and excess of base employed. The higher the con- : fach, col $3, 1940, pp. 497--499 ; British Abe. 1948, CHn'~iRov, G. L See abs. 33261 3327. 

eentration and excess of base, the higher the magnetic B, I, p. 64. ' 

susceptibility of the precipitant. Stndies conducted 

at the Bureau of Mines have shown that precipitated 

oxides prepared from ferric nitrate behave very Similariy 

to the oxides studied above. 

Composition Of the gas varies rather widely, mean 

:valnes being: CO:. 17: CO, 9: CH~. 33 ; H.-. 20: X=. 20; 

" C,H,, 0.7 volume gc~ The calorific value is within the 

town's gas range, but tim high density and low flame 

~63. C~%'FAnOV, G. L..~xa A~T0XOV,X, M.F. [Retardation 

of the Bell Reaction 2 CO = C -5 CO:.] Bull 

acad. sci. ~l R. S. S., Classe sci.. tech., 1947, pp. 381- 

- 389 (in Russian):;: Chem. Abs., v01. 42, 1948, p. 3648. : 

I 

] 

] 

553. CltEV.%LIER, R.. ~L~.THIEU, :S., .Lxn GInAR0, ~. 

[5[onograph of : Ferrous Bor0ferrite~] Bull. sn~ 

cairn., col. 15, 1948, pp. 61i-(;15 ; Chem. Abs., col. 42, 

1948, p. 7649. 

" 

Mixture of 2'gin. Fe.-0~and 3 gin. -X~L-B,0~, heated in 

'1 

" | 

.~eed render i[s behavior unsatisfactory unless it is 

mixed with no~ less than 2.5 volumes of normal town'S 

:~ : " 

=-as. 

--. See abs. 384. 

: CHO',.'IX, P. See abs. 2329. 

: Eecoml)osition: of C0 by ~he Bell reaction on an Fe : 

catalyst is a 1st-order reacd0n over a pressure range 

2-200 ram. CO and a temperature range 350°-750 °, and : 

obeys the eqnation --dp/dl=kl.,, where p is the prossure 

of CO. Over n tcmperature range of 350°-450 °, 

i 

a Pt boat at 1,000% is ]'educed with eiti~er H.- or C0; ~| : ~9. C~lIsw~sco. 5. [ProCedure for Obtahfing: Syn-. " the reaction rate changes according to the Arrhenius 

the cooled mass is treated with 3 _V HN0~. and the 

residue is dried after being wasbed witl~ hot H:0; 

': 

%~] 

thetic ~-llcohols From Gas Mixtures.] Chaleur et equation v=-4e.--z/'~r, wl~ere E, 'the activation energy 

" 

Chem-ische .Werke'-Bergkamen; the Krupp Treibstoff Likewise the oxidation of a mixnire of 2 gin. fine Fe ::;~i' ind. voL 15• No. 167, 1934~ pp. 456-458; Compt. rend. is 34,000 cal. per tool. The addition of CuSO~, 

• A.-G. Castrop-Rauxel of Wmme-Eickel have decided and the Gewerkschaft that the Pre~en~ Viktor price: of and ~ 4 gin. >:a.-B,O:: heated In N.~ at 1,000 ° and ox dized ~!~!~' ] Cong. voL 14. chauffage 1935, pp. intl., ")-3-25; 3d" British Cong. Paris Chem. 1933 Abs. ; Fuel, 1935,L AI: retardation (S0,),, or of MnSO, the reaction to the Fe ht catalyst a temperature causes a marked uround 

: 

....... 

~ of c0al :renders' resumption of liquid fuels ~roduccion :. : w~tn air, yields crystals of the boroferrit e B:0~.Pe:0~.4 . ~:~: o~ . o 9 4°3 

4~0°,:5~ Df CuSO~ or kh(SO~)~ completely inhibiting ~ 

by the Fischer-Trbpsch process uimcon0mic 3 tFleO~l The product appears a s fine black, opaque, err ".i~i :: B, pr-o9, Cb:m. Abs., ~oL _s, 1,34, p.. 6_. . : the reaction. The retardation is less pronounced at . 

. comp,'ufies ore to.operate their plants oulv for the " '(mbi¢ crystalline ne:edles. The boroferrite is : ::?.:~*~ . Method c0usLts of bubb!ing)~ gas nnxture tl~rougn:: : higher temperatures, but the effect is still large; at 

: production .of :hard paraffins, pr0pvl alcohol iind ma- readily attacked by dilute HCl• bu~ less l eadi]y by :.~::'i H-.0 at ordinary pressures in the.Presence of a catalyst. 650°750 ~ 5% CuS0~ ret~rd~ the reaction by a factor : 

- terials" which, can be: pr0cessed.'into srnthetic de: I~.~SO~ and HN0~: tlmresnltin~2"soludon shows'pr0per - ~:]~ . - Tbe:experinlental aplmratus is lnctu.red and descmben., of 40 wherensSC~-Al.-(S0,~;etardsitby afactor of 12. 

tergents. ' .: . : . :, " , : : ues of B~0~, Fe'* and Fe~+• The consUtution is believed ~

72 BIIRAPI-I'Y 

OF FISCHER-TROPSO1K SYNTHESIS Ah'D 19~ELATED PROCESS!~_S ...... 

...... LITEIL~TURE A~ST~ACTS " 73 i 

i 

..... 

::~ 

i : 

. 

: . 

: 

. ~ . 

:: 

claus reduction, etc. The porosity of the product is 

570. 

greater the lower the reduction temperature. 

CL~, --. [Improvement of Synthetic Oils by 

Means of Sulfuric Acid.] FIAT Reel K23, frame's 

566. CrrVF~0X; G. I., ±.x~ Ax'~v~:~, B.D. [Reduc- 2,381-2,391~ Ang. 25, 1939; PB 70,214; TOM ReeI 290. 

tion of Iron Oxides by Gaseous Reducing Agents. II. 

Rate of Reduction of Magnetic Iron Oxide by By- 

Experiments on the refining of synthetic oils with 

drogen.] 5our. Phys. Chem. (U. S. S. R.), v01. 5, 

H:SO~ ]mve no success because of the undesirabIe side 

1934, pp. 1292-129S ; Chem. Abs., vol. 29, 1935, p. 

reactions, such as oxidation or formation o£ tar and 

esters. 7 tables. 

5336. 

571, ~ Samples of ma~etic iron oxide of natural origin and 

[Production of Oils From the PHmary 

prepared from piano wire both show on reduction Products 'of the Gasoline Pressure-Synthesis.] FIAT 

strongly autocata]ytie effects. The initial s~peeds of Reel K2S, frames 64~9-6469, .No. 2d, 1940; PB 70,:1S5 ; 

TO~ Reel 29~. 

reduction are greater the greater the temperature, 

350°-900 °, but above 600 ° tim velocity of reduction falls Preliminary treatment with NaHS0~ + Nn activated 

off rery qnickly with time and the curve for 8{,} ° Al, SiGh, ZnCh, PCh, and SnCh of the gasoline procrosses 

that for 400 ° and 600 ~ at about 70% reduction. duced under pressure leads tO an.increase in the oil 

Above SO0 ° this effect again is less marked. Piano wire Yield with sinmltaneous formation of contact oil. Almagnetite 

shows this effect much more pronouncedly cohols, which interfere with ell synthesis, are likely to 

than does natural magnetite. The mieropore and be split into olefins and steam. Wbea the gasoline caultrapore 

structures are also different on reduction. : pars are passed over silica gel, isomerization is effeeted, 

Reduction proceeds in 2 stages, first to Fe0 then to Fe. Describes tests on a technical scale. 

Mos~ rapid, about 60 minutes. 90-100% reduction is ob, 572.-~. [Lubricating Oil Froal Synthetic Gaso: 

tained at about 600 ~ C. : 

line.] FIAT Reel K2S, frames 6120-6145, Mnv 11, 

567. Cm'F.~OV~ G. I., ,u~'n T,~zrEvsm~x,~, E~ P. tEe- 1941 ; PR 70,155 ; TOM Reel 295. . . . . 

- action Zones in the Redncrion of Magnetite and Fr~c.tions of a cracked gasoline boiling wifl~in a nar- 

Hematite With Hydrogen.] Acta Physicocbim, row rnnge and lmrificd over metallic .~a were used for 

U. S. S. R.. tel. 3. 1935. pp. 957-974 : Chem. Abs.. eel. the synthesis of lubricating oil. Comparison of the Otis 

31, 1937, p. 487S. 

prepared from t e fractions in a siagle ~vnt e~i~ shows 

: Reaction is autoeatah'tic. The ch,ange in p0rosity an improrement in'the ~'iscos/ry-pole h~ight nn'd a dewith 

temperatureand degree of reduce/on was studied tertoration of the Com'adson test With increasin_- chain 

and related to the reaction rate. .Magnetite is less ]engthwhiletheaaililel0ointandtleInumberd~crease 

: porous than hematite, but below 600 ° the rate Of re- ~ith rising m01ecular weight. A !dgher stability of the 

duction is faster. Above this temperature the porosity : polymerizates obtained from C~ and C~ fractions, camand 

the rate of reduction decrease rapidly in both cases pared with t!lose obta ned from tl e C to C:= fractions, 

: Microscopical investigati0ns ~ show the l~resence Of ithe has been established by artificial asia~ Acids. esters 

- layers a-Fe-Fe=0~ in the case of magnetite and :and aldehydes are noxioUs; this is~pP~red:by ~he fac~ 

• adva.ce ofthee~'g~,~t']ete~d~*~.~/~'°ec~s' ~-t~.'~ te o.~ ;5~s. ~---.: [Density Of Sy,,tiletic 6ils ~nd Its De: ;= • 

~ the activation ener.-r for 1 ...... Hro esr~evl°#',~,?0.,,and " 12,.end~e~_ce_ On tim ~:atu~'_e of the Pr mary Gasoline and ! 

~ : . energy ~or hematite is 15500 gm.-cal. : the Viscos/ty of the 0ils.] FIAT :Reel K29 frames ] 

568._------T-..: .[C0mpariso~of.I~tial . . Yel0cifies . . . 0f . Re- , 6,630-6,633, 1942;PB 70,21S; TOM Reel 296.' "i :~1 

acnon oz uxmes o~ ±ran With ~yaro~en and Carbon Densities of a numbe~ 0£ il" , .. _ . 

• ~ • " o -~es~ poruous are raou- 

2~Ionoxide and Their Mixtures.] Jour. Phvs Chem. Isled accmdlng to t e~r vl~c0sltle 

• (U S S R ) eel .q 1936 pp 933-942" Cl~em &bs f~o'-- ~ ....... " L " " s and tbeir origins " 

eel 31 ~937 p o07~5 • ' • . . . . . • .... : ~u crucgea gasoline or from circulated gasoline. ~ 

_ ~ 

~ar~00°~the~'ednction of hematite 

: 

is much slower 

: Thei~ 

Of the lal~e 

relations 

variation 

are represented 

in the value~ 

graphican~. 

these curve~ 

Because 

an nn~- 

~ , t, an o:v m. At'nigher temperatures S00 o the : ha~e +h~ ~-~-~ ...... - - ~ - - ....... , 

~ * . " .-: • ~ , . ~ .... ~. ~ ~,su~ucunc~ o£ a zunctional relatioil but 0nly .¢ 

ratio of the velom~es approaches the ratio of impi0ging ~ of a eorrelati0u AS a rule the densities' 0f oils frm~ ~ "~ 

momcmes oz me z gases As a result of the s nailer cracked ~asoline ale bi ~,o~'~,-~ *~ .... ,~, ~, - --~ ! 

This report reviews the production of O_. and otber the unit-cell dimensions a~d the positions o£ the atoms 

gases by the Linde-Fr~inkl process. Altogether, 73 within the unit cell change gradually as C replaces N. 

Linde-FrSnkl units hare been erected by the Limle Co. The space group is D~'h--P m n n. For Co~-N the ma!t 

since 1930, with an average capacity of 2,375 mJ per cell dimensions are a=~335, b=4.6056, c=4.3443 A., 

hr. of O, of 9S~c purity. The O= has been used mainly and for Co~0, o=2.8969, b=4.4465, c=4.3707 A. 

in the complete gasification of coal. Arrangement of 579. C~'D~, G. [Present Situation ~Vtth Re~peet to 

plant and method of operation are described in some the synthesis of Ammonia in Conjunction %Vith Coke 

detail, with reference to the installation at Leuna. An- Ovens.] Compt. rend., v0L 182. 1926, pp. $77-8S1; 

alysis is made of available information relating tO en- : Chem. Abs., eeL 20, 1926, p. °°29. 

ergy requirements of the process. Attempt also was 

k phenomenon peculiar to this process and ~ot 

made to determine the costs of 0: production by the 

previously de~ribod is the formation of ~IeOH during 

Lind e-Friinkl process. 

the e0uversion of CO (present as an impurity in the 

-It is claimed that 0.- can be separated from air at a 

H:) to CH~ thus: CO+6H=-*CH~+H=0. Up to 25% 

purity of 9S% with all energy consumption of 0.455 kw.was 

found in the I=I..O of the reaction, having been 

hr. per m3 of 0:. The east of production may vary between 

1.6 and:3.0 pf. per m. ~ of 0:. of which' 40-50c]~ 

formed by the reaction : C0+4H~C~OH. 

may be aceountexl for by the cost of power. Tile capital 

CLAI'S.~][AN~, P, See abs: 1168, 1169. 

cost of large insta]lati0ns appears to have been around 580. CLE~IE~T, --.. and DEson~ms, --. Synthesis of 

RM 500.000 per 1,000 m2 per hr. of 0= capacity. Gives Hydrocarbons nnd Alcohols From Water Gas. Speflow 

diagrams, clue Beat of Gases. Paris, t862. In Marek'and 

CL.~n~{. E.L. Sce abs. 2103. Hahn, Catalytic Oxidation of Organic Comp0und.% i 

576. C~,x~x, E. L., KALLEXngac, Z~, R. H. I~,~0WX~, "R. Y., Chemical Catalog Co., New York, 1932. p. 101. i 

A.XD PHILLLPS. J. R: Synthesis-Gas Production. ~e- By passhlg ~team Over coke at red heat a c0m- ] 

action of Light Hydrocarbons. Steam. and Carhon- bustible gas was produ¢'ed aaalvziug as follows: i 

Dioxide tn Commercial Equipment. Chem. Cog. H.., 56.22~ ; C0 28.96% CO.-. 14,6S% ;CH;, 0.4iV,~. i 

• Progress, eel. 45, No. 11, 1949, pp: 651--654: 58i. C0~L AtW.. Coal for Synthesis. Vol. 54, .No. 1, i 

Production of synthesis gas of a wide range of H= :CO 1949. pp. 66-67. ] 

ratios in:. a Hv~ rtol-trpe (Girdler Carp ) furnace : w,'~e o~,,,, .-,¢ ,~o~a,', ........ ~-' ¢ - ~,,+~i~ H-uid I 

~ de.cubed. 0peratmg data are pre~entedfor H. - CO . ~ ' 

+- ~ - o ~ - ~' . . . . . X~ - " " . fuel mdu.trv and tlle part that coal zs 

.'" 

playing 

• 

thereto. 

- 

rauo. ol _ : .[ alia ± : I. ~I.~ fln(l LU mixtures L.ontflln- ~ " ~ - " ~ : . I 

~" 9 .... i ~ - " . - - It mn.t not be a~.umed that natural and .~nthenc ] 

mg ~-, eve 

. ~ ~ 

Lu 

...... 

a 'e I rouneefl hY 

". 

tile 

. . 

reaction 

. . . . 

of 

. 

natural 

. gaseous aud hqnld 

. . 

fuels are or will 

. 

be calmble 

• 

of .upgas 

(L" a~xx~aJ: wlIa steaul ann L'u< .No trouble was : , - ÷~o x-,+ ~,. ,1 ,, A c,,,~ ~**s -t= ! 

e nc 0l lnrelO • d " at oily time . with' . C " depo.lhon . . on tlle ' p,vlng ¢~ ~n~ o,,.l,..s -. energy . . ,,e.~anus ~ 

~,,.= ..~..= i.¢ = 

+ , ~; ~ ".- ~ ; ~ .. . ~ . . p'e~ent eompehtlve dlffieulile, but from tile .-laud- : 

ea.alv~[.: .toe catalyst n~e(l v,-u~ a .N1 Da.e eatalv r- " ~ " " " " S " "~" b ~ 

fn~ni" h d l r h '" ~ ^ - . : " ~ point of re~erxes avaflabflztv, and co~t ~t ~ }n tile e.-t , 

~ s~e.~ . t e G~ruler ~orp: }tuner the~,lgaanon : position of all fuels to undergo snbstantial expansion.: . 

~-o. Tne pl'OUll(~[ gas nus snca =a I0W- ~.u: contcnr: . : .. .:. :: . • ~ ' 

time its removal is not required thus reducing:ldant-: 582: Co.~ CAnn0xZSAT~0~. Petroleum and Lube 0ils 

C0nstruction cost.: :~ : From Coal. Vol. 1, 1935, p.'66; W~rme. eel. 5S. 

CL..~Rx::G. 

- " 

('] ,gceabs: 206i: : ' 1935, p: 20a.: ...... ::: :~:' ~ :: - : 

' ~ ~ ......................... (,~7- Pr0ductinn nf L~nuhl Fnel ~ . Frnm" . . . . Products ~ of :tile F/scber-Tropsch " 

process for mak- 

"Coal Oan~dian Min and ~,Iet Bull; 190 Fe n'unr," Ins ga.olme and lubricating otis from hard-coal coke: 

19~8" PlY" 07"4-')81 ~ " ' "- "~' ' % are in nu way:inferlor and in Some ways superior ~o : 

~.-': " -~ -." " .. : ~. . . . . . . . . - natural petroleum products. For example, the cold- 

~nis is a orie~ c0nsmeranon o~ ~ prouucn0n o~ test of a good natural winter oil is --16 ° C. whereas 

h 

primary 

• nation 

tar by 

of 

low-temperature 

coal and (3) 

:carbonmatlon: 

F~scher T~o~ch 

(2): thatof d synthetic product is --42D C .... 

ydloge " " - ' I ~ o ~ --~ • ~ ~- • ~ '~-'- ' 

nrocess . . . . . 58o .~iquin ~llels in ~ermany. vm o .eve7 : 

- r ; ~ . . . . . " : : . ~ . .- • - o,-=~ 

57S CLkmc W New Synthetic Alcohol From:Gasoline ,P" ,8, Tech. moderne , Ap~!l !93,: p. -vp~ 

~ w~...~A,,,.~ ¢'^. u~,:~ ,~ v,,~/~¢~,. "~,mq,v p~t , ..... 4 lanes are operatin at H0mberg castrop-Rauxel 

• 

" 

, number 0f.acti~e center s at,higher ten~peratures the culated ~asoline ' Generally .~-,~,*-~" -~ " "° * o,m c!r

-" 7~ BIBLIOGRAPY&"~" OF FISC'~ER-TROPSC'~ SYI~Tt~ESIS AlX~DREI.,ATED2:~ROCESSE S ..... - 

Sources of 0il adequate for 1,000 yr. are seen in re- and conventional carbonization of coal in aookiug 

serves of gas and coal for sTnthetic liquid-fuel plant followed by gasification of coke in gas producers. 

processes. The use of O= in gasification, the Lurgi Heat balances are shown---one for the gasification o£ 

process, underground gasification of coal, and the 

Fischer-Trepsch process are described briefly. 

Coc~s, L. ¥. ~ee abs. 24. 

Co~z~, i~I; See abs, 2562. 

Conm~, P, ~ce abs, 740, 

COH~,: E. M. ~ce abs. 52, 1436, 1437, 1438~ 1439, 

1445, 1446~ 1447. 

~86. COHN, E. ~I., ~.~'u Ho~u, I~. J.E. :~fede of Tran- 

sition From H~igg Iron Carbide to Cementite. Jour. 

Am. Chem. See., vol. 72, 1950, pp. 4662-4664. 

ReactiOn of Hiigg carbide~ Fe.~C, to yield cementite, 

Pe~C, and free C is a discontinuous or heterogeneous 

powdered li~aite using 0_., ior the production of syn- 

thesis gas, and the other without 0~. The gasification 

efficiency for each, respectively, is 80.9% and 74.~% 

These figures compare with 6S.S% for synthesis g'~{s 

made by gasification of pulverized coal, details of which 

are given in the original article. Cost comparisons in. 

dIcate that the conventional method is about 10% 

cheaper than the Koppers method in the manufacture of 

fuel gas; and when reduced to standard coking coal, 

the fuel consumption of the Koppers process per unit 

volume of synthesis gas is substantially higher than 

that of the eonveational 2-stsge process. Allowing for 

: the Indirect fuel consmnption in the manufacture of 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE 2~BSTITACTS ' : . . . . . : ~ 

!~eview mainly of information obtained from CIOS Comments on an uddress by J. T. King before the 

~.enorts XX%'--7 PB 2S6 XXXIII-;~0 FB 2S.745z Midland Association of (}as Engineers. The chemical 

xXVII-55, PB 36S, and FIAT 51~, PB" 67.564. De- development of c0al ntilizati0n is likely to be based on 

scribes processes employed by Hibernia, Kl~ckner- the Fischer-Tropsch process. Gases contummg CO and 

werke and I. G. Hoeehst. It,, preferably in the ratio o£ 1 : -. m'e purified from S 

594. ~ . Synthesis of Higher Alcohols. ~;ol. 9, to less thau 0.1 grain per 100 cu. ft~ and passed over a 

Co catalyst at temperatt~res between 175°-220 ° C. 

1947, pp. 273-277. either at normal pressure or at ~-10 atm. .&pproxi- 

Dimmest of the information found in CIOS reports mately I20 gin. of liquid product has been obtained 

XXX-103, P~B 23,750, XXXII-96, FB :1,~,66, und per m2 gas treated at atmospheric pressure or I50 ~-nn. 

xXXII-107, PB 6,650. It discusses the production of at 10 aim. Yields are as follows, in perceu~ by 

alcohols up to C~ by the I, G. Farbenindustrie, the weight: 

process of the l~uhrchemie A.-G. for alcohols above ' : : _~'ormaZ Medium 

C~ and, in parti¢'a]ar the Synol process of the I.G. prc~sl~rc prc~surc 

Farhenindustrie: This process involves the reaction CH~-n ........ : ...................... 1S 11 

of a gas CO : H~.=I ; 0.7=6.S at lg--25 aim. and 180 °- C~-~-C, hydrocarbons ................... 11 7 

precipitation. :Htigg carbide and cemennre nave nat- 0~: thee fficiency of the Koppers process is said to fall 200 ° over a sintered Fe catalyst. The liquid products Oil below 200 ° C: ......... - .......... 43 21 i 

row ranges of composition und apparently do not form nelow oO~'o. : sre mainly alcohols and hvdrocarbon~ the former be- 200°-320 ° C .... L__£__ ............. :__- 20 28 I 

intermediate metastable solid solut'ions. "The reaction 590. --. Ir0n Catalyst in the Fischer:Tropsch i ing entirely straight-chain" compounds; alcohols up to Wax _ ................................ 8 33 

3Fe.-C-HiLg--~2Fe~CWG becomes appreciable 0nly at Synthesis ~,rol• 9 1947 pp 125-1oT 165-167 C~ were made suecessfully The process was lever . s~ ~o~,~,~*~,~ n¢a,- X-ol ~ ~9J~ n,~ " ! 

atb:rUt 4vO , while the reaction Fe:C-HtLgg-kFe-~Fe~C Review of experimeuts carried Out in' Germany on :, operated on afult scale• . " • ..... .... i11-t13. : - .... ] 

~t~l~S 1 he~ow 300°. The~znstable..or labile carbide of the use of Fe catalyst in place of Co: The infOrm,~tion i 595. - - . Practical AdvanCes in: the Pr0ductio,~ Of . VariOus processes (cracking in the water-gas ma- , 

e az a coworJ-=ers is jnlply ~-lagg carbide• wa~ ~)otatued nlainly from papers already" rev ewed. Liquid Fuels Frolu Coal. Yol. 1- :lauuary 1950 pp. nh;11a V.inda'- Ei~machinen Kuhbu'mu I{.ouDers I G 

58'/; COITH, H. S., ,%..~D ROD][TSCHE~=. F. 0. Determina- s~[c=, as BIOS lteport 44~, PB ~,,05, CIOS Relmrt 9-1~. and Kohlentechnik) are described for the reformation ! 

t!0n of Suitab!lity of Paraffin ~Iixtures for conve]:- .x:.~XI~2~PB_!2,624, and FL-kT lteports 276, PB 1.291 : I Account with diagrams of coal-to-oil demonstration of gas from coke ovens and low-temperature earbouiml- ] 

• ~.on toFatty Acids by Catalytic Oxidation. FIAT a!]o~=u, ~-~ t,~-t~). Developments sponsored by each Of : ] plant at Louisiaim, M0. ' ' ' ' lion plants iz tO synthesis and town gas. ] 

2m t~ ~tel t. 905 Sept 3:1 ~, 46 PB 42 639" SUll 1 1 3 rue ~.o~lowlng are presented Kaiser'Will ehd Institute " ] ~ .. ~ ~ - ~ ~ • ,- ;~ -^.: : .- ": - ~ ~ ,- - - " 

pp TOM :Reel o40 ' '. " ' ~ Lurgi Gesellschaft Braunkohle.Benzin ~, a 'I S Far' ~ ~96. ~JOKE ANn 8MOKELESS-]~'I EL .~OE. .~ze.ei .uue~. ~uu. . ~urvey . o~ ~ermau ~0w-Temperature 

: Catalytic oxiaat;~: - .... ~ . _ ._. .. henindustrie A.-G' (particularly the ~"o~"-k~0~ ~llcl z ; | From Coal Vol 2; 1940. pp 70-71; Ztschr. Vet. Carhonizatisu:Techaique. Vol. 5. 1943, pp. 6~-~-72. 78 : ! 

_2 .. -. .~ .... 1,aramns tO zarty acres is " on ~u~nended ca~l~ ,,~ ~:,.],~ - ~ '.~:~:: . ,,e, :| deut. Ing., vol• 8;~• No. 47, 1939, pp. I240-1241. 84-88. . " 

greatly oepenaent upon the characteristics of the raw ~ ~¢• ---.'~, ~u~ ~V~e~¢, ,ha q~[alysI Ior " - ' : • - a - ~ " ~ ~ ~- " 

materials, therefore small-scale te~ts are :im,mrtant tubular zeactors), ltuhrchemm , and:Rheinpi~eUs~en ~. . ] SYnthetm hydrocarbons of the Kogasm type, made : Although Germany had achieve d:conmderal le ~uoce~.- i 

for evaluatin the ~r ...... ~ .,:~ :::..~...,~¢ ",~ ,. ,591 Linde-FHinkl Proce~ ¢-~ n,.~.,¥,~..~,, | bvthe Fi~cher-Trop~ch process lmve a cetene number, in the low-temperature carbomzanon of brown ceal, I 

: tests are desc~'ibed a~l~i~een~par~' w~t~:~t~he"aehmiSUC o' : tion. ~'ol 9 1947 pp o36-o40 ~ "~ ...... ~'~'\~[~"~,*,." | of 120 and when about ~S~ is mixed with tar nil of: . chiefly for the sake of the tar produced, the treatment ! 

• duct on procedure one of the 'ex,~,,m~o~ ~:;vo., {':" " Tbe~z," ê ^" ,- ~ ".-. .- ~'. ~ ,~ :l 20 cete~m number, a diesel fuel of 60 cetene nmuber is of hard coal had been an economic failure nntil the. 

..... ' nnrnmn m;vh,~ ~,:,m,,, -oô .... :oTX'~:~'.: ~" &': l~ ~ ::2_ ._2~.." ~,zz:nquexacnon ]s inS.cussed a.n d pra~(~da.U::- | obtained, Which is e~ual in ignitiou qualities to cam- development of the Fischer-Tropsch process. Hard- ! 

5a-~sch'~ us]n:~tassiu'~n~?:.,v,:--~...~.;,~cn.er':~'~: °pscn : ~Pe~:~u,ng2:esu,~,rs~are~h°wn• A l~s.t of ,3:n.n!!s'i,~ilt\-:- | me-rdinl diesel-oil of.]~et:roleum:origin,:: Ble,~ded "fuelS:: :coal semi eoke is used in-:qnantity, to make sYnthesis . i 

Germal; ulan~s'u~a,~rh;~ " ¢:~t~'~s"'~'~] ;'" £"-~::'~== "~ ~.~:~" ~''~,'~' *~.'~± zs given_ ±he wormng of t tle "... ] must however be examined cr tieallv ;S regards mis, gas for the Fischer-TroPSch proqess, as it ~ves a 

' 

':: 

.. 

OPlmU and Heyc]eb'reck" a~z(]~t~e'D~l~c'i~ '~P[;:~"::° a~: 

W~rk~ n~" ~V;eea, ~.:.-.-~" ~ - - ~ e $ettsau~eof-a~)a~t.tis-~or.o:k~p~liemenc:.~ 

c0mams 2 urawmgs : 

~;~re~e};t-s~:~::;~me(~ ;.n stone oetail, and power re~,:~ .~| 

,x ~lze ca~eulateu. Installatmn costs for ~. : |~ 

.ear~'~'al:^^~er~mz~ co!~dition~ ., are~ given as RM::':~-|~ 

cibiiitv separation in Storage: corr~!sive action, and smaller content:of inert s and i; better CO :I-t: ratiO: 

cok~n~" eualitie~ Attempts to increase the ignitabilit~ The desired ratio can even be obtained by the gasificaof 

coal-tar oils:by addtiols 0f ethrl nitrate and 01'- - tionofsomespebisllyreactivesemicokes. Itisststed 

. 

- 587a:"C0~'~ .... '~='~" " ~" -~ ^ : m .: . ~- {t~'~/~'u~ m~'L°~,t~'Jn°ur ~.~nglisn couversi0u rate :.. ;]:,~, ganic peroxides appear 'to ha~!e been abandoned for 

~. ~. ~vu~ .~r~ca,n woal~to-uu- "±ecmncal ," ~ ~. t~,~u~. ~peraung: costs were divided : :| :0~easons Of cost. H K~lbel claims to have developed 

~,an~ ~o~..to., lvbl, pu. 3Sv-390 ; Fuel Abs., vol. 10 ~or l~ou~c~zoa up ~ z,000 m./!zr• into power 40%. | ,'~able diesel fuels from coal-tar oil:and Kogasin ut lizthat 

thecpmbbmti0n of 10w~temperature carbonization - 

and the. Fisc!mr-Tropsch synthesis gives a 20-30% 

increqse in the total yield of:liquid:fuels ~as compared 

' ~ 

, ,~o ...... x, aos..v,_:[9. . . ..... 

' Production "at Coalbro0k. at initial rate ~0f about 

am~e~a~cOntan~ZVe, .z.nteres~ 40%, ~nd labor an.d: '| ih~the selective solvent action of the latter to remove 

. ,~ , ~s vv-/o_ .~oove -,o00. m./hour the dz-.[ :, cona~dtuents •liable tO Cause c0king. The Drocess is 

with the nmre usual combinatio n of high-temperature 

carbonization with the synthesis. 

:' 200,000 ton Of liquid fuels a year will be based on a: ~nur~avS~°~.v~:~.w~' andS0%: In the Plants.~-ith : said\~.~ be-applicable also to 10w=~emPerature tar oils. 601 SYntheses :From carbon ~lonoxide and : 

combinatmn of improved German and Americun vet- ~,~, :, ,~ u,p~z~, o~ .t,~vvT.-,ooo .m. of 0=, the'tota~ ' :-:.| ~ The l~/ter have inherenth" higher cetene numbers. : Hv~drozen ]~01 5 1943 nu o0S--210 oiU .... ' " • 

: :- sions of the Fischer-Tropsch process: Thecost per- .~t at 0 ° u~ and rue 760 gas mm• was in eammatedto a 3 "^^ ~ be2.2-2.5 .... • Rpfg./m. .. : : =J,, Data relating ' ' to a 45-55 Kogasin-coal " tar:Oil mixture .: o " ~ , ~ ' . ' ~. ~ ''~'- , ~ .1 - , ' . + . : . . 1" . 1: . I, ~ :: r: 

• centage fi~reso~ the plant are " (a) Powel~ st, tiou i9~ ~ali to 1 ~ ~pfg~' ::; ~:~'~!~ ~5~£,~J'~°~,~ show this to ilave properties better than those o~ ,n ~.ourvey .o~ r%n~.~,scover,e~ an.~ a~'~a,~ s~?~,~. : 

. (b) gasification plant 30 (c) fine purification plant 9 :' 0f 9°~ 7; .... " " _ ., ..', o ~ ~--w,-• ~ .unnamed petrolemn fuel.: An •illustration compares a ~gess auu rrau?!a~z0n oz a paper" py ~. ~cne r t;- ~. 

...... " (d) synthesis reaction ~'es.¢els 6. (e) distillation " o ~.~= wztn power,a~ j.. u Rpzg/kw.-hr: would 1)~ ~ ': mixture:.of this typewith a c0mmercial gas oil as re- ~'~" . .~::. " ~ . . 

.... polymerization, • and other finislung ~ . ' plant : for primary. ' - 0 ~ would ltpfg cost Converted :17 d "1 into 00 ~ En-lish ~" .... equivalent~ ~'- 95 ~ ~ o cards :~ (a) Fuel" cousumpti0n in ~-nu./metric hP:-hr.- .602.--. German:. Low-TemPerahtre Carboniza= : 

- " and:secondary product~ and storage facilities °4. ~'~ . .:~ ./ , v cu. z~.:.wzta power a~ o.~o ; . (1OO gm./metric hp.-hr.~0.22 lb./hp.-hr.) in a 30- to tion. ¥ol.8,1946, pp, 77-79. : " ! ' -:': 

' : • 

• 

: • ~ - 

ancillary w0rks installations'!2~ :~ ~:he coal of asiz'con ~- u./~'w.-hr. : : . ; : "~ 

. tent about 26-29% Will be gasified in a Lurgl press{~re :: 592. ~ ~fanufaeture of Primary Alcohols b~ the. :: 

plant so that thegns iS generated Under the actual 0xo Proce:ss:: V0L 9,.1947, pp. 01=65. :.: : ::::'.~ 

35-hp.,:l,450-r. p. m., 4-cylinder engine; (b) exhaust 

temperatures~; and (c)CO content of e.'~m~s] L gases; 

:The low C0 content 0f the exhaust gases zron~ t~e.. 

Techniealdetails areg{ven of the lar~er instullafions : '. 

that were operated during the war in conjunction with " 

synthetic-oil plants Specially descrihed are the plant - 

• : 

.... . '~ . 

pressure needed for the synthesis• Ruhrchemie's ex- • Excellent:review with: diagrams and fl0w. sheets of: !~ mixed.fuel- is specially interesting a s i t indicates t. e 

perimental plant has given :satisfactory results Ruhr: the plant and operation :of the 0x0 process for the : !~ -~uitability of this fuel for use underground, in m!n ~ 

""chemie-Lnrgi "lRestisol~! pr0eess:will probably he used : : manufscture of primary.aliphatic alcohols from olefias: '.:i~ ~ :" oc0motives and the like.. 

• ef:the'KruPl)Treibstoffwerke at:Wanue-EickeL oper: 

:ated in C0njunetion with a Fische~r~Tropsch plant the 

Lurgi Spiilgas plants of the A:-G.:Stichsische Werke at 

• 

: ' 

• 

" 

• 

: 

: 

the gas pur!ficatz0n~ : -: ~:::i ' ' and ~vater .gas(: The inf0rmation is adapte d mainly ::':~ ::- . ~97. ~--~---.:- Turb0c0mpressors for -Hydrogenati0n ~ 

0~. ~0xs ~u G~s; Finidized Technique.: ~rol.: 9, .-: • zrom CIOS andBIOS reports. For thepilot plants at; :~: ~':' ":Plaht~ Voi 2 2940 p. 120 G4nie civil :vol. 116 ':19~0~:: 

"1947, pp. 261-266.. : - : Holten (ltuhrchemie) and Leuna (I G. Farl]enindus~ ?~ ' :::PD 32-,~4.- - " : :. ..... -' ": . 

B~l{len and Espenhatn "and the Deutsche "Erdbl A.-G::: 

plant at lte~s -all carbonizing brown coal ;chiefly :to : .: 

produce tar f0r:theBergins hydrogenation. : :: - " 

: : • : 

_: 

:. ~Detaiis bf~eW techni q ue de~ei0 ' p :ed h y the - ,%.m e rz "can : 

off industry and its ~application to many industrial proctrie 

abo' A-G " " ) the ' cost - of production " of the alcohols was :~ ~' 

~ ut ItM. 0.P0u0~9~/kg. and the sales price I~.M. 2.5/kg - ~ 

: ~. ~/Turbocompres~0rs are lighterland m0re compact" 

. :.: than reciprocating COmpressors. for high pressures of 

:60~: --.i Lurgi ProcesS. 

,54, " : 

VoL:$, 1946,::pp~ 49r50;-:: :: . 

" . - i : 

' essesa ' such. ,,; as oil, ^.-crackling~^~_, Fiseher-T'r0pech :synthesis, ~'ormrge-scaieyear) the eapitalPr0uueti0n land 'operating(12'O00:t°nScosts WerebatChestlmatedPr°cess/: : ~i! : ~he-order :0f/206 atm. and offer:the further advantage : ~. Latest information about the" LurgI coniplete-gasi: 

: 

..... 

: 

:: 

: 

" 

, 

2~: re~°~'ng °G:s::c:t;:n Processes corn a~ed - a t :RM. 78/100 kg. of alcohol; for ll-seale cou.nnouS 

~,. ~.:..^ ~ ^ ~ " p • . Voh operation I'~M. 60/100 kg The potentialities of the : 

":~, ~v~7, p. ~.~ ; l~ev( ~e n. ~az, v01: 69, _~o. 2, p. 44, Process . are hrlefly discussed from the viewpoint of :: ~! 

.0 pP: :: ~:: . . products, and methods for increasing the production of:~ ~! 

" Summarizes infor,bation published in Germany in ~ olefins by medium-pressure, gas-rec~'ele "and li0uid- ' ~'~ 

1942 hy Koppers concerning the complete gasification phase fluid-catalyst are meutioued. ....... :' 'i 

o~ lignite dust, coke ~nes: and the nke. Particular ~. ~ . ~reduction of HYdrOgen-Carbon ~on: ~ 

~mt~.nti~noi~ O~awa to.~e.atbalance.s and c0st duta, nnd , oxide Synthes!s Gas ~rom Coke-Oveu Oas. VOL 9,~,! 

hat the =as compressed does-not come into contact : 

With lubricating 0il: The author discusses gas fl0w 

in labyrinth-packings and methods of-reducing the 

-losses involved• The formati0n of eddies:in the lahy- 

: 

" 

:: rlnth 

S' ' 

and-the ma~-nitude 

. . . 

of 

. 

the 

. . 

leakage 

. . . 

with 

. . 

different 

rues of chamber between the c0nstrmtmns, were m- 

:~t~ated y hYrdbr: : e;Ze:e:::hOU :::::::c;: 

b P 

"flcation plantar B~hien Germany: reports a plant of 

10 units wltl~ a capacitY, ef 'abont~20 O00 000 cu. ft. of: 

' sas l~er day. The e0mplete plant Cost:10 720,000 P£I;: 

:~he I,~nde-Friinkl O~ plant 3,600000 B3I. Information 

__ 

is 

~ 

a-iven 

o 

n the modern 

typ 

e machiner~r 

. 

and. its o 

pe 

r 

:. 

ation, the gas-purifying plant, and.an analysis .of the. 

~:~ii:ga:?~: 0c.o~ ~ ~:!~n0~e~.~i~ta~SaCOP~lr09.~10!O 

= 1~ ~os are mane oetween the Koppers process • 1947 pp: 346--349 ' . . . . . . . . . $ ::i : ~9~elo-"~-~m~" o~ 19tk ~p 151-1~'=157 light oil are produced per 1"~ cu. ft. 0f gas. Oper-

:76 

~IBLIOGR~ OF 3FISCHER-TROPSC~ SYNTHESIS /L~-D I~ELATED PIqOCESSES ~- 

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS : W 77 

..... 

:~ : 

: 

i::' ~ ' 

.... :~ : 

ted for the first time to the 

ating costs are as follows: coal 6.50 RM per ton : water 

• ~0-54% moisture. The plant comprises 4 gasifier un~ ~fits. The plant nses the Fischer-Tropsch process 

6 pf. per m2; power 1.1 pf. per kw.-hr.: labor and 

each with a pair of generators nnd 5 proclucers. 7£h ~ .~ and the re~flar output is 30 tons of synthetic petroleum 

maintenance each 0.4 pf. per m. of gas; oxygen 2.2 pf. 

output of synthesis gas under the best operatin~ con~ : for every working daY- The capacity may enable a 

per m2 :The total east of the gas was 3.8 pf. per m2 ditions is 1 07- million cuft her hr for ~ao~ ,~ ~-"" doubled product!ou- This installation is the only one 

less a credit of 1.4 pf. Per m. ~, or a net cost of 2.4 pf. 

n" " . . er 

per m2 o~10.9 d. per 1,000 cu. ft. 

u it. 0peratmo may be w~th or w~thout 0.-; the usual ~ iu France that was installed and that is ~m without 

synthesis-gas emnposition when using 0.- is CO, 25%. auY finaneial assistauce ~rom the State, nnd the produe- 

604. ~ Pintsch-Hillebrand Gasification Process. H.~, 50% ; CO.,, 13% ; CH~, 3.5% ; ~'~, 3.5% : Without 0~: :.~ tion proves beueficial. It is protected by the ahnost 

VoL 8, 19-t6, pp. 218-220. 

the composition is 23%, 56c~, 10%, 3g~, and 3% prohibitive duties hnposed on all imported petroleum, 

Pintsch-HiIlebrand process is based on the use of respeetively~ Gives some detailed operating results: ~: 615, . Motor Fuels. Vol. 159, 1939, p. 727. 

heated circ~Uating gas to supply the necessary heat for 610. COOL, Shy GV~IA~, The Situation in Germany, . 

the reaction. Two plants are known : One at Hamburg Vol. 151, 1935, p. $61. ! 

Australian Comaionwealth Standing Committee on 

gasifying brown-coal briquets nnd the other at the ~'es- Capital cost of a Fischer plant is estimated at RM ~ : "] 

Liquid Fnels reports that the Government should ex~ 

soling hydrogenation plant of the Union rheinische 

haust the possibilities of aecumulattng large quanti- 

5,400 per metric ton of gasoline produced per day com" ~:| ties of gasoline in storage and the production of other 

Braunkoblen-Kraftstoff, which consists of 11 units, pared to RM. 4,000 for the L G. eoal-hydrogenation | substitute fuels before embarking on the establishment 

each of 5.500 m2 per hr, capacity, and uses brown-coal plant. Depreciation on the Fischer plant will, how: '| of either hydrogenation or synthesis plants. 'the cost 

br~qnets with a pregasifieation shaft tO drive off the tar. ever, be less. The Fischer process will consume 7 :~1 nf nroduein ~ gasoline bv hvdro'~enation or srnthesis 

Tbe construction and operation of the plant are illus- tons of.coke per ton of gasoliue compared with 4 tons : : | from either bituminous or brown coal would be about 

trated and described, and :operating results are tabulated. 

Since the plant was gravity operated, a very 

of c0al for the coal-hydrogeuation process. '::| 1 s. 4 d. per gal. & synthesis p!aut of 13,000.000 gal. 

uniform fuel was necessary for eft%lent operation. 611.--. Production of 0ils From Coke-0ven L] per yr. capacity would cost pounds 5,000,000 and a 

The briquets were suitable if they had n specific gravity : : Gas---Report of Utilisation of Coal Committee. ¥ol. : | hydrogeuation unit of 45,000,000 gal, per yr. Capacity 

of 1.23. a moisture eontent of 13.5-1-1c/~, a strengtb of 

153 1036 pp 330-381" Inst Min Eng Mere :19 ] pounds 12.000,000 Itis estimated thut the cost to the 

14.07.150 kg. per era.-" (2,000-2.500 p. s. i.L and an ash- . Apgust 1936. 11~36. p. 2. o ' " "' ' ' consumer of synthetic g~ls01ine :[ronl ~rictorian br0wu 

sorteain.~ point Of not less than 1.2flO~-l.a00°: The gas Outline of o ~ the Fischer:Tropseli Fischer:3 process, .' with "ith .speCial special 

I coal would be 2 s. 1 d. per gal. : 

produced was suitable for synthesis ga~ havin,, a CO- r.e~..erence reference tO t¢ the nmdifieation n|odificat by Fischer, r Pichler ichler, and | 6i6.-----LA-' • Oil From Australiau Br0wn Coal..Vol. 

~I~. ratio of about 1 : 2. " ~' ~ " • Kolbel, I~.ol!~el, wl, wl erchy reby a sm~able sui~ab] sy~thesis gas ~ is ~ pr0dUced produced | 158, ~93 ~.~. PP. S8-~%q: lh'itish:Coal Utilisation and 

.... ' by ~y mowing blowing a water-gas g generator with a mixture of | : Research Assoc 3Iotthly Bull. vol. 3 ~o. 1 Abs. 

605; . Thyssen-Gnlocsy Complete Gasification steam and coke-oven .~oke-oven gas. For exanlple, ~ if '.10 10 Cu. cu. ft ft. :.! . 30-12. : : " :' i : : 

Pr0oess. VoLS. 19-]6, pp. 106-107. of coke-ove~! coke-oven gas were use used for every po0nd ~ I of steam, ] In a report to the Vieto}:tan Govermnent regar~ling 

: 0perating results of a4O-ton:per-day plant ei:eeted, the resulting resultil~g gas would have h cmnposition ~, ion :% % hy ~:| the production' o£ oil from brown-coal deposits, xt is . 

during the war at Wmme-EickeL Due to the hltermit- vohmie: I-I..; 60; CO. 30; N: and other gases, 10 For stated that the cost wouhl be nb0ut 1 s: per:gal: The 

tent supply of 0.. conthmous operation for m(rc than each volume: 1,000 I-I.. eu. 60; ft: CO. of this 30: ] gas, 330 cu. ft. :~ of ~, coke-oven 10. For :~| . . . . . . ~ ~, ~ ~ouud~-1 000 000 based 

a few days was not possible, therefore results:are not : gas each ~as and~18 and~lS 1,0O0 ] lb: , u. b: of ft: steam o£ this were we: i used. '. coke-oven. : 

: i~J costo~the I nant~oumteawt~i ' " ..... ~ t ~ : tl~ co~tS could ,- 

on ~1 60.000-toU unit; Lt is rflong t nat e- • ~ • 

conclusive. : : : 612. ha red,iced considerably if the oil i~ produced in con = : 

~12. . 

:Developnieni 

:Devel0pnients in South Africa. 

rich. VoL 

VoL 

: 606: ~ . Winkler Gasification Proces~ : Vol : .~ :!i:| . . . . . . . ~ . _' . ~_. . .... .. : .................... .- work 

" 19-16, pp. 155"-153f: ..... : .... ~ ...... :" : ~' ~ ~ !56, 1033, p. 329. ~ ~ ..... : ":: ~: : ::.. .: junction with the emstmgelectmclrY and b~ue t s. 

the catalyst has a considerably longer life than with 

the nm~nal pressure operation, in fact as much as 7 

times as long, The l~roducts obtained by thts new 

method are not used directly either us motor or Diesel 

fuels but are cracked or polymerized by well known 

and existing methods. The condensible hydrocarbons 

consist mainly Of propnne-.butane mixtures ~nd are 

similar in eompositinn to the Calor gas sold in thi's 

count~T for country-house lighting and heating'. The 

octane number of the Fischer-Tropsch motor spirit is 

similar to that of straight petrol, as would be expected 

from the similarity in composition. The oleflns from 

the Fisclmr-Tropsch 1]rocess produce luin'icnnts of a 

vetT high ~'ade. They are adjustable to such nn extent 

tliut lubricating oils suitable for any purpose 

whatever can be produced synthetically. ! 

618. - - . Robinson-Bindley Process. Vol• 159, 

1939, p~ 203 ; Chem. Trade Jour., vol 104,1939, p. 200. 

Synthetic Oils, Ltd., has issued a report on a test 

run of tbe C0mpnny plant at Bedlay for pi'oducing 

hydrocarbon 0ils from blue wafer .gas. The test suh- 

~antiateS the results obtained by tlie company's rechnlcians 

in n pilot plant at the research srathm at 

Epsom: According ~o the report, the yield of oils duriflg 

the trial was equivalent to 0.$501 gal. $or every 

1.000 cu. ft. of gas put throu.'.'h the plant, hut .a new 

method has just been devised that should bring the - 

yield up ro more than I gal. :per 1,000 cu. ft. of gas 

throughput It appears :from the report that several .... 

programs of treatment of crude oils can be employed, 

which would niean tbat tbe protlucts could to some 

extent be varied so as to meet current market condi-' 

finns " ' The amounts of motor ~pirit die el dud other 

~' ' " ' ~ ' ~ ' 

0ils that can be produced from the.crude oil ~re somewhat 

siinila siinilar~o those-obtained~rom nntural 1: petroleum, 

hut the oualitv of some Of tbe oils is much better. One 

: 

• " 

: Winkler continu0ug gasification process whicl ~lses 

i its a steam::and performance 0~ mixture in various as German the blnst~ plants is described, is discussed. ~and-" 

~ Local : rights ...... in the Fischer-Tr0psch " process - have. "~: 

tleen granted to the Sonth Afrieau Torbanite ~Iiniug " , 

& Refining CO. ..... ........... ..... ..... . "';' , 

The sche' n le~ ~bich " " " has " ". been prepared-Iv .u ~eHnan -. ex~ 

ports, e mb od" le~ ~ in ," |nv . lm " I u'ovenlel|ts ~ eu.liuing " ~ roe prop- ~,- 

0SItl0U to be }laced on: I commercial basis to .uit • ictartan 

" " condmons, . .1 and toe - cost " oL ~ ploLmctl,,n ~ *'^- 1~ "s 1 uueh 

ni'o,*ram ~ ' . of . trentmen~c . . nlentio ned~:i'n the-l'epor[ shou:s 

• that ~ nefll']~ • 5ub,c ~.~.~ of tile . total crut|e - prouuet~ . c-in ue . 

• - * " ~" 

and converted by another into motor program, spirft nearly and 40% into of mot0r:spirit die~el oil~ 

:. • 

:-.:The great ec0nomic advaatoge of the processis its abil-: 

lty:to gasify low-grade, cheap fuels• In faet'this~is its 

only Compensatory feature for its relatively poor thorreal 

efficiency and the inconvenience and cost of using 

: 

6!3. ~ . ~Fischer-Tropsch Pr0cess~ Prodncti0n of '(: 

:Goal Spirit and Its Improvement by Cracking;: ..Vol ~ 

156, 1938, pp. 433-434. : " ~ . ~, 

In tlfis process a mixtm'e Of CO and H.- in the ratiol 

" lower than any previously published fi~lres. The re- 

'port covers b0th t!~e~Fiseher process, which is (highly 

mechanized and involves low :labor eosts, and earn 

hydr0gen~tiom which is at present producing greater 

and more than 40c/o of very high-cla~ kerosine can 

be obtained.: The: motor spirit contains only 0.09% 

S, which is ~well within the Air Ministry's require° 

taunts. Moreover. the actual and potential ~un is less 

: 

::. 

• 

: 

: 

0~. : Tlie capital cost of a Winkler plant iS ab0ut the 

• same as that of a complete water-~as plant of normal 

[' : type. • :: : ~. : . .... ~ :: . 

. . . . . . . . . ....... 

607. Co~cu.n', A. P., Dnzw, T. B.[~xn WdnTHt.naTO.X, H. 

Neat Transfer in a -~ I Hvdro,,eu-Nitr0~en Mixture 

Of 1 : 2 by volume' :is used. Ordinary water gas, produced 

by passing steam:over coke. seems to :be the 

most economical s0nree of s.vnthesis gas: TO make 

up the deficiencr of H. in water gus the producer 

operation is modified b- -,~ .... -" . . . . . . . 

quantities of: oil ,. than half that stipulated in t!~e Air Ministry's speci- 

617. '. Production/of Oil From :Coal by the flcation for aviation fuels: The motorspiHt, after 

: Fischer-Tlopsch Process. Vol. :153,1039, PP. $65--$63= : certain normal and Well established treatmenr, cam- 

' .Reviews bist0rr bf Fischer:Tropscii procdss and dis-: :- : Fares:most favorably with No~ l'grade motor spirits. , 

.... :: : at High Pressures :ind E~ig. Cl~em: vol 1"947 p, ature or by treatin~ th~'w~er~'~a~ w~t~ ~s~Vm~em'~re cusses temperatt~re eontr0I catalysts,, and fuels n s~d The diesel oil and:.k'erosine are s.~.id robe vastly S~l~e; :: 

: .... - 

- 

: 

. : : 053-064.: ~ ' : :: .... ' ' *" 

- Ex~erimoii+,- ~ -.~-~:~ .... :~-~^.~ ~:-. :-- • ' -~; " 

" ~o,,,~: ,~ ~:'~':~.~1~,~ "~ ;,:~.ms~e a o-z~ 

~ . ~ ~-,~.-,~u~ uia~n~ters~ee~ ~uu~g ~mated by 

synthesis gas is tre,~ted in a ~-St~,~ ,~-..~-~'~^~' ~,~--~: .in the production of t!m synthesis gas. It is posmme 

for the renmr.~l" ,e S ,rh~ ~'t o+~-~-~::'~-" ...... Y .... -~-, to pr0duce s~nthesis gas immediately from coke-oven 

work~ ~,,,~.;io~" :7-,~::~,,,~=~ ~ 27--~i~"~ se ~ toe usuaj gas- ).~| : ~as by suitable treatment in a cracking plant. :At the 

sta -=-;fi~:=:.~:--::~'~'~"' te-mpe~a~.m:es' an9 ~neza :~?~| -' same~time the-heafin~ of coke ovens b~ low:grade gas 

rior to any suen ous on me.marl~e~, ~uur,c,,~-g ~,.u 

transformer otis can oe ootameu a~so zrom t~e syn- : 

thetie crude :oil. : It Was found after the trm~ that 

::the activity of-the catalyst had not beenimpaired. : - : 

: : : numbers extend from ~0,000 to the UnusUall~ hi,lYvalue atures. Purifed gas must contain:less than 0 a .~m ~| Is promoted, the coke-o~ en .~as. ben~ nsed f~r ~e 619. ~ German Fischer-Tropsch and Alhed : 

: of 440,000. The results are in good agreement ~ith the ...... of S per loom.' ~rhe eatalyst ts a Co :salt distributed producti°n .of moto): fu%:wn.-e tnes~an~ce~ao~uce~ Processes:: V01~ X72, 19~6; p. 5S9. " • : ] 

...... usual relations for !mat transfer. In the correlations:: on a Meselguhr foundation. The reaction takes place ~|[ :~e conversmn o! me co~-v[~^.goavSen batter.~ heated: ::Brief rev:~ew of information di.-ested from'the CIOS :" ] 

;: ,:: toe effects of~ressure on,the l'elevant properties 0fthe :~ ~n Z s~ges, "and ~he.tempe~,ature and pressure must ~ : : " ~x°m 5a, e~,w2s~ e gase~,Z~h~ s ~vaste'~as is :free from S reuorts on process development in:the Fischer-Tropsch " [ 

• ..... 

.... 

: _ 

.... 

: m~:~ureal:e~a~en m~o account. Methods of estimating 

:: :--~ ~cL~, wme~ were no~ pronounced over the pressure 

range studied, are presented Concurrence 0f the: 

data with those for better known gases is shown br in- :: 

clu~ion of experimental data for air at 5 .~ arm n,~a ,+ 

" :Re~:nold~ s numhare ¢, nao-~n/~q(ll.~ 

n,, (~ ~ ,~, T .............. . 

~,~ kcare~mj.Y controlsecL ..:['he heat released :by the :~[. f :~="~'~'~"~,~:~'~ b-last:furnace is free • from S. : s~nthe~is The Lurgi Gesellsch~fthad been Wen a! 1 : 

.~s~J ~.~oumrm~c reacuon is immediately removed -:'~.~. : 7~ ~v"~' ......... "='- 7~ ~ ~'~ ~,~ ~+~ ¢.nnv~r " : 1,+_ ~'2= ,~ ..... +~-~÷i0n of future ~lants arid their 

oy the production :of steam at constant temperature ::;~,~..:: x:ae coke.oven gas is zreea !1:am ~:~ Z~:~.:::;:~=-on~v ~g-~t~af~ ~aad~tev~e~or~d and uate~nted the reeircu- : 

:and ~pressure: The gas leaving the condensing: equip-.~: ?)~.sion, and the nnisneu sYnmems~ga~, ~r~ "~,'~.:. r~se-~-y ~v_,h~si s ~s nressur~asification and the : 

ment passes through an activated c ah~hrne~n, n~nt ~4~!|~: :" needs to be freed from orgamc ~ compounu~. -~,t~ - :~ muon o~ ~. ~t ~ . ~,~? ~, ~ ~ ;~ * ~: a +, ~,~ : 

for recov_r_nei~ _~_vnlnt~la ni~ .~u~-~"-'::r-~:'*"- v ~":;~ • " ~ "~[~|~-:: ~ .... ~': i~ative 1,, coke-oven , eas Can be ~ transformed in a crack- use of Fe eatalysm:. '.rne auvanmges are s-a-e~2~y~ : . 

I 

. " ~ ~ - - ........ • fle~ir~ i~ nn,~,.7,~-..'..~;:(,:£ .... ~ tneoreuea ~ y!e~; ~! ,~ in~ ~,~ ~h water :~as the latter being p~oduced higher gas velomty ~nd earner heat control, no nyaro- 

• ' . . . . ~OLZ w. ~. ,~ec abs. 178a : . - y~- - - -,...-~.,,,,~t~,.v ~ gin, o£ nvarocarbons per ~*~. ~.~" ~ *"~-~ "'~ ° ' - - : - '~ : - ...... : .: i n of 

:. : ~n~ ~ .... ~:,~. ::~ .~, ....... ~ ~ . ~ m~ of synthesis gas 2 years a~o the ~ield stood at ~|~:::" in a water-gas plant by the gamficatmn of coke ~uth O ..... genatmn of:olefins to paraffins.~ and suppress o ~- 

: :"-~'~:,~ oZ'~EI~I~G:,: ~pa~ lI[lng Rm~'of-Mine.::~ 106-150 gin; Per *,.~, but this ha~.s ]~een in~i -;,-~'=-~h is '~[~!|!'J:': and steam continuously." The:Fischer-Tropsch process :cracking by- me ~mgn :~u : .... ra~,o , g~v,ng; ~ess ~ : 

: : . :---~. - .......... 9, pp~ _.o~-z?~, z43. : now Stated .to hare reached the fi~,re ,~"~n'~-~ !~!|. / :has been operated recently at pressures around 10 atm. , and less C. : :- ' : : : : • 

~ ' ~.~escr!bes .the Wintershall-Schmalfeldt gasification l~er m.':: Part of the product must ~e crack~"inor~er ~|:"- Iathis'way, the yield has been increased about 25-3OV~, 619a. COLTE.ni0.:A.,A~D~I0-W~'~mD, A. AliphaticChem- " : 

: process m wn,ch synthesis gas is mad e from raw brown . to reduce the:kn0eking pr0perties of the fuel. :... ~ ~]~fi mainly owing to : an increase in: the paraffin :ymm. " teats Advances Chem. Ser. 5, 1951, pp. 23T-=293; ,- 

COd,: : . . . . . . 614 Fischer PI nc.,~ "~-~LA- ~ ," : ,, -~o ~|!"~* This operation is now.known as "medmm-pressure :Chem Abs: voL45, 1951, p. 10,560. " . ; .... 

........ 6°Pe~s--'~ol',~Wintersl~all~chma~eldt~oater-GasProc- p:170 : ....... [::~?¢:~"~e. "o~.~0"~!~-~-y, ~!:.:'~i: ~a~eS's~ ' and the gas and conta~tormatoe~lus.e~s are De~eiopmentsofthepast25vr. are reviewed Among 

, • .-~,~ual'C~l.t~.~u .'~-70 7-. : , :.'. : ~ .... "~: '~::~: -~y rue same as ~,~ -~ . ~ , " - - - 

. Descri,tion with di,er~m~P,e ~,~' - . - .Repart presented by the Socidt~ des produita ~!~:~:: synthesis :Below a pressure of 20 arm: there ~s no : the m?r e recent developmen~are tnlmod~rec ~ o~da~oon : 

• ' uroductn~ ~nth~ ~-'-*~,~- r"h water'gas pmn~ ch~mlques Courri~res-Kuhlmann, a subsidiary Of the ::~-~,'~ ~ appreciable formation of oxygenated compounds such of hydrocarbons m prouuce amen Y ~ , ~ .~, 

Ziitzken~or~ -~a'w °bl'o~-=* =.~,:synme~,c~on wor~.~s.at Mines de Courri~res and dtablissements. K~hlmann ~'.~i~::::, ,~ as fatty acids With the r~edium-pressure synthesis, hols; Partml comousu0n oz ,J~, ~0 pr~uee ~.~-~, :-i 

" ........ ,o u~-eu containing mentmns that in 1933 the plant ~or the nroducfion of ,~r:j[~: _ , . . : : :" . ,

..... 78:/ BIBLTOGRAPHY OF:FISC'JKER=TIq0PSC]K S~q~'RR=LES[SA_WD RELATED ~PIROCESSES 

• ..... LITERATURE ABSTRACTS ..... ..... 79 

. . . . . . 

. 

: 

the Ftscher-Tropsch and Oxo synthesis to yield oxygenated 

chemicals. 

CO.~r~FO~.0, D. 3. ~'cc abs. 1195. 

690. Co.~nvSrzo.',-. Fischer-Tropsch Process in United 

States. ¥ol. 14, ~o. 2, 1942, p. 44. 

New research has been authorized by Congress. This 

Process has certain advantages Over the Bergius process. 

The output of the latter is a liquid that requires 

further refining, whereas the Fischer-Tropscb process 

: yields a number of separated fuel and lubricant: prod- 

: uctsdirectly. It also requires less precisi0n nmcbinery 

and is economically practicable in smaller units, about 

30,000 tons annually compared with 150,000 tons for the 

: Bergins process; Both processes yield about I ton or 

between 250-300 gal, of liquid products from 4-5 tons 

of coa I . 

621, CO.~PJ~O.~IE G]~.~]~RALE C0XST]IUCT~OA- FO['I¢S~ [Experimenta] 

Station for Production of Towti Gas and 

of Synthesis Gas From Lignites of Faveau Basin.] 

Cahier $1 ; l~el Abs., col, 5, abs. 4703, 1949. : 

This plant at Digoin Consists of 1 fun-scale unit of 

Woodall-Ducklmm eon~iuuous vertical retorts: The 

lignite contains S.5-99} moisture, 14.4% ash, 46% veinflies, 

nnd 54~2~ fixed C on the dry ash-free basis. Wben 

making S.~nthesis gas the central-gas offtakc was used. 

The production • of town gas was 350 m.=/long ton or 

12 560 ca. ft./ton at 4.000 calories or 420 B. t u./cu, ft. 

lectured 0= is indicated~ It is Seen that a power cost of 

$0.05/kw.-br. accounL~ for about 65~ of tbe cost of 0= 

The advent of cheap 0= opens up possibilities for its 

large-scale use in 6 fields: Partial oxidation of hydro. 

carbea gases; gasification of coal ; beery chemical industries 

; iron and steel manufacture ; nonferrous metal 

industry; and mining. 

CoxwAx, M. J~ ~ce abs. 1619. 

624. Coo~. G.A. Possibilities of Power Alcohol and 

Certain Otber Fuels in Australia. AuStralia Conneil 

: Sci. Ind. Research, Bull. 33, !927, PP. 7-106; Chem• 

Abs., col 22, 192S, p. 492. 

Possibilities are discussed of nmnufacturing Et0H in 

~u~ralia fronl cellulosic nmterials: Sawdust, wood, 

. te waste liquor, and straw I usks. Describes the 

known processes of making Et0H from C~H~ and C=H.., 

Me0H from C0+H= mid the Synthol mid Synthin of F: 

Fischer. 

626. Co0em,~,~.x, 3., Dav~s, 3. D., sZr~mw~, W...~.~ 

Rvc~zs, W.L. Lurgi Process for Complete Gasification 

of Coals With Steam nnd Oxygen Under Press~lre. 

Bureau.of MinesBnll, 49S 1951, 38 pp. 

AU investigation was nimle, ill au apparatus chisely 

simulating tlmt used in industrial-scale olmration, to 

determine tim proper fuels and ol)erafin~ conditions to 

be lion. nsed It in was carryin,." f0und that oat caking the Lurgi coals proc~.s~ canuot of be gasified, ga~ifica~ 

bu+ ~^--0.1-~ , ~ ...... ] . . . . , .- .¢., . ~ . 

the more accurate prediction of the rate of thermal 

transfers of energy for situatim s where the transfers 

of momentum can be predicted from the science of 

fluid mechanics. 

ConnLxmL J. B. ~ec abs~ 33o59, 3306. 

.Con~, R. c: ~ce abs. 810a, 2615. 

627. Con.x~A%'Lr. P. [Adsorbed Phase on Catalysts.] 

~our, chim. phys., col. 47,1950, pp. 157-164; Chem. 

Abs., col. 44, 1950, p. $213. 

Kinetics of deserption of H.-, CO, CO.-, and CH~ from a 

Ni-AI-Mn-kieselguhr Fischer-Tropsch catalyst reduced 

in H= at 475 ° was measured on a sample (I) sealed off 

at450 ° immediately after reduction, on one (lI) cooled 

from 475= to 175 ° and maintained 4 br, in H: at this 

= temperature, and on one (III) kept 113 hr, in H= at 

175". Evolution of gas fr0m (II) with increase of 

temperature is very similar to tlmt from (tII). The 

energy of activation of desorpfion up to 200. ~ is about 

19 1~cal. On both samples (I/) and (I). the energy 

of activation :of desorption is about 29 kc:fl, at 450 ° 

:Evoh'ed gas eeatained 73-160% H=: the other cmnpo- 

' heats were small omounts of CO.., CO, and CH, coming 

from undecompesed carbonates of the original catalyst 

Compositiml of ~he gas evolved at each temperature is 

given for all-samples. 

Coan~, R. See abs: 1135. : :, 

CORRIGA.~, T.E. 8CO abs. 144a. 

~ataylst/hr. The catalyst is the ~me as that used 

in the hot-gas recycle process. 

COv~mtv, R, See abs. 2720, 2721. 

Covr~Lr~, F. ,gee abs. 3187~ 

630. CornrY, C. [Study of Adsorption Phenomena by 

.Means of a Weak Magnetic Field.] Proc. Pure Applied 

Chem. Internal Cong. (London), vol. 11, 1947, 

pp. 397-409 (in ~'rench) ; Chem. Abs., voL 44, 1950, 

p. 5166. 

Review with 40 refs. 

631. - - . [Magnetic Measurements Applied to Adsorption.] 

Compt. rend., col. 230. 1950~ pp. 745-747 ; 

Chem.: Abs., col; 44, 1950, p. 5061. 

Adsorption of H=O and air on activated charcoal was 

studied by' measuring the magmetic susceptibility • of 

the adsm'beat containing air and H..O Tbe value for 

pure:H=0,--0.72X10 -~, was found constant fur adsorbed 

H=0 also. The value for air, -524.16X10-~, 

decreased slowly to ~14.94XI0 f at20 °. 

632. --. [On the Evolution of tlie Magiietic Prop- 

- erties of Oxygen Adsorbed on Activated Charcoal 

Which Has been Activnted in a Vacuum nt Elevuted 

Temperatures.] C0mpt. rend., col, 230~ ~ 1950, pp. 

158S--]5S9 : Chem. Abs., col. 44, 1950, p. 10, 403, 

: Tlm coefficient of magmetization was calculated for 

O: adsorbed on cliarcoal activated in a vacuum and at. 

• elevated temperatures. Tiffs same measurement lind 

: 

" 

• : 

r 

: ~ 

• * .... ~ 

. . . . 

• : 

- 

: 

The productiou of SYngaz was 1,030 m/ or 36.930 cu. hi ~h'~U~c~ ~'ng xt~e,~..-uc. ,s ,,,,,l~;cb~ ~,m lea- and 626 Conso~- B B Indu~tr at Catalwis 5our Chem : been previously carried out on charcoal activated in 

ft/tea at o 900 calorie~ Or 300 B t u/eu ~ ft The g -[e,al: eramre c01¢es can oe. comluetehv gasified i :t ' Education' col ;'4 1947 pp 15()~1"55 ~" " " a vacuum in the cold. In this experimeat tbe charcoal 

SyngazwasrequiredtohavearatmL-0 

-' ~ • "~" '-- 

~1:=2 

" 

:lanu 

' - Lurgi 

gas of 

apparatus 

about 41"0 

with 

B t 

the 

u-cu 

production 

f" h ~ 

of a CO.-fl'ee 

.- ~ 

£nel 

~ .. / :' . "" ' ' . . . . . was activated in a vacuum of 0.02 ram. for 6 hr. ~t. 

as little CH, as poss ble Tie coilpo~ifi0n tf town ~as . . . . . . / " It. earing came. .uow- .~onI:echnlcal accoant of ~vnthesi~ of gasoline and ann° wh,, tb ~ f. v~nnl ~n~ nnr. i tn co t el. " 

,,.a~: CO O 5 7~ ' ~. ~9 ~ • ,l~d C~ "16 ~ F.l,~ ,,= .... te,~er~t~ll~e coke or char can be nmde frmu bitnmin0as . : MeQH by tl~e F,scber:Tropec h reaction. : : ' : 0= the ad'sorpfi~,c~has-.~ccom'1~anied ~y~-th-e'~easWlth : 

position 'o~ Syn,gaz"was;Z~O, 27.0~'; H:,/ 54 ;~": and coals, ill various ways; particuhtrly in lmtclies in a: ,! 

CH, 3.2%._ This sat sfactorv result is at~r luted t0 the ruOtatmg retor~ By passing tim Lur}:i gas ln'operly . 629. C0r~o.~,:E. Germany s Fischer-TropSch ProceSs. a great amoUnt of heat, 5.6 eel, This was attrilmted 

" - " P rmea~fl¢m S. oxer a Ni metlmniz=~tioncataiv~r a summary, of Latest. Derelopmeats and Operating ; to the formation 0f CO:.: It:was found that the de- = 

central offtake guying maxmmm crack ng of CH~ "rod ~v It e~is a~ (f abm "'95 n ~ ~ .~ .='. ~a Procedures..Nat Petrol. ~ews, vol. 8S~ .NO: "A~ :1946,- - crease in the parama~etism-is of the same order for 

an'increase in ste lining from S tO 3°% : ~. ~ g, - • ~. {, ~. ~. u.~cn: ~,. was ooram~ . . . pp; 12425--420, 428/430, :i32-43:~; Cl!em. Abs, v0L : C that bas been actiyated either in the cold or at high : 

: :- -"" . . :after scrubbing out. the CO.-. ::The catalyst .was. the ~1 

6~2c,?~":c'~,'~°~C~CT~S~:~'A'H" ~°rldChem: BritishGasReseaychB0ardtvPenmdebYiu.ecipitating:/| 42;1948,'p. 9112vPB12,613;1946,16 pp.- : : = .:~ temperatures; .... 

= m:~e-~(re:}::~T*~. ~' .... :2.~.~'epal}me!~tozuom: 100 parts:by weight of Ni(NOD.- 20 Mn(NO~). 136: | Summary of the inlestigations by United States: : :CoussE.~[A.~T, F. gce abs; 1648. 

.T~'c '~[~aJ. u~°.re~%~n.an~ome~ic_%: ommeree, 

ruue ~rmnouon ~enes ~, xv~, pp. o2-o~. ~ 

In 1937, Germany was able to supply over one.half of 

:-4~I(-NO~),; 25 chfna Clay wi{h 97 K:C0~ nnd redacillg f0r:),;| 

2 hr with H.. at 400= and 300 p: s. i Diagram and'flok~ ~:| 

sheet of the apparatns are sbown. ~ "| 

Technical Oil Mission Discusses the commercial 

: methods of preparin~ and purify" ng synthesis gas br 

the water-gas pr0ce~s . and . the . CH,-0_- . . process; . the 

" 

: : 

: 

Cow.~r M: D: 

__ " ' .. ~ 

uowA~n, ~.r. 

,gee abs. 2304 2305: 

_ ; _2_ ,2^ ^L. 

~co ads. zuz, zv~, rue. 

" ; 

: 

: 

' its requirements of light motor :fuel from domestic' .... COQUELLEI 0 ~('c abs. 189. . :'i¢ preparation of the standard Co catalyst. (100Co 2 

5Th0=-Sl~IgO-1$0-200 ikieselguhr) by- precipitation 

633. C0W.~RD, H.F., Alan "~VILSO.N, S. P. :Equilibrium - 

in the System-Carbon, Hydrogen, and .Methane. 

: . broug t into prodnction, and 10 Smaller ones were con- 

• ~ from the nitrates and its- reduct on in a Stream of ' J0ur. Chem. Sot., Tel. :115; 19195 pp. 1880--1357. 

: ' • : ~ : structed. Thel'st large-scalec0mmercial plant for pro- . Temperature Gradients in Turbulent Gas Streams: .f. gas ,(75H..-25N.-) at 460 ° and a space velocity of S.SO0 Chem. Abs. col. 14, 1920, p. 1521. 

ducing synthetic-fnttr acid by the oxidati0a of p U'affin : Preliminary Studies C era, Eng Progress - col 43, ~- 

!.for 40-60 mira; the.type of reactors employed for : Synthesis of CH, from its elements wRs~nchieved by" 

hydrocarbons began'operations in the latter part Of " 1947,:pp. 13.5-142. : : • : 

:." ~both the normal and medihm~prdssure pr0cesse~; an d .';' Bone :and 5erdan : (abs. 296) and confirmed by'B0ne i 

1937 witha capacity of 20,000 metric t0ns/Yr.; 2 addi- :Equipment is described that permits measurement Of. "~4. -'- the actual ~ ~vnthesm procedure and the pioduct~ " ~ oh " ,and Coward (abs. 293) ; the decomposition Of CH, into,: 

": :=. :. : : tional plants o£4ike capacity are under construction:: .... the temperature and vel0ciry distribution in an,air:,~,~ rained Also included is some informati0n on the gas C and H= was demonstrated b~ Bone and Coward 

When in full opera~ion these 3 plants will sapl)iv 25% , stream with esseatially 2-diniensional~ow characteris;~¢ i recycle operation and:some details of the-development" (abs 294). ~ Eqnilibrium in the system C -~.'?~£I.- ~ CH~'" 

of the soap industry's requirements of fatty acid, esti- : tics. Preliminary results, including data describing ~!::'- of:tI~e Fe catalyst. Th'e latter iS made hy pasting Fe at 1,000°-11200 ° showed that,~tl~e mixture contained= 

::::: i ~ : mated at250 000 tons. . . . . . tbe tealperature aud velocity distribution, heat tran~ ~7 powder prepared by thermal deCOmpOsition of Fe car- approximately 1% of CH,. The present "ex1~eriments 

: : ' 6231 C0.,~WJ~xi J'~::Z. '" EqUipment for Low-C0st oxygen .fer from~ the wall and[shearing stress, are:subnfltted '2~: i bonyl ~. xxlth ~ 1% of borax ~ :, and fonmng '" fl rote appiox~ !'-i" were carried out i n the apparatus descr'bed b~ Bone 

; , Production. Petroleum Meeting, Am_ See. Mech. for 7 differentsets of conditions.' Tile data indidat~:.~! inanely l-era cuoes w~ich are sinterea and renucea ¢i~ ¢~ra the-aseous nroducts l~ein~assed'several 

that, Within the acearacy of :measuremeat~ the ed~[~. 

Eng., Tulsa 0ct. 7, 1946; Petrol. Processing, col. 2, "viscosity and eddy.conductivity are equal, as was as# ~':; ~ 

- with H, at $00"-$59 for 4 hr. ",An interesting de .... ~times~rea'gh th~heatcd~porcelaiu, tu~until nnalysis 

velopmeat in the use of the Fe catalyst is the hot-gas - |ndiontetl that eouilibrtum was reached The % comi 

: i ) 1947, ppi :.113-114; :Petrol. :Refiner :: vol " 26 ' No 0, sumed by v0n Karnlan in his analogy between:tlie trans~:.;i~ 

' v he ........... ~ " " 

recYCle process in )chic h gasis circulate d o er t positions of the equilibrium::mixtures of.CH, and ~h. 

:: ~ 1947, pp. 557-561, • " ~ ' fer of momentum and the thermal transfer of ener~;4 - catalyst and thr0ugh a cooler at ~uch a rate that the :: : ' ,~ ..... ~H~m~ : afllnno 'n'a'~,loo,t ,el~ ° 11": : 

: ~ ' ::Process developed by Hydrocarbon Research ~hm, for:' The over-all beat-transfer rate :pred cted by the Kar'v~J:i ~; : temperature :rise in the eatah'st bed is limited to a and 98 9 at .%0 ° o 5 and 97 5: Calculation of the ~ ' 

":- " ' pi~oduction 0f 0::and the:2 oooton/day plant now Under man ~analogy agrees wit!l the experimental" results iiz:~ t :#~ maxi mum0fl0°- Thereacti°nis~carried°utat:apres. "- heat of 'c0mbusUon-'of CH~ from the experimental: 

. : construction as part of the synthetic fuel installation the case of a symmetrical temperature dis~ributmn..~j ~ - ~ 

~::~ sure of 300 p.' s. i. with a gas-recycle ratio of 100 v.m. values ilsing :the integrated, form of :the equation:: .. 

of Carthage Hydrocol :at Brownsville, Tex., are de- However, significant divergencegfrom the heat-transferS:: of recycle to 1"Col. of fresh feed contact time in:the: a 1~¢, '~/,~p----o/R'p = ~iva~ 1Rr~m cal withe ~os- - 

) :: scribed.~ The plant will provide 48i000,000,cm ft. Of 95% " rates predicted=by the analogy were experienced in' tb! '~. :catalyst bed ~s' approxlmately 0.o-1 sec./pass, w th sible error of o 009 cal Equilibrium was reached both: 

. . purity . O=/day . at a' cost . of $0.05/1 . 000 . cu. ft: :including ease of nonsymmetric temperature distrih ations. Tb,~!~i~l :" gas velocity of about 1 m/see ,~nother interesting ..... _. - ~ ~ - '-'.. ^ ,.- . . . . -, ~. 

a'fiiortization in 15 yr., maintenance at 2% of the Capital results presented are of a preliminary -nature and nq~ ~] ':" de~ - " ' ":' • . 7." ~ ~ " ~ 1 t I the fixed : • uy .syntu~lS anu. ue~:omp~Sltlon.- -&~ue use o~. ~2,1 or _--~. 

" bed etopment zn me use oz me re care " ys s " ' as catalyst ~ v as advantageous at:the lower tempe' In -: 

im:estment, and operating labor at $2.00/hr., but ex= " of sufficient extent to permit the experimental uncer;i~i. ~57~ 

oil-circulation pi}qcess by Which the heat of re- ~, ~ H, ~ ~'- " ~ .... I onstan- " 

f. :i .i :i :cludlng power and Water costs as these are both by- tainty to'beestab!ished definitely. Tbe detailed stud.~ :C" action is removedby ei~cula{i'ng a product cut of fixed ~u.:e~f~ne ~l~,e?dS;O~s~ge pr~C~:ea~; ;roduc~::omf~% -. 

products Of the process:: 0.- is Separated frbni the afr by. of temperature and Velocity distribution t0gether wifl~i] :': :'boiling range over the catalyst 

- new developments that treat the air as a bifiarv mix- the associated heat transfer and sheariug Stress per 

' " The • heat is removed ~ v ~ was no,e~, , ,~ u~ ,~,: ~', ,^, sl~e ,..,~ " reaction " ~+. ~e~v~en-,-~ ;, ~, o ~:~_n v.,~r ~,~ : 

by raising the temperature of the off as well a~ b~ an~ C : ~ ' : ......... 

i: ':i: :: ture of N.- and O:, removing the latter by fracti0nati0n, mrs ff microscopic evahmtion of the thermal trausfer,~i.~ ,~:. -~ ~ Imrtial vaporizatiea of th'e oil~ The process operates : " : . . . . . . • ...... 

The operations involved consist esseatiallv of compres- of energy thr'ough :n turbulently flowing air strea~ii 

aL o0-o5 atm and 2500"300 ° in the first stage and 634~. CRA.~ 3". E. Development of the Syntltetie:' 

" 

• st0n, heat exchange, refrigeration, and fractionation, as :~ The methods employed appear to be:capable Of refine 

~.~ 

260;-330='in the second stage. Svnthesls gas with a : Ammonia.Industry inthe United States.. Ind. Eng. 

: :: shOWn by a fiowsbeet. An estimate of the proportional meat, and 'further study of thei:mal transfers of ener~i 

ratio of CO • H-=55 : 45 is used** Tee throu-=hput 2s ' ": Chem 7col. o-2 o, 1930, pp. 795-799 Chem. Abs. vo1.:24i. 

effect of certai u major:cost items on.the cost of manu: : by these and related methods should permit uitimatelYi~]~5'~ ;:: Controlled to viel d 20-°5"gin of total product/1, of 1930, p. 4359... . . . . i ~ :

8O OF FISCIKER-TROPSCSK ST'NTI=IESIS A~N~D RELATED PROCESSES LITERATURE ABSTRACTS . . . . 81 

Data are also given on the production, cost, and use 

of synthetic MECH. 

635. Cm~XGL~, J., Axn SUC~S.~IT~, "W. Magnetic 

Analysis of Iron-Carbon Alloys. Tempering" of 

Martensite and Retained Anstenite. Jour. Iron 

Steel Inst. (London), eel 16S, 1951, pp. 141-151; 

Chem. Abs., eel 45, 1951. p. 6559• 

Pure Fe-C alloys were austenitized and quenched to 

convert them tO martensite. Magnetic analysis indi- 

cates that hexagonal Fe carbide is present in the 1st 

tempering stage (100 ° C.) ; its Curie point may be eon- 

siderably lower than 3S0 ° C., and its composition may 

differ from Fe.-C. The 2d tempering stage (150 °- 

200 ° C.) is characterized by tile absence of retained 

austenite (which decomposes into the sanle products 

that were £ormed in the 1st s~age) and by the appear-. 

ance, above 200° C., of a small amouut of cementite. 

The shapes of the thermomagnetic curves of specimens 

in the 3d stage (250°-350 ° C.) saggest the presence of a 

carbide with Properties similar to H~gg carbide. To 

eliininate this carhide eompletely, the temperature 

must be raised above 500 ° C, where the 0nly renmining 

Faraday Soc., eel. 42, 1946, pp. 580-555; Chem. Abs., : 

eel. 41,1947, p. 262. 

Determinations were made on 5 catalysts to learn 

which of these should be the most effective catalyst 

for the Fischer-Tropseh synthesis. The 5 catalysts 

were: (1) Co" (2) Co-ThO_-100=IS; (3) Co-kieselguhr 

3. : 1; (4) C~ThO.--kieselguhr 100 : 18 : 100: (5) Co- 

ThO.--kieselg~hr 100 : 21 : 100. They were all pre- 

pared from solutions of the nitrates of Co and Ti~, with 

uddition of kiesel~-mhr, by precipitation with K=CO~ 

and redaction by H, at 375*. Ruth the inttiaI fast and 

the final slow rate of carbide formation by the reac- 

tion 2C0+2Co=Co.-C+CO.. was promoted most effec- 

tively by (2) followed by (4) and (5), the latter muel~ 

more slowly than (4). The= and kieselgullr are found 

to be strong promoters for [he reduction of C0=G by H:. 

Of all the catalysts used, with the exception of (1), 

(4) gave by ~ar tile slowest rate of reduction of the 

carbide and, thus, has both a relatively slow rate of 

carbide reduction and a relatively fast ]'ate of carbide 

~ormatien. confirming the previously expressed view 

abollt tile nlee]lanisnl of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction 

time of the gas with the catalyst diminishes, end-the .... 

~thesis is not completed. At lower gas rates,-the 

synthesis is completed on the firSt part of the catalyst 

bed and the oil formed there passes over the uncar- 

bided second portion of the bed covered by chemi ~ 

sorbed H=, and is hydrogenated-cracked with formatio n 

of GH~. 

C~40 ~ Chemistry of tim Fischer-Tropsch SYn- 

ti~esis. Fuel, eeL 28, NO. 5, 1947, pP. 119-~ ; Chem: 

Abs., eel 42, 1948, p. 73T. 

Paper read before the 11th Tntcrnatienal Congress 

of pure and APldied Chemistry, The best catalyst for 

the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaeti0n is. 100 Co : 5 

ThO : 8 MgO : 200 kieselguhr, in which the ~0 und 

the MgO play enly a minor role, the Co and the 

kieselguhr being the active components. The kiesel- 

guhr has two functions both of which are impm'tant: 

To insure that the ]'educed Co is produced and math- 

tained in an exceedingly finely divided f0rmi and to 

establish and maintain the porosity of the individual 

catalyst granules.- It is believed that the catalyst is 

not a mixture of these two constituents but rather 

on the catalyst ~granu les, and. the rate of deterioration 

can be closely correlated with the rate of deposition 

of such waxes on the catalyst. It has been concluded 

that ordinary Co carbide plays no part in the syn- 

thesis reaction; the Co atoms appear to be isolated and 

do not form part of a Co lattice. Reaction by way of 

chemisorbed C atoms, the so-called surface carbide, 

however, is thengh~ ~o give an array of interacting 

gronps on the surface, nnd the composition of the 

productS, which are obtained from this array, depends 

on the conditions m~rrounding the conversion. Some 

recent work has even tended to emphasize the idea 

of a polymerization.depolymerization equilibrium. 

: . 8ca ribs. 1326~ 1334~ 1335, 1338. 

642. CUAXFORD, S. R., AND POLL, .t~ [Reduction ot 

Catalysts With n Cobalt and Kiesel~'nthr Base 

Utilized in the Fiseher-Tropsch Synthesis.] Jour. 

ehim. phys, eel 47. 1950, pp. 253-257 ; Chem. Abs., 

, ~ vol, 44, 1950, p. SOSd. 

Catalysts having the e0mp0sition Co : ThO~: MgO: 

kiesel~fl~r in the ratio 100:6:12:200 were used. 

The most act ve catalyst was obtained by carrying out , 

carbide is cen~entite, according to which the rate of formation of carbide by a chemical combination of the two. The fact that tile reduction at 400 ° in pure dry H: at a flow rate of~ 

_ 

: i 

CRAw~om), R..~L Scc abs. ~i54, 2155.: : 

"636. CIL-~WFO~D, ¥. A., 2,.N'D TO.MPKI.N'S. P.C. Adsurption 

of Gases Salfur Dh,xide Amlaonia Carboll DIoxide, 

,and Nitrous Oxide ou Barinm Fluoride 

~ Crystals. T'ans. Faraday Sac eel 44 194~ ~ID 

69,q 708" Chem ~h- vm :t3 ~q].q ~ : ~: . "' .*" 

"- : " c ~" ............. ~" ' ~'" r ~°" : ' 

Adsorptmn was determined between --78 ° and 1190, 

and it was ~versible and complete within 5 rain. of gas 

amm~slon nt au remperatnres Toe Brn iauer-Emmett- 

: Teller piers are lineai, exeel)t at low presmu'es (p), 

the l~eaetion 2Co+H.--}-C0~Co..,C--}-H..O nmst be faster 

than the redaction of the carbide to allow for the : 

accmnulation of surface carbide during tile reaction, 

and tile ¢onseqllent exclusion of chemisorbed H.~ from 

the surface if oils :are to be formed: (2):has a very 

high rare of carbide formation but is not a ..ood Fischer- 

: Tl:opseh catalyst bec~iuse it shows too high a rate of 

carbide reduction; (5) is poor in 2 respects. Its rate 

of carbide formation is slow compared with the normsl : l 

:active Fi~her-Trop~ch catalyst and it~ r ~te of Carbide -.! 

reductionS'is high ~ - " ' ' :~ - ":i 

: these Co-kieselguhr preparations are much more diffleult 

to reduce than Cotearh0nate alone is a further 

indication of chelnieal interaction and. in particular, 

'of silicate formation. The importance of the 2d fnnc- 

~ tion of kieselguhr is seen in:eennection withlt~e:ne~ 

moral of the synthesis products from the cat, . 

with maintaining the catalyst surfaces in a receptive 

state, Active catalysts do not c0nsist'of bulk metallic 

• 

Co with the normal lattice but rather ~ith layers of 

', Co atoms having an arrangement based on the struc- 

6,000 vol./vol, of en~alyst/hr. When I-L- saturated with : 

tt-.O vapor at room ~emperature was Used for reduction, 

the surface area of the reduced portion of the 

catalyst ",,,'as slightly greater than that observed with 

dry H:, but the amount of reduction was appreciably 

less. The % reduction of Co oxide after treatment with : 

dry H.- under the above conditions wa~ 29.S at 300% 

53.2 at 350°i 71.2 at 40Q °, 81.3 at 450 °, and 91.5 at 500% 

.& redu'ction temperatm'e of 400" caused the least dim-:j~, 

inution of the surface area after vacuum treatment at 

• " : ~ 

where departures were anticipated. Tile volume od- 639 ' ~Ie¢'haniLm Of the Fi~(her:Tro i~eli l~e :: | 

sorbed tends to be too small at higli pressure ( p ). i~i . I . " , -~ - " - 1 --" - ~ 

- ~ . . . . 1 ........ .o~ ao~orp.len . . . . . " - o o ' " :: 

kee~in~ With the decrea~ ",, ~,~ u~ ~ ~ ~ - action. Trans Faraday See:. vol. 42. 1946 pp 576 .... :: 

• t-are of Go silicate, ordinary Go Carbide thfis playing 

~: no part in tbe reaction. ~,~hen :CO alone reacts with 

,~^ ...~_.,.~a ~a~alvst the reaction i~ much faster than 

~t,~ .=, ...... Y" :?; '~ ---^*~i hitb0th c ses the GO 

450° for 4 hr. A reduction in surface area from ">_29 

m.-'/gm of Co to 1SO m2/gm: 0ceurred when the catalyst 

Was used in synthesis..&long with x-ray data,, the 

d minution in surface area suggested teat appreemme - 

i ' 

1: e: expected theoretically Vuiation in 

adsorption potehtial over the crystal:surfaces was cal- 

[= over a Co catalyst 

when the CO in the catalyst surface is in the form of ~: carbide very little CO can react ill this way, and the the reduction C~nditions favoring the formation of a~-,; 

:- culated in an approximate manner and tile si~fificasce : the carbide CO=C;' ,qnd the Coin the uncombined f0rm T!: ' :: therateehemisorbed:is then determinedG atoms bY,intothetherateinterior°f diffusiOnof the let-el . . hydros!licatetion. A catalystappreciablYthat wasdecreased~maintainedthe easeat an Ofelevnmdreduc-.: 

: 

- 

• 

: 

• ~ 

discussed from the viewpoint of the applicability of gives CH. allows tile water-gas-shift ~ reaction to take :,-:~ rice to give Co Carbide. In the case of the cata, lyst, tenH)eratare under p~:_essure in ant~a~tec~0dU~lltlge 

~ the B. E.'T. mulfilaver theor'¢ " place, and ts active for the hydrogenatien Cracking of _n 

637 CnAXF0~D S R~ Reaetion.¢ of the Fiscber Ti'O ~ch hydroeai'b0ns. Tile formation Of hit ler hydrocarbons on the uther lmnd, nearb" all the Co:atoms are'~2 vau- prep.arauon eolu~nt~ onf~ f~u~.~:c~ ~u~t~aee-'ar~ occurred 

P'roeess : ~.~che~:-Tro~')~ch: ~vn~ho~ -~ ~-~,~,~s~ must be examined in greater detail to see whether the ;~: ~ able in the surface for ,reaction with GO sO tl~at the , mmlmum ainu t _ e .... ...... . .... 

: ~bons and Some Related Reactions. Trans Far ~da~ -" esults 0f•tl!e ~ynth~esjs cau be accom~ted fO r by the _~, rate Of reaction is fast, and the final resul~ ~ an array :under condlhons o~ cam~ys~ preparauon tna~ u~ u~ 

• " "~ .......... -' ....... - r s " " "~" of.chemisorbed C atoms" If GH~ is added~o the mix- . favor: formation of a.hydrosilicate. : : " . 

: Sac. eel 35 1939 pp 946--958 -~66-967'~Rreni~tof~- : aoove.mecaan~sm~: when synthesis gas (C0-4-2H=) is >~ 

Chem. eel. '20 1939, 1)p:':263--'_o70 British Cllem :passe.d o.ve!, the~talyst tl.00 Co+6 ThO--}-12 ~Ig01{-200 : ::) ~:: tare of CO andS:, n0t only iSthe normal ~prmation pf ~::'643 Cm~x~OnD, S. R., ~D R~D~.~, E.K. ~Iechanism 

: ..... Abs ' 1939 B ~) "1097 Chem Ah~ va] RR I~R~ ." .... me~e!~u r) at xt~" ~ is ~ound that.the viem of ~iquia . CI=L by the synthesis entirely suppressed~ but dome uf / : of the :synthesis of ~=IydrocarbonsFrom }Vater_G.as. : 

, • , ~ , ........... v . . . . . ' . . . . . , ~ - the added CH,enters into the reaction and ~mymemzes. flour Chain: Sac.. 1939, pp~ lova-xt~ ;.~ritisn t.aem. 

9608 ' ,.. . . . . ' ' • . hydrocarbons and the amountof CO~ormed bdth ex, : : 

" k h -' : : : 'o : : pressed in gm. per :N m? of s~nthesis gas change With -~ ~: ~:: (' Witli the CH.. groUps bn:the catalyst ~urface ~to give .... Abs "1940, B; p. S; Chem. Abs., yoL 34 1940, p. 1464. 

: :,. t t etemperature ~f the Fischer synthesis (~_00°)~ change of ~vnthe.~is-gas rate" The 0il vie~d is a maxi- ' higher hydrocarbons.. ,This effect lmS also' been OD- " Ex;'erimentg off: the rates of formatioh and redUc: 

: co reacts "~lowiv with::the catah'~t ~o form Co C hut : mu-- ~ Cr. ~ ~ ~ ~- : "~ " "-' ° - :: "-~ served in synthesis ~n.2 stages ;it is believed that th~s lion of Co-C on Co-Th-kieselguhr catal.vsts under 

--. .~ ". . " . . . . . . m m'a ra~e oz aoouc i ,/per gm.'uo per hr. ano ..... . effect is due to forihati0n ~ofa P01Ymemzatmn;aep0~Y': :various con'd~tcihOusv~die%ate2~t~rheafi:~otnSteP:~ ~a ~ 

. [ms reaction is always siowez' than the reduction of ~ : falls off for hi-her: and lower rates :and:the amount ~ , _. .li~ri. - 

' : .... the 

an _ ~ ..'., C~G b~ ~!, . 

H, . at .. . 

the same • ..... . 

temperature 

. " .... With " CO ' of CO_~ CO. formed ~ is small for l.att~s rates higher hi~l~r rhnn than the nhnve above ~ ale~zauon ' eqm 

" ~'"- :~ - . • . • . . . . . " Fischer-Trap. . . . . . . ~. . . . . ' . . . . . v t 

" ' 

d H2 the catalyst forms C~C-t-H-O and this reaction " l~,,t ~n~,,o.~ ~.,~mv .~ ~ ',.u .... * ~;, - , i ~a~ ~'~cher Trousch Synthesis ~ lth Cobalt ~ w is the reaction of the~e gases w,th the catal~ s 

is fa r " - - . , . ....... r ........ ~---e ... ~m,...er gas ra.es. ~.ow:ga~ r .... ~ . --- " ~ ' ""~ ~" "~ con 

ste than the reduction of the carbide by H- nnder ~.~ ~u s,~l,~o~ ........... ~.; ~.. ~.^ ~, ^ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.t.i~ " 30ur S0c ' Chem Ind eel 66 1947, pP ~o ~ive Go carbide As indicated b~ the o-p-H.- - 

• : . the svnthesis condlhons When otis are produced b~ th~ onfn]v~ h~a Whale el, a ~,. ,~ *l~ ,,,~.~h, o* o ~. ale ~: ' ' ~ " Chem Abs eel 42 1948 P 3648 Version when eath de is reduced only CE~ ~s formed. 

: 

:: ; 

the Fischer synthems, the o-p-H: conversion is thhib- ? converted to carbids and 'ther~,i~ l|t~lo 6h~*~nrhoc] ~t ~ ~' - e..~.~ .... ~ ~.~o -o-a~mic asuects 0f the research and no hi~her hvdrocarhonm Reduction by H~. leads. 

ited, when CH~ ~s the product of the srnthesis the q'ho rt~t af tl~t~ ofltfllv~t hurl wha, a a~" ~'~-~'-~-'~" ,~'~ "~'~ t. ': "~ - . :. --:-,. ~k-...'.a OU~ in Germany and *-:formation of oils Curves are g~ven for the ratea, of~ 

o cony " ~ . - , - ......... . ...... ., ..... , --~r~ .n oymneo.s 1o 1.~ , [, ~ - anu aevelopmen~ wur~. ~,=~ . : w • ,, ~ and 

^~:~^ 'ersmn.0ccursifreely: ._This shows:the.presence .... taking place act!rely, is relatively free from carhide :~: ~:~ :elsewhere. in recent years. The composltmn .and : :the reactions betwce~ ~an~co, ~tw_ee~C4Cat~onf 

~7,;oA77,%72 $2222y,~ surzace m. me rotter., and: therefore available for the water-gas-shift reac- .=~'~l'

- ....... ~,-A 7" ?.-- "~'m .... n e wa.er-gas reaeuon tion Further the small amount of CO: produced at ~,:|, and the influence Of the activators Tht.h ~nu anu : of the reaczmn V~.tJ-r~.-auu ~e ,:,-~ ["~A;-~ .~ : 

: - runs parm~e~, re me o-p-~,~ conversion. It is inhibited the .......... m~ximum "~. ......... r.t~ f.~ .u ~.a.oer _~ ~,'-_ ~-~ o .~-~*~* ''~)|: :~ - " ~~'~v on ~*~" .... ,, ~,~s~'~" ..-~ ÷~. . . oatal~st . . is discussed. The • CO.OHm__ . It . is . concluded . that; m oraer ~o owam ou~. ,', 

• during od formatmn as ~s also the hydrogenation -~ - +he ~.,~..+¢.~ Z~,~ ~2.~ .~_ ~;, ~__ ".':: ~ Y:::: ~ "-~ =~ ~ • ' .~ ~o~,~'~ n carrier is emphasized the conditiOns of the synthesis have-to be adjusted so 

~aCok!:gc of _paraffin hydrocarbons on the catalyst. ~ot occm, simultaneously as 2OO-4-2H..----'CO..+--CH-- :~!~. and the 2 functions of maintaimng:the Co m a finely. : that only ver,x few_chemts0rbe d, m , p: ..... : 

:: o.._.~A,:~ITe2~,~s are ma.ae s~ar~mg.w~t.h th e as: but the former is separate and ocenrs later. The oil- .: ~,~l~ diylded form .after redi~ctio n and of preser~'mg, the on the catalyst surmce. ~ .. - 

" > al~e~na~eforma~'~o~arn~S~Pc~njn~n~sx~:sfi~e: -.f0rm/ugreaetl0n must, theref0re, be:CO-{-2H:=H.-O+ :~':~ Dorosity of the individual granules.are:e:,xam~nea.-, 644. Car:~,W-L, DO~:,:LD,,+N~.D°~

_• 82•. BIBLi()GRAPRY OF FISCI-IER-TIRoPSC]~ SYN2SKESlSA~q) -RELATEDPRo-cESSES ........... 

m0vaI for: the Bergius process ; and (2) S removni for Summary of Fischer-Trorsch process development is 

the Fisoher-Tropsch process. A study is made o£ the Wen in which the essential features of the German 

effect of ash on oil losses during the elimination of the fixed-bed system, the hot-gas recycle and o/l-circulation 

noniiqueflable portions of the coal in the hydrogena- preeesses~ and the oil-slurry and flnidized-bed sYstem 

tion process. The oil loss increases with ash content of are briefly described. Most of the pil0t-plant experithe 

coal and results in increased consumption of coal, mentation at the Bureau of Mines has been directed to- 

H:, and power. Quantitatively, it is estimated that the ward the development of the nil-cireulatinn process 

oil loss due to ash amounts to about 9 lb. of oiI for each since a simple converter design eonid be used and Pre- 

% o£ ash in 1 ton of the hydrogenated coal. Cost com- cise operating control could be attained in such a syslmrison 

is made of the economic advantages resulting tem. Several moderately successful experiments were 

from the use of 2.3% ash coal and a 6% ash coal in a performed that employed a cooling-oil circulation 

30,000 bbl./day hydrogenation plant. In the Fischer- through a fixed catalyst bed However, shutdowns were 

Trorsch process, the quantity of ash in the raw-coal necessary after 3 Or 4 months Of synthesis because the 

feed is not as critical as in the Bergius process. The catalyst particles became cemented together and an exproblera 

here is the amount of S that tile synthesis gas cessive pressure drop developed across the catalyst bed. 

contains, The economic advantage, however, lies with This problem of eataiyst cementing was circumvented 

the cleaning of the c0al used to make synthesis gas ro a by employing a m0ving-bed catalyst in which the lifting 

low S content if the S can be removed by mechanical action of the circulating oil was used to expaud tile catcleaning. 

It iS estinlated tliat it costs $1.15/ton of alyst bed and keep the particles in motion. Details of 

gasified coal to remove S from synthes/s gas when the i : induction and synthesis operations, Operating data, ancoal 

contains 3% S~ Increase in the S content of the alyses of gas and liquid streams, table~ of calculated 

coal from 3 to 5% Would impose au additional cost of yields, and a tYPical product distribution are given for 

$0.37/ton. . . . . varioas experiments. Calculations are nmde for a 

CmTTEXDZX. E.D. See abs. 36 3748. 2-stsge process, with interstage serabbing of CO.- sbow- 

: 

"- 

645. Cnorr, C. M. : Installation of Tower Gas Pnrifi 

ers. Inst. Gas Eng., Commnn. and Repts:, wfl. 212, 

ing the Ci, C~., and Cs yields, which could be expected at 

a 91% overall SYatbesJs-gas conversion. 

: 1939, :18 pp.; Cllem. Ahs...voL 33. 1939. p. iibU3. 648. . Fischer-Tropseh Oil-Circulation Proe- 

TbyssefiLLenze tower gas purifiers, tile ill;st Of their 

kind in England. as installed at the ~,Vandsworth 

esses~ Ind. Eng. Chem., sol. 42, NO. !1, 1950, pp. 

2376-2384. . . . . . . 

:, 

j! 

Works, are described• Tlle installation, ealmcity 10,- ~'ee abs. 647. 

: 

0O00O0 eu. ft./day, consists of 6 towers, togetl~er with 

a Stocking tower and Stock ng franle The purifiers 

.... CaU.MLzV~ p. ~ec abs. 1326a; 

649: CRUTO}IFIEI~D, J~ W.~ L~ND-PnUErT, H~ T. " " 

!i! 

"- 

: ( .. ~ i._ :_ ....... LITERATURE .ABSTRACTS 

Outline of the chemical properties of C and sevecai 

series of hydrocarbons is followed by a discussion of 

the methods for ntilizing brown coals, lump coal, and 

lignites. Effects upon the coal, its byproducts, ~nd 

~atin ~ v21ues ,~re given of the following: Improve- 

~nentS~in bypr0dnet oven design; drying of the coals 

bY applying steam under pressure ; the Bertinierung 

process ; the earhurization or Delkeskamp method; aud 

the swelling processes. Descriptions of these processes, 

tables of data obtained using different kinds of eonis, 

and. manufaeture aud uses of producer gas and Grude- 

kok are inelnded. The distribution and economies of 

the petroleum industries are discussed from the na- 

tional and ~:orId standpoints. The experiments of 

Bergius and of Fischer in making liquid fuels from 

coal are rev/ewed, and compared, and the importance 

of these processes to countries that do not possess 

petroleum fields is emphasized. Gives number of re.fs. 

sectional diagrams of a Rolle-Oven installation, several to recent articles O n liquefaction. 

D 

654. DAHM, [Influence of tile Iron Content of 

Kieselguhr on the Properties of Catalysts for the 

where chemical reaction velocity and dimensions of 

the reaetion vessel:are of importance, 

Hydrocarbon Synthes/s.] FIAT Reel K29, 1939, 

frames 6 945-6,948; TOM Reel 290; PB 70,218. 

658. D,~M.M, P. [Synthetic Alcoh0is--Manufacture of 

Synthetic Ethyl nnd Methyl Alcohol by the Mining 

Object of the work was to determine Whefl!er a 

favorable infiuence on the course of the Synthesis w/th 

regard to an importaut reduction in the formation of 

Company of Bethune.] Mou. produits chim., soL 11, 

:No: 114~ pp. 1-5 Chem. Zentralb, 1928, II, p. 2203 ; 

Chem. Abs., vol. -°3, 1929, p. 4608~ : 

OH, can be obtained by extractingthe Fe irma the 

kieselgl!lir used for catalYStS. The answer is negative: 

2 graphs• . . . . : : . 

654a• DAr.E.B., LEACH. 3. R., BECKETT. C. "~V. AND 

Report on synthetic manufacture of EtCH and 

MeOH from coke-oven gases, consisting chiefy of H: 

: CH~, C..H,, CO, and N... l=lr_- is separated by liquefaction 

Of the rest of the gases. G_H~. CH~ and CO call be sepa- 

$oxxs~ox, H.L. Survey of the Scientific Literature rated l~y the same method. C-_H4 is converted into EtCH 

on the FiscberrTropsch process. Ohio State Univ. bY means of H.-S04. & suitulfle mixture of H.-, CO, and 

Research Fomnhdion, Tech. Rept. Projec~ BF-319, .N_-serves for the synthesis of Me0H according to the 

1950, 7S pp. equation : CO+2 H==CI-L0. For this reaction a cata- 

Review with 474 refs. : lyst is used whose composition is kept secret. ~H~ 

• 655. D.~.L PRAT0,:L. [Trnnsf0rniatiou of Heavy Min- is synthesized from tim ~emaining mixture of H.-nnd 

eral 0ils Into Benzine•] Rass. mill. met chim., sol N_-. It is Still mor~ ndvant~nge0us to makeMe0H from 

61 19o~ pp 1~S-lO2 1~-15s; vol• 02,192~ 1,p 12- ~:~,L2~• o~°~ s},ou~d b~ve~2romisiug f.t~re 

• 

: 

: 

:: 

" • ,Engineer- ~.~ 14" Cllem Abs sol. 19 192o p. 149z. - ~ ~" "" . . . . . 

have worked equally well from %~ capacity to ,T~% over- ing Developments in Southwest Texas. Petrol. Eng., ' ~' ' - 'e : : • :~ " "-x 2oii 659 DlxXn,~ N .~-ND BOLTUS-GORUNEA~U ~][. [Prep- : 

load. T°date'the~,~.nt°xidehaseontained44C~P ure sol 13 NO 1 1946 pp °OS 210" Chem Abs sol -~ ~eneiai Ie~ie~ or pre enr nevempnmnt, m ,~ t- - ~ 7i-on *'ill" l:ii h r F .% ld ] z'om Mm ~al 

~ -:: " S; Costsare, about/, tho~e of tile or,dn'flpur fier~ ~ "~

V - Fischer-Tropsch Archive

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