graphy of the fischer- ;ch synthesis and - Fischer-Tropsch Archive

)GRAPHY OF THE FISCHER-
;CH SYNTHESIS AND
TED PROCESSES
Two Paris)
REVIEW AND COMPILATION OF THE LITERATURE ON THE
PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS AND CHEMI-
CALS BY THE HYDROGENATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE
H. C. Anderson, J. L. Wiley, cLnd A. Newell
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PP.INTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954

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m
BUI~EAU OF MINES :
: '':i; : J'; Io Forbes,; D[re~[o~. : ......
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CONTENTS
...................................................... . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction .............. - .......... ---~
,=± ..... = .......... ______ V
._~ ................. ~.,~ ..... - ........................
: ,Journal references .... .... 5---~=--±-- .... :-.
Literature abstracts J---5~ Li------- ~-- '-:~-- ....... ----
...........
VII
Subject
.............
index ...... - ................................
" ............ - ............... --i ..... ..... . . . . . 493
.t
Page
IV
• I I [ "
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• ....... .... ! ¸ ' :ii i! I

°
. . . . Foreword :
The im torrance of the chemistry of carbon monoxide in industrial processes :
• -such as product:oR of synthetic liquid ~els, and ofchemicals (particularly
' alcohols) has been increasing rapidly during the past decade. Althougll the
:: : '::staff of the Bureau of Mines has produced ~ critical review of Fiseher-Tropsch
and related syntheses (5. Wiley & Son, 195i~ ,. continued developlnent Of: such :: : "
" . synthetic liquid fuel processes demanded an exlmustive bibliography Contain- :
ing abstracts of all relevant publications. : The need for this was especiall~ ::
evident in work on the production Of synthesis g~ and hydrogen fromcoal ancl
• byproduct hydrocarbon gases.: It is anticipated that ttiis biblio~'aphy will :
: : Serve th e nee~ls of all experimenters in the field of chemistry of Carbon monoxide: :
i -i BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE:FISCHER,
• |:i:: RELATED PROCESSES
: (In Two Parts)
i. zvIzw AND COMPI TION OF THE L TERATUi ON
THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS AND
CHEMICALS BY THE. HYDROGENATION OF CARBON
: MONOXIDE ~ , ....
: ' By :: :
: H.C. Anderson: -~ J. L: Wiley2 and A. Newell ~ : :
:: F']~HIS :REVIEW contains abstracts of the technical literature and patents:
: ~ " J_ dealing with the history, development, and commercial application of the: "
) :: ' Fischer-Tropseh Synthesis and related processes for the hydrogenation' .
, =::: ii 0f,carboh raolioxide: ~nd thelpr0cluctioi~ 0fsynthetic: fuels and chemicals.. :: .. =
. : ~ Attempt.has beenmade to include' abStracts.of all:tlie pubiished.:infolTa~tion . : :
.... :: ~ :: 0n tie abbVe Subjects:i is well 6f: the :captured :foreign:-d0cumei~ts collected: ~: ~" :~::: ::
. ::: : and 'classified as TOM:and FIAT reeisand CIOS, FIAT, and BI0~: reports.: ' ::.
~:: ::i i:: ~ : " The:material in tl~is review is divided into two sections--literature (part:: • :: :: . i:: ~: •
::: •: ' :I) and patents (part II).each with a comprehensive subject index,: A numer- : : :~ .
~: : ical pateiit 1:st bt¢ c0untries Will appear iu part II. Tile:abstracts in end1 sec, : ......... :
:-:'~: :':i .: lion al;e arrange'd aipliabeticall)~ by-auth0r: or patentee with further chron0~ : "" :
:~ i lo.~ical arrafi~ement under each auth0r or group of auth0rs.: Se:c0ndarv authors: : : . :
:i~ " and patentees as well as assl~nees are. cro~s-mdexed to the mare entry. In
~.. :: ;.: serial articles 0r reports 'the .c0mplefie Series appears .in tlle alphabeticai . . (. ~:
- ~ : .::- a.rrangemen~aCeording to tile author of tbe first mefnber of the series. Succeed- -:' : ::. ::
i~ ~:: ~i i:.:!: in~ memb~em as Well as Secondary autimrs are entered as cross-t~eferences: TitleS. :. : :
~!~. ~ ~ ~: .:~ of-the periodica~s~re used as~t~e~huthors~ in an~nyin~us references. By f~w` ~:~
~.: . - : mg the above procedure, no a ttthormdex ~s reqmred..-:~::::- . ':::" .... ~ - ..
~ : ". ' : :Tbe authors take particUlar ple,~sure in ackno~vledging the c0rdia] interest :: " . ::: :-:; : : ~'
~ :: ~::' : and assistance renderedby Dr,:H. I-L Storeh, Chief; Fuels-Techn010g'y Division,: ': : - : ' : :
~ .: Dr. M~ :~:. Elliott andDr R. B: Anderson, Chiefs, Syntheti~ Fuels :Research : . :: :" .. :
~ :;:'. ::::' ~Branch,.Bureau:oJ~ Mines, 4S00:F0rbes Street, Pittsburgh 13,- Pa, - They wish : : " : "
~ :.:: ..t0 tiiank Helen C/Douglass, Myrtle R. Lee, ,Harriett E: ~£cCrea, Mary T. :-: " :. :.:: :
~:~::: : ::: : Patiner; ~rankJ=:::Ballr]~'lizabetlr M. Reid,,:and::Frances G Stewart for their: : : : ::; • ::
,~!~' : able assistanceln preparing the manuScript: ~ ' .: ::. : ::. ~: .~:-!';: :: ' :::: .:: ~: .~:~' ~:.::; i:.
~i~ ": " :: ~:Work
on manuscrlpt"c0mpletsa .Tuly 1:19~2. : . . . . ' : :' ": : "
|~7 ~' . . . . . TeChnical ass stant Fuels-TechnologY- Division Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh. Pa. " ' ' - '
~ i ~', a-I~lustr al analyst; Fnels-Technology'Divislon, Synthetic Fuels Research Branch :~echnical:Re, "
~ . - " : . ' , - p o r t s S e c t i o n Bureau of~,Iines Plttsburgh~.Pa . . . . - . . : :
' | ~ ' ' .... ' ~Chen st Fuels-Teehnoldgy Division ~ureau of'~Ilnes Pittsburgh Pa , :, . . . . - ~ -

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loum
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Jour hal t~-$
Acad- Scio Petrograd~---.~----:--------2==-- Petrogrsd-~cademie~cienee~ . . . . . . . . . .
Acou~ e Gas - .................. Acqua e Gas. ....
- ~ • t -'7 ........ _ Acts, CIwstal]ographlca.
A~ ~rys.---c:--%~::.--~-~: ...... : .... -- Academ~" of Sciences of the U. S. S. I~°
AkS-dm eel g~g Fet~Ztg - ...............
s • ^ - " ~ --~-_-C';,iZ .... : ....
11 era. usterr, w~,em, u. leem-~s .........
~ Chem. See., -- Meeting Abs ..... - ......
Allgemeine eel- und FetV-Zeitung.
A]l-emeine 0sterreichi~che Chemiker und Techniker-Zeltung.
~
&merican Chemical Society, -- l~eeting Abstracts.
Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly.-: ......... L ..... American Gas Association Monthh-.
Am. Gas Jour ............................ American Gas Journal . , .
Am. Inst. Chem. Eng .... i-:---~ .... :~: ....
Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng__-:---: ......
American Institute of Chemma, Engineers.
American InstitUte of Minln~ and Metallurg/cal Engineers.
Metals Technol_L_:: .................
Tech. Pub ..... : .................
':--
----::
Metals Technology.
Technical Publication.
:: :
Teeh. Prec.__ .... :~ ...... ...... :-~ ....
Am. Paint Jour ........ :: ...... :-----~ ....
Am. Perfumer Essent. Off Rev: .............
Technical Proceedings. •
American Paint Journal.
American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review.
American Petroleum Institute. See Bull. Am. Petrol. Inst.; Prec.
Am. Petrol. Inst.
:
:
Am. Petrol. News--- ........... ------- ....
"Am. See Mech Eng::_-_.------: ..........
Sea National Petroleum NeWs.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Sec also Mech. Eng.;
. . : .. : : ' : Trans Am: Soc Moth. Eng,: , :.. : : :
: :jknal: Chem--::-:::-:-:: ':-:-:--~-:--:::z:~ AnahticaI Chemistr ~, : : : :
Anales aSOC. qufm. afgentina:.z=:---:L::--:: Anales de la as0ciati'6n quimfca argentina. . : ' .
Auales soc. espafi, fis. v qulm:~_:_.-::---5-: Anales de la socicdad espafiola de flsica y auhnlea. : " :
.~mgew. Chem .... = ................ ~ ...... Angewandte Chemie. .
: Ann. cldm ........ :: ...... i ............ __ Annalas de chimie ~Paris).
i Ann. chim applic~t~_--:----/ ..... ---: ....
Ann shim. phvs__:---i- ....... = ...... - .....
Ami. combust:iiquides .... ...... _._~___~_
Annali di chimica applicata. : :
Annales de ehimie et de physique.
Annales de l'offiee national des combustibles liqtddes.
.Ann: rain,._,,__,--,'4-,,----"----"- .... Annales des mines. .
ii'i ~i::: i Ann. mines et carbur~ntS---:: ..... i~:-2:-- Annalas des mines ct des carbl/rants .... ~ .... [:
•, Ann. Physiki.'_2___il--Sl ..... !__~:__~_:i- Annalen der iPhysik.. ' ' . : :i. , . '
:: ~' Ann. Rept. Progress. Chem:, (Chem. Soc.-:Annual~eportS pnthe Progres s of Chem/stry (Chemlca! Sectary of
~!::- " London). ~ - ~ona n). , . . . . . . . . .

: " | AbSrcd~i~r~
Abbr~dathms Jo~r!~tal~ . -: i Chem. Market.~ .... - ..................... ChemiealChemical ~ews.Markets"
Ber. Gesell. Kohlentech-- .................. Berieh~e der ~e~el.lschaf$ ffir Ko.lflentechm~
Ber. Inst. phym~k° Chemo, Akad. Wiss, lJ-kr, Be~.chte des jns~tu~,.fu r phvs~scneCnemm,
S. S.R. Wmsenscn~zen oer t~lcmmlscnen ~. ~....
Bergbau .... . .......... :- ............. .__ Bergbau.
,
Akadera/e der
, :: ~
Chem. l~ews ............................. Chemlcky Obzor,
Chem. Obzor ......... - ...................
Chem. Products ............. - ..... ___~__. Chemical Products.
Chem. Ray ...... .:.- ............ :_____~_u Chemical Re~iews. ' : =:
Bergbau .Arch ...... . ........ - ......... :.__ Bergbau Archly. | Chem. Ray..(Japan) ....................... Chemical Review (Japan)'.
Bergbau u. Energiewlrtsch .................
Bib. ScL Ind. Repts .......................
Bergbau und Energ~ew/rtschaft~ . \ ~ __
Bibliography of ~cientlne anu ~nuustrial ~eportSo |
Chem. Teeh ........ --= ............ ---4 .... Chemical Technolo~'. ha
Chem.-tech. Rundschau ................ ____ C~nemisch.technische Rundsc u,
Bioehem Ztschr ....................... Biochem/sche Zeitsch~ift• Reports,
. . . . . . Bn~h Intelh ence Ob'ectives Subcommittee
BIOS Rapt ........... ---=-~,--z--r~r-----r-=v ~ ! "~ -~ "g - - !]- ~ -
Bitumen, Teere, As p halte , x'ecne ............ ]~i~umen, ~ . . ±eere~ . . y£spna~e ,~. recne . • . . . . . . ~
Blast Furnace Steel Plan~_-- ............... ~last ~'urnance ana ~te~ rmn~ .
BoL inst. sudamer, petrol (Montevideo) ...... Boletin del institute sudamericano del petroIeo (Montevideo).
Braunkohle ......................... : .... Braunkohle, , '
Braunkohlenarch ............ : ............ _ Braunkohlenarchiv.
Brennstoff-Chem ...... - ..... - .......... ___ Brennstoff-Chemie.
Brennstoff- u• W~rme~rt .............. _~_ Brennstoff- und W~rmeu~rtschaft, -
British Abs .............................. ~ B~itish Abstracts.
" | Chem.-tech. Ubersicht .......... -~- ........ Chemlsch-teehnische Uberslcht,
| Chem Trade Jour ........................ Chemical Trade Journal and Chemleal Engineer.
" . . . . . " Weekblad Chemisch Weekblado
. . ...... ~'~- .......... -~--~r-===:--= _~ ~,,em~ "~-~Zentralblatt
. . . . . .... = . . . .
,| ~" Chem. Zt Zentralb .................. - ........ ..... Chem~er-Zeatung.
t Chemie,~nem'-~ Die..-:=- g ..........................
.._ ...... : ........ ~.~_._ Die Chemle. "
Chim. etind.., =--: ....... ---------= ..... Chimle et industrie,
Chlm. ind. agr. blol__--:-.-- .... _:___~____ Chimica neB'industria, nell sgr:coltura~ nella biol0gia e helle
rcalizzazioni corporative. - '
Chimiea CIOS .................................... e industria_--- ..... --- ...... ~____ La Combined Chlmiea, .Intelligence e L'industrm. Objective Sub-committee Reports.
British Chem. Abs ........................ British Chemical Abstracts.
British Coal Utili~tlon Research Assoc•, British Coal Utilieat/on Research Association, Monthly Bulletin. :'
Monthly Bull. "
Bul. Chin~, Soc• Rom.~na~tiin~e ............ BuIetinul de Chimie purr ~i Aplic~ita SocietRtea Rom~na de ~tiin]e. ::
Bull acado roy. Belg__: ................ :._ Bulletin de l'acadfimie royale de Belgique•
Bull acad. sci U.R, S. S: ........ =._._:__. Bnllctin de l'aeadOmie des sciences de FUn!on des R~publlques i
~ovi&iques Soeialistes.
Bull. Am. Petrol. In~ ..... Bulletin Of American Petroleum Institute. " " '~
B.U o~ fio,~ ~ehnlciens n~trole Bulle*,in dc l'assoeiation fran~aise des techniciens du p~trole. .i|
un: ~soc: teei~.~'fonderie .... ; ..... -:'_::::: Bulletin de l'association technique de fonderie• , :'~'1
Clay Minerals Bull ..... : .................. Clay Minerals Bulletin•
Co~l Age_. ............................... Coal Age.
Coal and Colliery News .................... Coal and Colliery News.
Coal Carbonisation ......................... Coal Carbon~sation,
C0al-H eat .............. : ........... ......
Coal-Heat:
Coal Tech ~ol. Am Inst Min. Eng 'Tech Pub_ Coal Teehnology~ Amerlcan Institute of Mining ]~ngineers, Teeh-
; nical Publications.
Coke ........ ~,_::L ............. ___:_::___ Coke.
Coke and Chem. (U. S. S. R.) .............. Koks i Khimiya, U. S. S, R° (C0ke and Chemistry).
Buli. Chem, Soc. Japan .................... Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. CokeC°ke andsmokeless_FuelGas=- .------:-~Age ..................
................ CokeCoke midand Smokeless-FuelGaS" Age~
Bull. Imp. Inst ........ : ............... :__ Bulletiu of the Imperial Institute. ~'|
Bull. Inst. Phys. Chem. Research (Tokyo)__:. Bulletin of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Tokyo). ~!!~
Colliery Eng_. ~ ..........................
Colliery Guard ................ ...........
Colliery Engineering.
Colliery Guardian.
il
ii
: :, Bull. Liverpool Eng. Soc__ ............... ___ Bulletin of Liverpool Engineerlng, Society, Inc. :
~ Bull mat. grasses inst. colonial Marse/lle._..~; Bulletin desmati~res gr, asses de 1 institut col0nial de Marseill e.
Bull Math Biouhv~ic~ ..... , Bulletin of ±~[~tnemat, ic~ ~iopnvsms. : ~. ..... :
Bull: sci dcole l~ol~-z:ecb:::Tnni~oara'-~::::--:'--- Bulletin scientifique de !'dcole ~ioytechnique de Timi~oara:
Bull soc belge ing ind Bulletin de la sociOtd beige des ingdniefirs et des industrfels.
Bull: soc: chim_.."-' .... ][::[_-:_'[_'_~_'_'.'.'.'_-:-[ Bulletin de la sociOt6 ehhniqne de ~rance. :
Bull• soc. chhn. belg.... L: ................. Bullet.in de la soci~t~s chimiques belges.
Bull. soc. encour, ind, nat .................. Bulletin de la soci&6 d'encomagement pour l'industrie nat/onale,:
Buresu of Mines Bull ..................... Bureau Of Mines Bulletin (United States)•
'~:~|
:'.~i~i |
: ~'::',-5| :
~:~|
:~:~'~
-r~:, !
::.~ I!
i~
J~,
~', ..
Colloid CImm::.:- ........... : ..... :: ..... Colloid Chemistry. :
Cbmbust!bles:(Zaragoza) .... ~_~__::_~L:h_L~ Combustibles (Zaragoza) .......... :
. _ =~. '...'l:_'.:::'--:-:: Combustion'. , : ': : ...... : :' :
Combustmn- ---- :--- = . . . . . Comntes rendus hebdomadaixes: 'des s~anees .de :l'aead~mie des
",~omp~. renu ....... ~..---- .... --- ..... - .... .- , . , : '
: semnces
Com t rend acad sci U R S S : _ Comptes rendus (Doklady)deracad~mie des.sc/ences de I'U. R. S. S.
~ P-" ~' ~ ~, ~'~o,',fr~'~'~,~ .... ~Con~" Con~r~s du ehauffa-e industriel Comptes rendus du-- Congr~s.
~omp~. rena, ~ons ........ ~ ...... , -- o- ~ ° . . . . "
Compt. rend. Cong. chim. ind., --me, Paris.. Comptes rendus, Congrbs de chirme mdustrmlle, mine, (C~,).
Bureau of Mines Inf. Cirn.: .... - ....... =_=_ Bureau of Mines-Information Circular (United States). ~ Conf. . rapports surles .... combustibles ~+,,~o ~[~-,~riv~ __ .... Conference Conference-rapports r~union ~oci~t~ sur les belge combustibles. pour l'~tudes p~trole~ d&ives et :
:::
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Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbo0k2 ........ Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook (United States). .
Bureau of.Mines Bept of Invest!gations.-.'-~: Bureau of Mines Report Of Investigations (United States): ; "
Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper:=.__:.z..._~- Bureau Of Mines Technica! Paper (United States), ~ . . :
Bureau Of Mines Transl_n____ ....... ::.::_ Bureau of Mines Translat/on (United States). '
Bureau Standards Jour ResearCh__~::_:.:~÷: See :Nat)Burea_ufif Stand.ards Res.earch Journal: : '. :: ": :
Bus and Coach__._-- ...... - . :_ Bus and'Coach Opelators' Journal. , : - "
Business Week___~.~--~.--- ............. _~ Business Week. : . . . . . . "
" Butterw0rth's Sci. Public.atibn_~__._:._=~=_~'Butterworth~sSc_ientifiePublication~: :- -
' Cashiers phys_-____- .... ~ ........ L ._.~._ Cahieis dephvsique, • '
~l:f 0il World " __ caiifmnia Oil°World• ~ - - ' :
~anadian Chem-~G~'~eC----=-:::---::--:::-: Canadian Cbsmistry:and Ms~,lurgy~ :: :i • : ' i:~ :
Cana~lian Chem: Process Ind/_.__~_~_.~'~:~ Canadian Chemistry and Proesss Indus~ ie~..' • .:', '
• Canadian Jour. Resea~chi---L---.i.-..iii--Canadian Journai of Research. i:: ..... '': : :
Canadian J0ur. Tech--.~:i-~--L-~-~---,--i ~ Canadian J0urnal:of Technology. : ~ : : :.:~
Canadian Min and Met Bull __ Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin• • .~ ' )"
Canadian Min" Jour " --'--'-: .... Canadian Mining J ou_rnsl. - ~"
L3arburants nat .......... : .............. : _ Carburants ns tionales.
Carnegie Inst Techno~, Coal Research Lab Carnegie Institute of Technology :Coal ResearCh LaboratO.~
Contrib - " : : ".- . . . . ": Contnbutions: ~ : .. : -- ~ i~
Chaleur et Ind ' : • • Chaieur et tndustrie ' : ' . . : ~ : - ~.~7
Chem Abs_______..~___L=__-'_-_--L-~--L--Chemmal Abstracts. ,':' ' ~ ' : ' ~-~.
Chem, Age_~__L~.:~.~.~L-~-----~:-----:-~ Chemical Age (.L0hd0n). :~: , :: ::: :~ .:' ~, : ':" : !~'i:~
: : ~ et succ~danes, Brussels, 1947. succ~daues, Brussels, 1947:
cong. chim indi,--th Cong .... ~---~-~ .... : Congrbs de chimle industrleUe~ :~th Congress, (City). :
• Cong. mondial p~troler 2me C0ng•, Paris -- C0ngr~s m0ndial du p~trole~ ~me Coug, (City). (date) (in five "
:: see Phys. Chim~ Raffinage• : ' , : " : sections--Sect/on 2, :Phys- Chim. Raffinage). :See a/So Prec,
...... , . , - - : : ~0rldpetrol Cong . " . - . :
:. . Consolidated Eng. Corp..RecordingsL_Sz-:~-. Consolidated Engineering Corporation Recordings. • , '
:::: :_ Cours conf--.=--:-----::--- 5=-::-:::~--:-~ Cours conference. : ' , : :: " :
" - Crucible .... =_== ~ 2====_=======:========= Crucible: ..... ....... : : ...... :~::::, ....
::::: - : Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas .... :5::-::.. Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas: " - , :
~'::: Current Sci__::~_- .... : .... ._.:.__::_:___ Curren~ Science (India) ::: :" : ' : - .:
fl?'/Deut. Chemikerds::-.~:~z---::£---l--o- ~- Deutscher Chemiker. : . : : : "
~:~:i:: Deut Gesundhw_±~:'~:.::~-.-±-:.i:-.~.:~L-::-.Deutsche Gesundheitswesen: ' :. :.: :: : : . :
~;!~:i:: eut. Molkerci:Ztg:::__:__:.:5:~--~:------S Deutsche M01kere/-Zei~ung: : ::~' ' " ~ ' ; : :
!:~:~. Dingi.:poly. Jour_5__:-.---:---5--SS--~±::- Dingiers Polyteehnisehes Journal.~ :: ~ . : : .
• D/se Farada Soc Discussions of the Paraday Society.
~!~:::D,,~t,.. ~:.o~ ~hh-~:~-~-~ .... -- ...... Doklady ~;kademii :Nauk SOyUza S.o~e~.k~ h So tsle~!ehes~k.h
~,:~, - .... a-~--. -,- " " ' ":----Y ..... Respublik: Se~ also Comptes renclus (~omaay) ae lacaaemm -
":~," : ..... des sciences de I'U• R. S. S_ • - ' "
~ch0 mines'e~me~______.=-~,--'L-~-~:----- Echo des mines e~ de la m~taIlurg/e. - . ..... "
~.lektrotesh Ztschr__i~=--. ~- .... =_L_i_~,_~__. E]ektrotechnlsehe Zeitschr~ft., , ; :. ' .... :.
~ner /atermica: ~ ~ ..... ; ' ::"~ " ."" ~ ~ :
~n~ ~o,r ': ~--- - ~ ~ r:':" :- ~ :" r :~:~----:: ~- Engineering Journal, Journa! of the ~ngineermg Institute 0f Cafiadm7 :
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;~ •
,
-- -
•
Chem:and En~ News '' ' :" Chemlcaland Engineering,Newsi " ~ " ~:~
Chem. and Ind .... ____L~_ ............ =_L_ Chemlstrv and Industry. .... , ,, .~
: Chem.:and Met. Eng~_-L~L~--,-------~-~-~Chemiea[and Metallurgical Engineering.'. " : : !!~,
Chem. en Pharm. Teeh-__~_L ...... _____~_ Chemischeen Pharmacevtische Teclmiek.: : , :" :: : .:,.~
Chem.~,ng .... _~_.__L_~L-_L_ .... ,.__ .... ~_- Chemical Engineering: • : i : :
Chem~Eng. and Min, Rev ......... ___'-'_._~ Chemical Engineering and Mining Review.. : , .:~
Chem. :Eng. Cong: World Power Conf--~--L~ Chemlcsl Engineering Congress and W0rld Power ,Conference-~:~
~n~eer:::::--::~'-'::~:~::::--~:~:L-----Engineer (London)• ~ ~ i ' : :,:' .. ::~ : ' ,
~ngineering:__ _-'__ _ - ...... ~_____~_~L_~_ Engineering. :
~rdSlu Kohle " - _ .... L~_------- E r d S l u n d K o h l e . . : , - :::: ::~ ,. '~
~arbeu: Lack --r-:-- ~--- : : ~__ Farbeund.Lack. ::, : ' . : : : ': - ,
iarben "Lacke~-,~mst-ncl~st-o]le'-----:::--~:~:-- Farben, Lacke, Anstrichstoffe. :- :, ..... . . . . . . . . .
tedera~ Sci. Progress _ "_ ...... ~__~____ Federal Science Progress. ' :
~estschrift 100-jRhre--Bes-t~en -Tech° H0ch- Festsehrlft 100=jRhrc Bestehen:Techn/sche H0chschule zu Karisruhe;'
....
:
Chem En Pro ass
Chem~ Fabrik______~___~_
. . . . Chemical ~ngineering ~rogress
...... _._='_-~ Chemmche Fabnk~ ,
,
: - i~'
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: ' •
schule ecllule zu,KarlsrUhe. zu.~
Petteu R~f~ ~
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. ,
FetteundSeffem
,- : ':
.~' "-:~:i, .
~ :
;,
•
" : .: : Chem:Inds -,' :. : ' " ££__.,ChemiealIndustries ' " : :' : "' ;: ', ~ :,ii~
i ~ Chem -Ing --Tecl~:.--_-.~-~-~:~----------.-:-'[[[[~- Chem/e-Ingenieur-Teehnik. ' : " : ~-; : :' " :! :" "]~
' : ~, Chem.:Week ...... ~ ..... ;~ .... ;_._.___;;_ Chemical Week. :- . ' , : .: : : , i" "'::

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Finska Kemist.~mfundets ~¢edd.__. .... .._. Finska l~emi~samfundets .A~eddelandem :
Food ..... - ..... ............... -- ....... Food.
Food Mannf ................... ...... - .... Food ~[anufac-bare.
Food Techno] ............................ Food Teehno]ogy-
Forei~m Petrol Technol ................... Foreign Petroletlm Technology;
Forsc~ungen u, Fortschr ................... Forschungen und Fortschritte. I
Forschungsarb. Gebiete Ingenieurw ......... Forschungsarbelten auf dem Gebie[e des Ingenleurwesens. ~
Fortsehr. chem. Forsch .................... Forschritte der chemischen Forschung. '
Fortune .................................. Fortune.
" :: jOUR2ZAL RE~ERE~-CL~ :X~ .
A~bre~io~* .. l~r~ona]e ZeitSchrift ffir Metallogr~phie-
Iaternat. Z~chr. Metan g ............... -T Ion . . . . .
Iron -" •
Mem.
Iva ........... : ...... : - ±- ~.- --= :--;-~
Ira
:" 7- v_.,i~.:..~ &kademii Nauk Otdelenie Ix~hirnlc heskikh .Nauk.
Isvest. Akad..~auk S. ~. ~. I%., utneL l~mm. ±~*:- - " .
Nauk. ~ Japanese Journal of Englneerm.g.. Society
Frankfurter Ztg ........................... Frankfurter Zeitung.
Japan: JOU~h~eng-~oc, ............... ~--.-~ Journal of .~heAme~c~ni~n~.~*.~.~ (Journal of Applied Chemistry).
Fuel-___. .............................
Fuel in Selenco and Practice.
Jour. Am. ~ . ..~-~-~-~-~ ......... .. ZhurnM pHmaunm . • . . . . .
Fuel Abs ................................. Great Britaln Department of Science and Industrizl Research, Fuel- -~
Jour. Appl..~nem. tu-~ ~ ..... r-=- ---~--=_~_~ Journal of Applied~Phys~c~- . . . .
Research Station, Fuel Abstracts.
Jour. Appl. r nvs__-= ...................... Journal of Chemicai~aueatmn- .~. ,
Jour. Chem. ~auc~.~on;;f ........... "":': - Journal of Chemica I ~nglneenngh~,~n~o~ 1~ S S 1~ (Journal of
Fuel Econ'. .... ~_L ............... .._._-.._ Fuel Economist.
Jour. Chem, ~n~. ~.mn ~-r-- ............... Zhurnal KhimicheskoI rromy~me , . . . .
Fuel Econ. Rev_. .............. - .... =_£_.. Fuel Economy Review,
ur Chem Inc[ (U S S.R.),--= .......... =- i 1 Industry)
Fueloll & Oil Heat . ....... .... - ..... Fueloll & Oil Hea~. . . . .
Jo • " " " " . . .... v-Chem[~ea~he Cherr[ical, Metallurgiced and .AIining SocietY of Sout h
Gas ................ .......... -:=-- ...... Gas.
Jour. Chem. Met. Min. So~. South ~ca ...... ~2;r~C"
Gas Abs ................................. Gas Abstracts, Institute of Gas Technology. ~=~
Gas Age ................................. Gas Age.
Jour. Chem. Phvs ........... : ...... :______ Journal of Chemical Physics.
Gas Age-Record ................... : ...... Gas Age-Record.
!:;i Jour. Chem. Soc ....... ..... ........... _-. Journal of the Chemical" Society (London).
a ,au. __ Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan.
Gas and Oil Power ................... L .... Gas and Oil Power~
Jour. Chem. Soc. J p .................. Journal de ctfimie phys~ue.. . . . .
Gas Jour ......................... : ...... Gas Journal.
Jour. chim. pnvs .... %. ................... Journal of the Chinese t nem~cat ~ocm~..v.
Gas Research Board Inf. Circ .............. Gas Research Board Information Circular.
Jour. Chinese t.hem, ~oc ............... ---- .lourna| Colloid Science,
Gas Times ............................... Gas T/mes.
Jour. four Colloid ~lec-~ " Sc i .......... ................. : ....... ......... - ....... -- Journal du four ~leetrique et des industries 61ectrochimiques.
Gas- u. Wasserfach ........ ................ Gas- und Wasserfach,
Gas, Wasser, Wg.rme ............ 2_ .... --.. Gas, Wasser, WRrme.
Jour. Franklin Inst ................. - .... :. Journal of the Franklin Institute.
an Journal of the Fuel Socletv Of Japan.
Gas World_----- .... ~ ........ : ........... Gas World. "
GaZ. Cukrownieza ....... L ...... ::~-,- ..... Gazeta Cukrownieza.
Jofir. FuelS oc. JaP --.---- ......... ~ :::-" Journal fiir Gasbele}*cht}}ng; ~ ~ ~ iT^ *-~al Of General Chemistry).
Jour. ~asbemuent- .......... ,~--~ -- ~- ---- " ~--nal Obshchel l(himn.'u.~ ...... v,~', *-. ., • ~ . . : "
Gazz. chim. ital .............. ---- ..... :.__ Gazetta ehimie~ it~liana,
Jour. Gen, Chem~ (U.S.S]~;) -So-c[ ...... T .... ~ou~rnal of the Imperial College Chemieal Engmeenng ~ocle~y.
G~nie civil ............... ....._.u ........ G~nie eiv/l. | Jour. Imp. ~ oll•Shnee]]' • r_l g ......... - .... Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemmtry.
Geol. en :Mijnbouw " ............... : ........ Geologie en Mijnbouw.
l
Jour. Ina. En . u ...... ............ -" " r~.~n~l nf the Indian Chemical Soeiety.
Ges. Abhandl• Kenntnis KoMe .... : ......... Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Kenntnis der Kohle•
Jour. Indian ~he,n. SOc .................... Journai of the Institute of Fuel.
Gesundh.-Ing ..................... L ...... . Gesundheits-Ingenieor•
Giorn. bibliografia tecoiea iniern_----i ...... Giornale di bibliografia teenlca internaziole: Jour. Inst. Fuel .......... :"" ....... ~:" -" Journal of the Institu te of P~r01eum- ~ ~_ ",_ ......
Giornale di ehimica industriale ed applicata• : :~!~ Jour. Inst• Petrol-;--:--; ......... ---r .... Journal of the Institution o! retromum xecnno,us*~.
Gio~. ch~. ind. a.plicata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joar. Inst. ~etro;. ~0~}:~O'~o~ ~ .......... - Journal of the Iron ~n~ S~el,&,-:¢iot~u(~O~O,0~no (London~
Gliickauf ....................... _i ........ Gliickauf.
Gosudarst. Nauch.-Tekh. Izdatel'stve- ...... GosudarstvennoyI .Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Izdatel'stve. :~i:i~ Jour. Iron ~teei n~. ~ .. - ~ -,'-- - ........ Iournal of t.he Junior lnsu~uno ~, , - . _... ".
Gulf ..................... _.-- ............. Gulf Research & Development Co., Patent Survey on the Synthine " ~;'| Jo ur. Junior Inst. ~ng. (honaom ............ ~ o ..... ~ .f ....... M,them aries " and Physics , .Massachusetts •
Ans~me of
Process and Related Syntheses. " . . . , )~'~| Jour Math Phys., • .Mass. Inst. Tech .... ._.. . o .......... Technology.
"
:
Gulf Research &DexelopmentCo chemistry Gulf Research &Development Co., Chemistry Division Report. -:: ~]
Division Rept. : : : .... ' : x '. ' : : ' ~ ~ : : '~'':'~
Hamburger Tech Nachrichten.=L- ......... = Hamburger Teehmsche Nauchnehten. :. : !~![
Handbuch der Ga s mdustne ...... .... - ........ Handbuch , . ~ . der . Ga¢industr ~ e • . . . . ' . " . . ' :;~L| %~!
Heat. Engineering:: ..... .... L____Lz-- .... :__ r*ea~ r, ngmeermg. • . . . . ,~%|
Jour Metals_-=-=-~--' ..... ~ .... _.=~_~___ Journal of Metals. : ; :
mi ts A~Soc journal of the Oil & Colour Chemists Association.
Jour. Oil &Co!m~r Che s. " "" "-'=':'=" ~,.,,~1 nf Pathol0gv and Bacteriology., " •
Jour• Path. Bact::.--:---:-~ .... :'7:-r='~" Journai clenharma~e et de chimie.
Jour. ])harm. chim .... ':~.:-----~-~--:~ ..... " Journal of Ibhvslc al and Colloid Chemistry..
"
"
....
.
•
:
:
Helv Chim Act~ __: ........ __ ......... Heh'otica Chimicakcta. "
Het Gas - ....... :___ ..... _ ..... ~._ Her Gas . . . . . . . .
......... ~,, ~k?, -~(mk~ . ..... ---: .... £__:_.: .... Hornick:9 . V~stnik. . . . .
ai:
Ind. agr. aliment ..... 2__==:=_~._-:__ ....... Industries agncoles e~ ahmenta~res (P r s).-
Ind Chemist __ ........ :n._L_i: ..... Industrial Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer.
-r ~" ~.h~m --7"" - . " " 'L'Ifidustrie Chimique . . . . . -::- - ~
• ~" ~ • :--'-':"Y .... 7" ..... :--:-7:---- • . . " , :
"
.
'
'
:
' :~&¢li;~:~I ~ ;~'
K'~:
"-"'?~ ~|
~
. : ~'.~
k'~:i~ ~' ,
-: : -:
: - : :~ q?: i ,
iiii: :::=:::: s
mm " : - £~ Journal de physique et le radium - "
Jour.
Jour. phys. red" - -- - ......... : ....... - - - ~^urnal ffir m:aktische Chemie: ;
-Jour. wrakt..Chem-~-:,~-r--rzr-.-=-:--JA_'-i ~ournal Pro~eedings0f Australian Chemical Institute.
• Jour. Jour, :Prec. Austr aliau t~hem: -tns~---4::--- --~-,,~nal of the Research Institute for Catalysis: :
:
:
" ......
" :
-~
.
.
' Ind Eng: Chem., anal. ed:-,.--~-4:-#-;--:-- Indus:trialand EngineeringChemistry, analytical edition. : ::~
;:: dour ~toy; :±ecn. . • ~ ~ ...... :-'7?~ ~.humal Russ~ogo: r,zmo-~- s - : -
• Jour Ross Phvs.-Chem ~oe- ..... r':r~:-~'-~" +~ ~,~ian PhYsical:Chemical Society). :-
. :. Ind. Eng. Chem, news' edL_:._2~:=:i~5-:~ : Industrial and Engineering :Chemistry, news editiou m. ' ':~:~ i.'
i ~:' Z ~g~,~ (z~Ai~ ':]oUrna~ of Scient tic &Industrml Rasearch.(Ind ) .............
Ind Research Serviee-. 2.. .... __:::_~=_L_. IndustrialResearchService. ' .:: ' ' ...... • Jeu~. S~, I,d ....... v ...... "-'--=r-~-=~---- :~---nai Of the Society of Aut0motive Engin~rs; :,
industr~achimicaL___,_±:_t_::__5:~t___:_L. Inclustrir~chimic~.' : : . : : . ! , . : :. : :/:~ ::'
~:
Jour.
Jour. Soc : Auto Eng_~-:--- ........ =" ~ :-'7- ~,~,~1 nf the Societ'~, of Chemical Industry ~Japan). ,
Industria (Milan) ............... ~_-4_L-..- L Industria'(Milan). . . : . : . .: .~..~- ~: • Jour. See• Chem. Ind. (Japsn)-,----:-i:r---= ~,urnai of the Societ=~ of Chemical Industry (London).
' Industri~y quim__ ............ -----~ ..... __ Industria y qulmica (Buenos Aires). ~
Jour. See; Chem. Ind. (Lonuon) ..... ..... -"- ~ ^l ae la societY:des ingdnleurs de l'au%omobfle.
In~ Vetenskaps Akad Handl ~ ...... ~_ IngeniSrs Vetenskaps Akademlen Handlingar. :
..... ~! ,!i?.,
. .
,:"
::-i
'
"
In~egnere ...... LL_.._--:.-.'--~----::~-------- L'Ingegnere (Milan).
Ingenieur. ............ _...:_:.z_,u::-r.:-~ngeen}~ur~l : : " .... ." :' ': :"~:: "~ i :' ~: Joun Jour: Tech. Ph." • ( ........... ¢ :-: :- ]Fiziki (U. S• S. R:). ~ " " .
: ' Inst. Fuel (London)Bull ..... :_=_::i.L__._:_. Institute of Fuel (London) Bulletm. . .: ,' . • :: ::~ ~i'.
:' Jour.
" :
usines
.
ga
: . • Journa~ of the Western Society of Engineers. ,'- , •
: Inst: Fuel, Wartime Bu!I.:_~--£,-L,-L--L---: Inst!.%u,~ " Of Fue!, Wart.line Bu~etin..... : .... ': "?-': ?': !'i~( Wester~ So Soc. c'~Eng":=--~--:--_-:--_---- Eng.,- ....... :---:--:-r Die ICohlenwassers~:Syn~e naCh mSck~r-~°ps°h' F" ~!n~ r':
Inst. Gas Eng. Pub:.::.--:-:- .... ::___~: lns~u~mn o~ ~as ~ngmeers, ruoucsuon..:: :'. .: .~ ..... 4 :~ i~Jour.
......... . . . . . Inst . . . Ind . Chem . . . Fuels . , . P0lytechihicum; . . . . . . 'Institute . . . . of . Indugtr/al . . . . Chemical . . . Fuels, . . P°lytsehinioum; . . .
~Milan''~'-~¢; ..... :~ i~Kainer::-~:=-r~=~7:~:'--= • -" . :- ......... .- .: i~ : ' : Spr/nger-¥erlag,~ernn, ~ou.- ........ ons~ruetmn " "
] 6str0e~ie :: ~-" L.__2~-:--~:: :Khimicheskoe iMgshinostroenie" (Chemical Machine C " . )•:
Milan.. : ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ &j~)::,:*Fdalm .' Ma.sh~in 8str 0 : enie'. . ~--~- ' ~-_~LL~:~_L.L_: Khimicheskaya Pr0myshlennost(ChemicalIndustry)" " ::i
" Inst l~iin En . ..... : ":':' ' .... insiitution0f Niining Engineers. :'. ...... ; : ':' "' ~"::~
: !' ::Inst'Pet~rol ~ev-'-- .... q .... ---rTV--~-':: Institute of Petroleu~n Reviews. : :" :' :: .: :' :: ' Z~.:',? ~:,,::Khim. • Prom::'_:.: 7-~:,:~.----77"'- -: ~'~ I(himicheskil Refera~tivflyI Zhuznsl: .'Z ,~_~i, ~--':{s'' '; " ?
~:~t.:, Khim. Referat.:
: Internat Chem. Eng,_ .... 2_fl .... __.d_ ..... International Chemical Engineeri. : . - , ..... ~.;:-'::, ii~i~
i '" ~"op~a-."----r'~ ~-~c~7 i Khimiva Tverdog0 "A'opdva ~kgnemls~ry o, ~oli, ~pu~ ]. .....
'
~:: Kkim. t Tverdog0 ..____ L_ ~_-~_-Z'-~--~'-Z---~--- I~imRr01-(J°u~rnal f0r Pr0jeeting and C°nstructi°n °f the Chemical i
' " International Conference on Bituminous Coal Sc~ Proe Interna~.~: ::: ~
: :..: : . ! -: : .... Cong. Bituminous Coal. i] ! ":'/: "i:' :i~'~i~'~'Khmastr°L::~=']-':----::----z-:V-tT--:--~' .: ' :Industry in U;S. S. R•) " " : ,a Promysh " ' s lefinosi lenn°.~
. Internat, Cong. Appl. Chem:__:::_~:::LL: .... International Congress of Applied Chemistr , ...... .-".: ~,~; ::~ .j %. y . - . Kozhevenno-ObuvnVi " Prom_ Universite d ~t~t de Kiev Kozhevenno-Obuvnaya Promy h
In~p~act e ?~n.g Pure Appl Chem;-- Cong Interna,ionalCongressofPuroandApplled~hemistry; -C°ngress2~" ~; ~'7~ Kiev Tekh; . . Inst. . Kozhevenn°:Obuvnm. . . Pr°m . s:s.s.R. . ~ . - . : i " ! ! ' :
. . .... . , .: : , : , , : .: : - :d~.- ~ - . : , • , , . . . . . . , , . . . . .
, ~,: ,: : ~. :,,: ,, . : ..... :.,-, : : . ~ ~ . , : ::-,: ::. ,::,:: -:,- . ......
:, ,.,, ,:.:-, , :: :: ., ::,:.~ : : . : :.:,[ ,, : . , . ~"

. : : .... : .... ...... ;,
XII JOURNAL REFERENCES
ASbrcr~io.~ . . . . .
:Kislorod (Oxygen) ............. ~-=_-_~--_ Kislorod (O.x-vgen).
Klepzig's T~tfl-Ztschr ......... ~ ......... Y~epz/g's Te.'x/il-Zeitschr/ft.
Kl/m Wochsehr_._ ...................... _-- Klinische Woehenseln/f~.
Michigan State Coll. Agr. Eng. Expt. Sta., "Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Engi-
.Bull. " neering Experiment Station Bulletin.
M!n. and Met..__ ................. L ....... Mining and Metallurgy.
lv~,n. ~ong. ~our_:.:: .......... :_ ....... .:: Mining Congress Journal. : •
" Min: Eng ........ = ..... ....... 1---:-~_5_~ Mining Engineering. -: ~ ..: : .
Min. Jour. (London) ................ :~.__:i Mining Journal (London). : ~ . ........ .
• ; 'Mineral Ind___; .... _ ....... :..._._ ..... ~-~:-The Mineral:Industry. -. :~ ; --; : = ..... : :=
' . Mines , carri~res .... ~._ ..... :---------:~-.;- Mines, Carri~res, grandes entreprises. : ....
' Mines~Mag., ColOrado ......... -----:---~-:2:MinesMagasine, Colorado ' i~ ' : i . .
: ~ = : Mitt: : Forsch.-Anstalt . GUtehoffnungsh0tt~e - Mitteilungen aus den Forschungs-~nstalten v0n Gutehoffnungshiltte
! ....... , 0ber.hausenA.,G.: . .i : : " ~ -Oberhausen Aktien-Geselischaf~.. " - ' : ' . :
: . ~ultt..~Kaiser Wilhelm-Inst :Eisenforseh Dus- Mitteilungen: aus den Kaiser Wilhelm-InstitU~ for Eisenforschung :
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itt. J~ohiemorsch.-Inst. Prag___: ...... :-~- Mitteilungen des Kohlenforschungs-institUts in Prag. (German :
: .... " : edition of Zor~vy l~stavu V~deckv V2zkum Uhli v Praze). ": ;
. Modern Plastics .... =:. ........ :_ ...... :-:- Modern Plastics. " ~ •. ~!
MMon. produits eh/m .... ~_______:___÷_:: : Moniteur des produits ehimiques. :/ " : ~,.-
~ ontan. ~cunascnau ....... - ...... ::--:-:'-:: Montanistlsche Rundschau. • ~,~
; : ~otorwagen .... ._ ....... : ..... _: ..... :~::~ Mo~orwagen. ~ :: ~.:i
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' ~ "Nat.=BUre~u Of Standards, Research JourL~L~-Nafional Bureau of Sta'ndards. RescarchJornai .... ~-
Nat. Petrol. News____ .... : ........ -' - --: - -~ National Petroleum News. ' " : " : . ~~ i~
: Natural Gas011ne Assoc. of Amerlca___:_~_±_; Natural GasOline Association of America. i ~ . ~ : .,~:,
? Nature_;_____'___ .... ::_____. "~_:__._: .... Nature (London). ~ .:~ - . ":n -~
.... ~ature, La . ' ' .... LaNatu-~: . . . . . ' ' ' J~ "
: aturwlssenschaften_. _.._: ...... . :Die Naturwissensehaften ~ i ...... - • ~ _~
.... . : Natuur. Tijdschr:L_::_ L '_ ..... : ?d~
' : .-~¢:ftYa~°e. Kh°z~r- ~--~.---~- :,-~ r.---~ ;:~:~- :~l~.eftyan°e:Khozyalstvo (Petroleum Economy). :. :'. : • ,',:~
...... :' : e . iessere~t J:ec0. ~ss~ s~emef~e_.::.,:: ~ :~eue'Giesserei Technisch-Wi~senschaftliche Beihefte Motallkunde' ~
' ,.~ . '~: • - ::: :und Giesserelwesen.. } ' .::' .. .... . . ~[~:
: : . :~ewzeaiana J-~ept. Sei. Ind::.-,:.:_:_=::-_:::NewZealand Department:0f Sclehfific~dndindustriai Research:
• . ~ • .~
• JOURI~AL REFERENCES XIII
: Podzemnaya Gazifikatslya Ugld_~,:_':o:~__~ Podzemnaya Gazifikatsiya UgleI (Underground
"~-- . : ( : ....... : ...... "Coal). - ~:- " :- :! - :: ~.: ~ .....
-Power Plant Eng ........... :_:::~:L_L:___ Power Plant Engineer ng : : : ' , "
Gasification of: i
. :,: : : I
, -; , ,
"Prlr0dnuie Gazui.:.:: ....... ",__:__::::__:__..Prirodnuie Gazui.. :: . ~ :: .~:: '
Pl'og: Am. Gas A.ssoe_._,,_'..._'.,',_,_,'.._ Proceedings of ~lle Ameridali'Gas As,oc/s, tibn:
_
. =~
~'.
"
:
:: "
Pros: Am. Petrol. Inst_~z_L._::2_:.~:~_::_::_ Proceedings of 1 e Ameri ~ t n~ ~ aU ~ A P~ r0ieum Institute. : . : : ' : :
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: :
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•
:
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'
International i
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Proc. ---d %Vorld Petrel. Cong. ...... =~ ...... Proceedfn~ of the---d WorId Petroleum Congress,
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Przegl~d Cherm- ...... _ ........... ____._~. Przegl~d Chemlcznv.
PrzegI~td gornlezo-hutnlezy ...... .... _~ ..... Przeghld gorn/czo-l~utniczy.
Przegi~d Gorniczy ........................ P~zegl~d Gorniczy,
Przegi~,d Mechaniezny ................ _ .... Przegiad Mechan'iczny.
Przegl~d Tech ............................. Przegla.d Techniczny.
Przemvsl Chem ......... ~ ................... Przemysl Chemiczny (Chemical Industry).
PrT.emysr N~f~0wv_:=:~:~=~=~__:=::~:~:_~ Przemvsl-N~ftowv ~Pel~olemn tndustrvL - - :-
Przemysl Rotny ~ ~po~y~ cz.~ ..... =__= ...... Przem~'sl Rolny i" Sp0~ywczy (Agrisultural and Food Industry),
Q . ~" - . ........ = ..... Q - "" "a h " ," -. i :i
Quart. Revs. (London) ..................... Quarterly Reviews (London). 'i
Rass. min. meV. ehlm ................. _---_ Rassegn a mineraria, metallurgica e chimica. !
Rec. tray. chim ......................... .- Recueil des travaux ehimiques des Pays-Bas.
Recherches et ioventlons ........ ..... ...... Recherches et inventions.
Refiner and Nat, Gasoline Mfr .... =__ ......
Reichsamt Wirtsclmftsausbau..__ ............
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Re/chsamt ~Virtsch~ftaausbau.
Rept. to Federal Power Conunission ......... Report~ to the Federal Power Commission:
Repts. Imperial Fuel Research Inst., Japan._ Reports of the I~nperial FueI Research Institute. Japan.
Research ...........
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: .....................
_4,1berta (Canada) Ann.
Re.¢earch (London).
R~earch Council of Albert~ (Canada) Ammal Reports.
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Rev, Carburants France ...... z_= ..... - .... = Revue carburants France,
Rev. chim. ind. ~Parls) .......... .......... : La Rewm ehinfie industrie]le (Par/s).
Rev. combust, liquides ............... ......
Rev. G~n. Gay ....... : ......... __L ........
Revue des combustlbles liquides.
Revue Gdndrale du Gay.
Rev. ind. mindrale ......................... Revue de l'industrie min4rale.
Rev. indust ......... = ............ = .... L_._ La Revue indus~rielle.
Rev. inst. frang, pdtrole-et Ann. combustibles Revue de l'insti~ut fraugaise du p~trole et Annales des combustibles
,.i:
liquides :
Rev. mdt...__--~..:-.J ......
, -
.... ~_._.~...
']iquides.
Revue de mdt,atlurgie:
: .
. : :
Rev. ModernPhy~_.,.. = .... ~. ~ =, ~ ~ .... L-- Reviews of Modern Physics•
Rev. Petrol. Technol_:_ .... =._~:_:__: ..... Reviews of Petroleum :Technology (London): " -'
Rev. p6trolif6re ..........................
Rev. Phys. Chem. Japan___,-,_:__:_- .......
Revue p~trolif~re. ,
Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan.
: , ";~
Rev. prod. chim .... . ....... ___ _ _. ........ Revue des produits chimiq u e s . . J':L
Rev. qufm. ind ............ : .......... .... Revista de qufmfca industrial. : .~;'
,
Rev: sci .............. ......... IL,:_..L ....
Rev; univ. mines.J~_ ..... _____...__=__..~..
Revue scientifique.
Revue universelle des mines. : :.
~9~
~=~
:Rip. catasto Servizi teen, erar_~=:~_~_____=_ Rivista catasto servizi tecn. erar. ..... !~
Rip. combustibili.~._:_. .... ::.'.::_==.z.:..; Rivista dei combustibili ~ . ~, :
Riv ital. petrolio_i~____.Zi___=__.Z_'L____L Rivista italiana del petrolio.': i :' . ..... \~:~$
: "
•
:':
Riv: ital. essenze: profumi, piante offie, olii Pdvista itallana essenze profumi 'piante offieinali 01ii vegctali, ..;~:~z
vegetali, saponi: saI~ - - :. _. • saponi. saponL
_ : . : . . . . . '~
: -Rundschau deut TeChL::_~z_:::_z:_::_~::__ Rundschau deutscher Technik. ~ ............
Saggmtore ...... - ..... .......... .~ ....... Saggnatore. . ,:~|:
Sborn k NauelL-IsMedovatel. Rabo% Kiev Sbornlk Nauchno-I~ledovatel'skogo Rabot Kiev Tekhnika Insfitut 4~|-
.
Soap ............. ~Is ............ ......... Soap and Sanitary Chemicals.
Soap Sanit. Chemic~ ...................
Soc. of Automotive En~neers .............. Society of Automotive Engineers.
South African Ind. Chem .... 21-.--- ...... ___ South African Industrial Chemist.
South Afrlean Min. and Eng. Jour .......... South A/rican Mining and Englneering Journal.
Southern Power and Ind ........ - ..........
S .....
paFWlr~s cflsl~ ..........................
stab/u Eisen ..........
. : ~ ~ : : - - : - - T T i ..... -- -
StaI .................. :--::~= ............
Studi ric, comb_,~- .......................
Southern Power and Industry.
Sparwlrtschaft.
St~hl und Eisem
~q£al.
~+-di e rieherche suTcombustible:
Suddeutsche Apotheker-Zeitung.
. . . . = . . . . . . .......
S.fi... ddeut " ~'~P .4. otn .- "- ~g * ~; .....................
~uoueut. i%IolKerel ~tg ....... - .............
Suornen Eemistfiehfi ...... ................
Sfiddeutsehe l~olkere* Zeltung.
Suomen Kemistflehtn
rvc~ or
Su -" ...... = .................
- __ Surveyor.
- ..... Rvensk Kemisk Tidskrift. . . . . .
Svensk Kern, T~d-: ............. T ...... 7~.Synthetic Organic Chemicals ~
Syn. ~.g~tCh~m ..... = ........ _--"--'---__ Technical Advisory t:omm~ttee i~epor~
T.A., ~:._. p ............... ~- "- , Technische BIRtter (Dusseldorf) . . . . . . . . . . . .
"lecn. ~la~er. ............................
T Technic_al Engineering ~ews 1%18~S~CDUSe~I~. lnS~l~U~
.... Tech. Eng. News, M. I . . . . . -
,
................. "
. . : ': nologv.
hmd clum ............... Technique des industries ehimiques.
Tec , ,,.;~ ~- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . Techn/sche Mitteilungeu Krupp.
f Teeh
u -
T0ch. .......... - .... .... A.
B. Techn"
Tech. moderne ............................
Techn.-Wctenschap. Tijdsehr ...............
Technik Die .... ' .........................
Technique modernc.
Technisch-WetenschaPpelijk Tijdschrift.
Technik, Die.
Teer ........ 5----- ....... --~---- ..... .____ Tear.
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Tek. Tid .............
: . . .
----i
. .
.... -- ....... _~
_ ~
Teknisk
Upplaga
Tidskrlft
D. Mekanik,
"
Skeppsbyggnadskons~
....
och Flygteknik
jKmte Autemobilc-och Motorteknik. " , :
• . d
Tek Ukebla :------:,-c.
"
...... r ....... ....
Teknisk Ukeblad. " -:
Teknll]inen Aikakauslehti (Technlcal Review). •
~eonv~--x,~
,,-~-Te-kn~l-l-inen-~kakausmn~L'7 ...... "'::-:'-_: TeoHya i ~arakn~iek.a Metallurgn - .
tsu" toll ane " .... 7"-'7"" i Tetsu-te-H g •
T? =~,i .aga =-- ...... ~= ....... -''-['- Tidsskriftfor Kjcmi og Bergvescn~, . . . . . .
T*ds. D.]eml mergvesen---.--~-- ..... ~ ..... 7-'o,h,~al Industrial Intelligence ~omml~ee l~epor~.
Trans. Am. Inst. C hem~-E=ng;/.--~,n[ " ..... T-: Transactions of the Americau Institute of Mining and Metallurmcal
: : - Engineers.
Mech Eng • Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
• . . . . . •
..... Tran s. A m Soc. ,, ~:; :-7:"'-'-'7---.-7- Transactions of the American S ociey for Metal~ .... :
: irans, .~_m. ~oc. Ivle~Is--c,.~--:-~-7----,:-~-c m_;_~.tlons o f the American ~ocie~v ior ~v, eel ~rea~*ns.
Trans. Am. Sue.Steel zrea~mg/%*,~-.::-c.-= ~- ,~m~ *~_ ..... *'~Us Annual Anthracite C0nfctenc% Lehigh University.
Trans/ Ann. Antl~ract~Co
nf
",'
~enl
-- ~g
IIUnlV_
: : ,~
lransacdu* --- .
~-X^-÷;~S of the Canadian Institute,of Mining and Metallurgy
:. Tmns: Canada.an Inst.-Mm; ann ~we~_.7_=r:::-~ran d 0f t~e Mining Sbciety'of No~,'~S~fe~. In ~ : -~ :-=-':: :::: ~:
Transactions of the Electrochemma~'boc J, • :
:: :-
: : : Tekh Inst. Kozlievenno-0buvn0i: Prom.
' : Schwe]~. AAer ~ Rev:::_:.__:~::~:_!::::_:-:
: Kozhevenno:Obuvnava
Schweizer Aero Revue.7
Promvshlenhost.
:
, :
..... ~
~ : :(
":~"
: .: , ,- _:i::!:-::::--:::!:: ! . .~ ..- . ...... : :::
:
• : '
..... ,
, ....
. . . . .
S chwe' p ith Ztgl .... .~..__L._,_~._=:L~ Sehweizerische Apotheker zeltung ...... ...... ::: : : = ~.-:
~cnweiz. Arch. angew. Wiss. u. Tech_._ :.._: Schweizer Archiv fiir angewandte'Wissenschaf~ und Technik: : [ :i
!':~':, Trans. Inst~ Chem. IE g. ( "---~÷:'-" ~.n~.~t~nns of the Institute'of Marine Engineers.
'i~:':'
>,' " n
Schweiz Bauztg , Schweizer/sche Bauzeitung - ' : Z~i%:
Schweiz[ elektrot-ech.-Ven:Bufi::[--~::::.':- -/Schweizerischer elekt.rotechnischen Yereins, Bulletin. :: ~ :~!:~:! !:~'~:, TT:~nss: ~nr~trpoMvv~o~lw?ermE~!t_~em_~;-g-~ong- Trr~ns~cc~°ns s °o~ ~he e ~a:r~p~hwem~alfle~%t~tc~?Chem/eal Engineers'
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• (!~ Trans. V~ orid Power "' " " - : Congress - i
: " " - i~,~:~iT~
Schweiz I er Gas- u ~ ~/sseffaCh Monats- Schweizerlscher Verein yon Gas- und Wasserfachm~nnern, MonatS~;~!:~: . . . . . . . . . f Fuel C0nf Transactions of the World Power Conference Pucl Conference:
• • . " " , . . . . . . • ~ ~/~/ ~:: lrans Trans. World w orlu Power Con :, . . -- ..... . . . . . . . ~.^.~ Trhimiko_Tekhnolo~cheskogo Inshtuta:
Bull . ", ..... .... ~ . . . . , : . . . , . . ....... . . . • - Bulletin ' . . . . " . . . . . . . -" " ' -. - .... --" ~ " i ~:::::~ ~4:?

XVI : JOUI~'~AL RE~RE~CE~
.d~brtzfat~o~s d~r~w.l t~ .
Uspekhi Khim ....... _ ....... __ ........... Uspekhi KhlmH (Progress of Chemistry).
Valve World ............................. Valve World.
Vestnlk 2~feta]IopromyshIennosti_ ........... Vestnik MetsJlopromyshlennesfi (Metal Industry World}.
"Vier~ahresplan~__ _ ....................... Vierjahresplan.
Vom Wa~,ser ..................... _ .......... Vom Wasser.
Vsesoyuz. Naueh.-Issledovatel. Inst. :Metrol., VsesoyuznyI ~auehno-Issledovatel'ski! Iustitut Metrologii, Kratkil
:KratkiI Obzor Yazhdshikh Eaueh.-Issle- ObzorVazhneIshlkh ~'auchno-Issled0vatel'skii, RabotiSaboratorya
dovatel., Rabot Lab.
Vsesovuz. :Naueh.-Issledov~teL Inst. Metrol., VsesoyuznvI, ~N-~uehno-Iesledovatel'skil Iustitut Metrologii, Sbornik
Sbo~rm~: Trudov. Trudov."
.......... W~.rme ............................. Die W~rme.
Westinghouse Eng ..... : ......... _.. ........ Westinghouse Engineer. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin Eng ...... 21: .............. ..... Wisconsin Engineer; 1, A~m~ov, L under~ro~md Gasification of Coal:
World 0il ................................ World on. : Gas ~'0rld, v0L 12-3, t94~ pp. 1gO, lg2,
World Petrol .................... ......... World Petroleum.
Zhurnal FizieheskoI Khimii U.S.S.R. Se~ Jour. Phys. Chem.
U.S.S.R.
Zhurnal I{bimicheskoI Promyshlennosti, U.S.S.R. ~ee Jour. Chem.
: Ind. (U.S.S.R.) . . . .
Zhurnal 0bshche~ Khimii. ,See Jour. Gen, Chem. (U.S,S.R.).
Zhurnal PrikladnoI Khimii U.S.S.R. See Jour. Appl. Chem.
U.S.S.R.
Zhurnal Russkogo;-Piziko-Khimicheskogo Obshchestva U.S.S.R.
See Jour. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soe.
• , Zhurnal TekhnicheskoI Fizikl U.S.S.R. ,See Jour. Tech. Phys.
~ ".~t vu ~' r (U.S.S:R.)
Zpr~ "' ~ a ~ ~deekv ~ :~,zkum .......... : Zpr~vy ]0stavu pro V~deekv V2zkum Ulii[ v Praze. (See h~Iitt ]
Uhli v Praze. ~ Kohlenforseh.-Inst. Prag.): .... -i
Ztschr. angew Chem_: ....... 2 ............ : Zeitsehrift fiir an~ewandte Chemie. : :~ !
Ztsehr. anorg. Chem ....................... ZeRsehrift ftir anorganisehe Chemie. : " • :~
Ztsehr. Elektrochem.: ..................... Zeitschrift far Elektroehemie und angewandte phvsikalisehe Chemie.
Ztschr. ges. exptl. :Med___: ...... = ..... :___ Zeitsehrift far die gesamte ex-perimentelle hfedizin.
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.; . . ...... " : :
Ztschr. Krist._=_=__=_:.,=___= .......... =_ Zeitschrift far I{Hstallographie. :
: :i [ "
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Ztscyr. Physlk ............ __________ ...... Zeitschrlft ftir Physik. :
Ztsehr. physik. Chem_~.._ ..... :._L ........ Zeitschrift fiir phvsikalische Chemie. .~
Ztsehr. physiol. Chem. ; _.. 2__ =~ ~_ 2 ....... _ Zeitsehrift fur ph~-siologlsche Chemie. ;~:
Ztschr. tech. Physik___'~ ....... _~_ .... 2 ..... Zeitschrift fur technische Phvsik. ..... .... :'~
Ztsehr. Ver. deut: Ing:________..... : Zeitschrlft des Vereines deut~eher Ingenieure. : ?::: ::~
,7 :: , ':.: ! ~ /: ' ~- " :;~. ' -: - ,. ': " : . . . . " " " ~
L
-•. _= ........... i ¸ •
LITEE~TURE ABSTRACTS
A
Adkins and K~ek, ~abs. 3). _The reaction of substirated
ethylenes of the types RCH=CH.- and-R~C=CH-- : .....
have Wen in 6 (~se~ aldehydes ~,f the type RcH=CH-.-
Gives brief account of developments in Russia and CHO and I,%CHCH=CH(): however, where R wus phenyl,
the economic possibilities. Practical use of gas from 1-naphthyl. n-hat0-x'~.; aeetoxy, and ethoxymethyl, aldean
establisbed experimental station has shown that hydes of the type RCH (CH~)CHO. Three nlkenes of
its co~ is about 2/5 of an eqnal mnount of coal. the type RCH=CHR' lmve given good yields of a
Ae~a.~Axx, P. See ahs. 1087,1945, 1946,1946a, single aldehyde. Some limitatious of the reaction, due
194B, }950, 1955.
to formation of mixtures of ahlehydes or failure of
2. ADAnUROV, L E., AND DInEXK0, P.D. Catalysis by the hydroformylation reaction r0 take place, are illus-
;Fusions. 3our. Am. Chem. Sou.. vol. 57, . 1935, pp.
trated, r£he present-e of a SICtmtaining compound in
271S-2722; Chem. Ahs., wd. 30. J97,6, p. 1291.
the reaction mixture did not si~fificantly poison the
catalytic aetivi~y of the benzene-soluble cohalt ~,~r-
A1thon.gh orientation of a metal surface may be bonyl catalyst. This catalyst h,~s proved to be effecretained
at the melting point, the decomposition of tive for the bydrogenatiun of the eathon to (~lrla~n
CHaOH on Zn surfaces is now found to be catalyzed
double bond ill certain a-, fl-uusnturated enrboayl
by ZnO : hence the constant rise i!i activity from solid
to liquid Zn foand by Steacle and Elkin (abs. 3264}, ~s
eompmmds.
not conclusive proof of the nonexistenee of active
i 5. Am~xs. H.~ A~n .Xisszx~ IL H. Scleetive Ardencenters.
Further evidence is tilat catalytic oxidation lion of Alumina. II; Reactions of Formic ~kcid at
of NI=~ by Snis dne to the oxide: henco the rate the Snrfacc of Alumina. Jour. Am. Chem; Soe., vol.
~increases upon fnsion, lint the activity of Ag falls 45, 1923, pp. 809-815 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 17. :Lq:~"L p.
reaetiml :clm~ ges heoan~e t e r'( ". " "
Mechanisms are cited for the formation of zno. and
~perimentS sbow Zn ~bips ~,, he eoated witl~ o-~ide,
: Effects Of Ai-Os Catalysts prelmred in different ways
on the decomii6sithm ~)f I-ICOdt were studied. The :
aniom, t.~ ,,f ~ a~,d CO~ fo,'~n,,1 a.,-re~L,:e,.Ly)~y,~T: ~,,
A1)AMS X.G. ~ec abs. 3595. that decOll~position occurs almost £~lltlre*y -~.' ~:,-...-~ :
ADC0CK, ~V. A. ,POe abs. 767.
ADKINS H. Zccals. 2073.
: the reactions HCO_@I=CO=+I-I-_ and HC0.~H----CO+H:O
and to Jio eonsideralfle extent according to the
equation 2 HCO_.H~HCHO+CO=+H--0. It is con 1
3. :ADxI.~S H., .~WD Kr, sF,~G G. Preparati0a of Alde- cluded thnr the distances separating the mmeemes oz
hydbs From Alkenes by Addition of carbon:~I0noxide
and Hydrogen With Cobalt Carb0nyls as
AI.~O~ as determined by the method of preparatmn.
Were the ~mportnnf fnctorsin-defining the activity and
Intermediates. ,]our. Am. Chem. SAC.. vol. 70. 1948, selectivity of tlle catalyst. : " ....
pp. 3~-3.~6; Chem Abs., vol. 42:1948 p. 2925. 6. Am~.I,%'s; H.~ Axn PEaKINS: P.D. Bebavior of Mefl~-
Application :0f~ the Oxo process (U~ S: Patent ,- : anal Over :~luminum and Zinc Oxides..~our. Phys.
2,327,086) tO organic synthesis is presented. Several . Chem., voL 32, 1928, pp. 221-~-24; Chem. Abs., voL 22;
- aldehydes hate been prepared in an average yield of
• 50% bythe additimi:of CO and H.. tO the alkene link- .
"age in pentene-2, styrene, a ~d otimr alkenes, The
1928 p. 1.521..
7 Fifty cc. 0f:CH~OH &}er hr. was passed over:i ~n. o£ :
first step in tlm catalysis of. the reaction appears to ; catalyst at 300*--10D ° CH~0I-I was converted a.m ost~ ....
quantitativ~y Over the AhO~ eatal st ~nt0 (CH~)=O
be formation of an ether-soluble Co compound, dieo- increasing amounts at temperatures up to 3~'~} °. :
ball oetacarbonyl. :Although-the
d ma~ be I rought
Conversion
about at
of
i50
the
° :
m
Further increase in temperature resulted in a rapid
.alkene to the aldehy e . . . " - • .... ase in ~roducts other than (CH~).~O (CO.- CO,
. in:the . . presenceof . . Co o ii a . su PI }or~ , ,: i~ appears - ' • a~van- • "- : ~*~ ~-H~ H ~ and • . CH0 . . t~ormatlon .
of (CI=&)~_O over the
tageous to u e pre immea ' uleoaalE " ' octacaroonvl "- lu - : ~= ~ , ,,-~ -", -~nSt • negli~ble • ~ormation of gaseous ue--
'ether or other'solvent for the catalysis of the synthetic ~ w'tT-~'7"::^,,-i~::~---:~rrod however above 32~5 ° "
" "l made eomposlLlOn p.~u~ u~ ~ , , "
"'" 'reaction ' " The d~cobalt - ectaearbonyl " ~s read~ and y ma • ~ Synthesis . of CH~OH by catalyhc • hydration • of (CH~)~-O
~t. 150" by the dxrect reactmn of Co and CO _ --Y - ~-^~ AI*O, was accomplished at 270°-480?. Optnnum
,be l~ept in ether for use as needed as a cataiysu '.~e ~ . : to~ ~ O ÷atio as constant flow varied with
addition of COand H~ to an alkene goes very raptaly" ~ .... ~o£ catalyst Used " '
?,ab 125 ° or:lower' in the presence of dlcobalt octdcar~ '-the amou t ., ~ - : ~ : .
-bonyl. The reactions may be carried Out at 100~00~ :T 7. ADr~i~s, H, :BURGoYI~E; ~. ]~6 A~D S O~I~EIDER, ,e~(,~.r :-
~atn~ :preesure in the steel reacti0n vessels ordinarily
...'Used for h~drogenation. Warning js given as: to the
Copper-Chromium Catmvsu. ~or ~varogena .... , \
5our. Am. :Chem. S0c. vol. 72, 1950,:pp: 2626-26~ ;- : •
:'bealth:ha~rds involved in the use of the Co:carb0nyls, :- Chem. Ab&, yoL 44, 1950, p,. ~64. ' := ". 7
!!~ ' Hydi.0formyiation:of Unsaturated Com~ : CuCr_.0~eat~dystprodueedbythermaldecomposition
')~p0unds With:a Cobalt Carbonyl Catalyst. J0ur~ i 0f basle Cu ammoniu~a, chromate(cont~ning, aleTBr a
'~-~Am Oh~m ~oc vol 71 1949 pp:3051-30~5 - ::~ fromBa(N0~)~) c0ntalnSCuUana~uur.~,~,-u%n _-
i~ ~ ~ ~ "-~ "--' ~ ..-~+,~;Q+,a ~,vdr0 : alone is = the effective"catalrst..' By mcreasmg me
'- =ydroform Y lation oz severm ..... u-o,,~ ....... ~ -': ..... - . ~-+~- . Cr . • Cu the . activit~ was " enhanced m - the reduc~ :
i~.,e~rbons and esters, througn me use o~ ulcoua~ : *~,~ • ,
~:.~' taea~bonyl ethers in benzene at 100-gUO -- a~m. - o f CO and H =, ti0n of :Me lahrate and Me palmitate at 600 p s L and
!~,,l~:aS give n good yields of'aldehydes free of isomers (sec : 175% It is activatedby adsorption of H: at 200 attn.%
:
p.psT93o~-54~2. '' :: : : ? :': ..... :, . : : . ~ *

: ..... : 1 ) ..... : : : .... : .... i
: : 2 ::: BIBI.IOGRAp~::£'~" OF;FISCEEER-TROPSCI:ESy2~£tEESIS A.~,'D:RELATED PROCESSES*: " : : : ;: ~: nTERATURE ABSTRACTS ? : .... : ..... : 3
.
•
and :|00%and, tha~ activated: r ~talvzes the hvdro,,ena~ Pure CO was pa-~sed tbrou,,h a anart~ reaction ~.~ : ] ~n the order C~Et~ PIL'~1e, CJ-LMe Hydrogenation of : already resulted in preliminary c0nstruction work i
:
:
.......
:
*lion of aldehyde.< and ket, ne,~ at re,m] temperature and :-
of certain
: . . .
ester.~
.
ar
S
~ I*
.
'
$. A~Iaxxm. N•..~.x-~ M.~am:r~ S.: |Activated Adsorp-
. . . . . • - ~
tmn 0f Hydrugen and:. of: Carbon Mono.xnde on
Cobalt.] Gazz. chlm. ltaL vol. ~S 194,~ pp 707-717-
Chem. kbs.. tel. 43. 1949::p. 3686• " ::" ": '
containing a l~iece of Kahlbaum'.~ eIectrol_vtie Fe ~ : ] " ~lt 6 atoms takes vlaee in 1 sqage~ ~n agreement wzth on -~ commercial izL~tallatnazs (Brown~ ihe:.'Aexas,
~talyst. Gas
•
~iowing~rom
,
the reactz0n
~ .
tube
•
Imss~
~ as ......
| the znultiplet
.
theory
-
of catalysm.
- : .... and we-~tern
. •
:Karat.as)
.
and
"
sevexal
~ ~
other
.
~nstanations,
~... .~.~
thr0ugh BalOH}.-s01uti0n.whichbeeomesturhid whe~ | ,~v J gceabs 3043 .... : .... where natural-g-as reserves ana o!ne r conoamms ,..~
" . o -- - | "~ ~ " " ~avoraule, are anticzpa~ea. :
the rca¢ tmn proceeds ns_ CO -.> C --}- CO:. ~-=10 h~ ..... 25 Axa~xTs, L; |Iron Catalysts.] FIAT ReeI K-~, : ..... : ........ .-~ .~ - : • .....
are necessary for dec~ mp¢ sxtion to hegm at ;,00 ~ re~ | ~a~o *~., ,~ e,~ ,o~a.~- ~,~ 7a o~.~ 18 ~ Conyersmn of ~atural Gas to Liquid
action temperature mid C() flow of 400 Co. Per hr : | ~ ~ .... ..,,.,,=s t~o---0~..;., " ~ ~: .~.--~, ~, _~ .... : ~uels Petrol En~neer tel lS No 4 1947. pp.
]
i
I
]
....... , ~dsorpti6n of COwas at first more rapid than that of .... " .~ ., g ,,,~s " . " •. oft.he | : . s . . D W tel ~' ";p.- .~ , : : ....
:
.... ,
.
Eh;butsubsequentlyads,~ri, tionofCO ecamelessthon
that of Hz When the Oo WaS nn~s~n~c~ by ~ ~elv,,~
lion
. .
of~.
. ~ - . ......... . u,~, ........ v-
~*:
wa
s .
small~r
. ,
~ar#,t~ala~
............ .~s ,-~•--,-v~-,,~
,~,~.~,,+~,,. ~.~
,,-..
even then more -rapid than b~ Cn not ]0 ~isoned by CO
Ba(OH)j solutmn; aml after 15 hr..ofdecompositlo~L
.n c.~e ~ no ~ree t; was xounfl l lit tne ±'e had lost its
Metalltc
' - :
~ .
luster
, '
the
o
pattern obta~md was that of
c ement!te, 2 lie -d pattern was made when tile:
|
!
|'
|
:tSa. AZ~EaT~ L. W:, B~oI.x. ~. ~,,t~F~:~, ¢~rha~ e
ffo,~zs
'
J~:t. 1~
"
AND
•
• IDT,
'
~. ~.
•
.
"
r......c
~g :v
.......
l 4 ~ 195
-. ......
From Coal. Chem Eug. Plog~es., o. 8,
°
• , - : ~-) 6" 0
-,PP.
486, 49o ; Cicero.: Ahs., ~ol. -t6~ 19;a-, Pr I1, ,3 . .
German development of the Fi~cher-Trop~ch pr0ces.~ [
:
ana
-
tne
-
~lnerlc.-an
• -
rennemenis
- ~ :"
~o rise na[ur,.,
- ~ ,tl
g.o
~c ~e
~ .
I
raw material
/ -
are revlew(~L
• ~ ":--
.~a.dra.
~ ~
g••s
.
1..
-¢ ,:~,;n,~
cn.-v~-
- ..... va~., ,,,,r~ ~,,~ ,. hnn¢~]~ .T,c] d~.~zlfnriz ~-
:- : ....... :MLxtures Of CO and H.~ wer'e adsorhe-d more rapidly
than was pure H~. COC. traces (f which are f~rme~l
sur~at:e.was bl.ack2r grnY !n parts but before C a~- |
pearea m-l!0wuer iorm;:rins pattern was principally I
it:has heen estimated that the inx:estment era pt.ant :: :t lea i~"easler "th'~a'n"~vit~h'e0a"l -'~I'n"a'd'onje~t'~red corndesigned
to produce 100 million ft: per day.o£ mgn- ~L~:, ~..~ • .... a*,Z..e: .,~:~,~t d,~ulfnrized
• ~n the surface reacriens with CO tends to stabilize
the adsorbin, ~urfa¢ e and even with ~u¢ ce sit a
of(~but somecement]te SPaCmgs als 0 appeared. Prol
god decomp SlF.i m yielded a C-powder layer and the
| B t. u, tipehne gas ~s alPrOxmmtely $,,2.v ln!lhou.
The cost of lqrger l lants will be I r< 1 ortn ual to their ,
~+,,~-.~ ,,.¢ nn~ G ..o ~aha~*~ ~enirately nnd
^~ - + ~ o,,,, h,,:* ^~ ~aa,~.~ x~ ha~,, svn*ho~;~ ,no I
sorptlons (f H: ~ the surface (h es n t revert to it~ . nlface then ga',e only C spat'lugs. ~attcrns of amor- ] size: The ¢'ost }f prodmrlng ~he gas has i~een sho~n to o~,~ oH,,,~ .e o ,,~+~ ~., ~ ~,=e ~ ~ ,~v, e]n~a The
....
' ori~nal condition. Vnder tile coiditiiu~ ,f the ex: phusC nrdinarily show 'only spacings Corresponding
l~eriments, net all0f thec Js reduced 1,r-~L and ~ol~,- : ' to "U,k'0) and (00~), but since the C resulting from |
be $055 per 1000 std fL~,when the charging stock is
a no~;:aking coal ..... .bar having a :heating ,aiue 0f:2G :
~"-:Z#~,~'-~'~"~i2#'*~'~-~,~,~¢"~'~n~'{.~"
eX~stge:iSe,~t:c~',~Zr'r'v~h~atm~'lmr~o
~'~,'~-n'n'J~ in a I
n of ~t],;"i;0x;er re-':]
lion Of the C,i in dilute HNO,~'sbowed th; presence
: of elemental C. The apparent energy of activation of
adsorption bf 'co, is ",,router than th'at :of It. and ~ de-
.decomposition of the CO showed spacing s Correspond- ]
mg ~oj~uz I amt pr0oably (112) this deposit proved !
tO he graphite: Since amorphus &~ must be heated ' [ "::
minion B.:t~ u; per:t0n aad con~'duing.n0 tar-form.rag :
znaterials, available at 84.00 per ton. This stuUy-liag,
Shown that the cost of CH~ from coal is closely related ,
.uiremei~ts of th;plant'i~:prodnCed :The gasis then
" ~ ~ - :: *,-- -~- ~t~a-'~'-~.~,,*,- .:~:he.,,~ Ii uid hv¢lro:
,passe~t m:o£:~.~=..:~::~.~l~:;::~..o~, ~.{- ,;(n~:[~'~r~:h- F~
I
: creases with increaseili the am nnt of ,as acls )ri ed above 2,500 ° to be graphitized, it is thought that in this :] to the cost of eoal~ with fuel costing $4.00 per ton, c::~Z~::st"~'~ "~'zz~ld~-'~'"'-'P~e';'omuera't'm'e'i~eo~tt'roll-et't :
• "
.q AvowS. ~ ~i:.. =_' ~ ..... . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . • ** .~AYi~ )L~.TOX. ~, . AND ~,L]~.ER J
P~0duetion -f ~;~ ...... ] ..... ~ ~ ~,, T ;~ ~' ;
. . ~.~e~ . . .. ,..~,~..~, ,. ~hS x,'om xnuus~rla, T T,~,;. ~^~ ;',~;. ._. - .... =
" ~ ~oa ~. "~- z, • ox .~ .... '~ , P .:
:
ca.e the C formed is not amorpbus, bat rather graphite |
for • •
meal by deeompos~tmn of cementite Tracesof 0~ , |
in th e CO prexented decomposltmn "" if ; an Fe plate ' was | '
..e as catalyst, but not if pulverized Fe was used. -4
~uel represents ~t5]¢ of the cost of gas, at $8 O0 pei ton
' • .... • . . . . •.
it is 60~, The overall thermal efficiency of tins proceSS
• coral ares favurabl~ with " . other . . . . proces.~es " ~ f01 '
convertm~ coal rote lUt re readily axaffable form. of
~, ~,+ ~,~ar~ *:.}" ": Z~-¢~'n ]nen eh~ v@hetnv ]~V
~y w~err~.~.~.....~.cs .x......h.g ....... . .... ~. ..... ..
~ ~s,~n~ *l~ ~-n~ m~, line ~ ill ha~-e a "/,~-~
~"~ ^ ~ ^ ....... - .;.,~,~ ~': .... ~" ...... "
~,.;~ +~,, ~A,-., V,.£,..~-~,,~ ,,q/lq{,~
-~r.n - ~ ~,t,~ v +.; ,i ~.~,, ~,~.n.,,¢,,,,.h,/~ ,~.nr~,l~,i"
]
]
• ~ ~ ~,.,~,,~ ~ :~, ,,~ ~" ~ '~ ':. ~- "i:~.~. . !3. AKEas, ~V~ W.i .~xn ~W~]T~ R R Kinetics Of :;~| energy' ~ It lms also show n r!m~ >90~..c. ef~tl~eco~t: 0f : ~ consi~ti~J of ahout 4 100 1 hl motet fuel and 900
: l_T=7~e-~.~7~"~:~;:~,~-7?~ro~ar,~on~m~rom ~u an.o : : ~1eth_ane Synthesis. Cl~em.-Eng.'Pr0gress v01: 44,: ::~.| : ]producing !!ig h'B :t' .u. ~!penne gas nes, !nt_ae:pr~[ bld~0f D'iesel fn~l; are' obtained from 60000:000 cu. ft.
:
-
,
. :
:':: .
mat'el~ ~'~"ra/v'-':'-"¢~;'~)''=:as ~: reu~}ce~ ~o approx,-
. ~.~ g ~tau pvr ±tn~ t'u ~r ur~anlc ~ Conlp0UnUS
are iemo~
• .
ed by
'
hydrogenahon
. '
over
~
p CuO=-PbCrOi-Et
'
0rthosilicate catalyst, and H.~S, is then absm'bed. Th~
purified:gas is passed o~'er a Ni-Mn-AI catalyst sup-
.No, ¢ 1948 pp, 553=-560: Chem Abs tel 42 1948 ~:| ~
' "D 00~.~ ' " .... . . . . ' ' ' : ! :
: : :
' --" ----
; ....
" .
: " '
'
~
.
|
: _ ~en. CO and H~ mixtures are passed :over a re-i~:| :
~acea ~ catalyst at 300"-3~0' and 1 aim., CH, is pro-~::~;| : :
ductmn Of t!m Imr~fiea ~yn~neszs gas..j±~mremre,~ ~0f ~ ,at lrnl ~as In" addition there would'be 360 bbl -
~ff(rt-~
- ".
to reduce the cost
"
n us,
"
De oirecrei [awal,~
oI
_
oxv~ena[e~
' T %•
l~roancrs
- ~
: "
~'::~
~ 1ILl: :na~ura.
~ ~
g.s
o "~v
-~ v--o
enn.-r~ducing
the cost of the Synthesis gas. PrOl)er selec-,: :: . : ~= .~ .. . ~ . , :~ ,. ..... ,~ ,.. , ~ • I
tion and pretreatment of the Coal to allow .its in,rot ;: .Per ! '~°° ca. ,x~.~ u~ (~o.~sr per ~al~ 0~ ,alma ~ue~ ~ 0 me [
duction into the gas generator Witlmiit prior ~.emoval : De apm?x~mare,y ,-=.~a. : : : ~]
: : ported on kieselguhr and cemented together by Et u uceo uy um reaction CO+3H:=CH,+I=T~.O. CO: *s ~ # ~f its tar nnd:oil content will effectively reduce its See abs: 1399. ~ [
:: : .... orthosilicate at: 450°-480L As the'lst few ~ndhes of : formed(, by the Side reaction CO-}-H~.O=CO~-}=H~ .'.-[~| ' ,20St, resulting in 10werdd gas cost •- : : i9 £i.~Ex ~ .~xl~ CI-~R~ : ~. ~pprni~al ~f Ga~; ]
; : : the catalyst bed I erform much more worl; thnn the : warbon ,~s not formed dn apprecial le amounts under .~:,*:! - ~" ~ ',~ : " "~20 362i -: - ' L=" . ": ";. "" .: . '-= " . :" . =
• • " ' the conditions st l , ~ 7 " :ALnlIECHT; ~V; ~a. ,. '(~.aoS oo , • ~yntnesls (~peratlo s t*et rol. L:~ro(csslng VOl. o,
. ~ succeeding layers ~here is a tendency to nroduce a hot . ! died. : The rate 0f reachon between :~}~,J : ..... : . ~..~ . _x.~ : ~o~'--a~n ;-~ ÷ ~ ~. ~ x" - - iaa x,,,'la
' spot. Adsorption Of the product nrhe s'urface of the': : the adsorbed reactant m01eCu]eS 0n the active :centers ,:~| ': : :Aum~e~w, w. :H, _~.xv W~.DEKI.XD. E. [m~stm; 1~, pp.o~-~ .... a~. ~e,,0. r .,eus, ~ o~. e-, -:-:: ...... I
: : . catalyst exercise s a retarding ;action, increasing With : Of the: catalyst is the rate-controlling Step in the syn; :!!!!~ .: :~guishing"the Different T.Ypes.ffOfr ~r~c: Ox~p:~aend :!.: : lV4~, p! "-~.: ...... ,: ~. ; ]
:, :': the partial pressure of the:oil in the catalyst ehaml er ,thesm of ,CH~, :The rate:: of the' CH~-Synthesis re; ;~.~|. :. :,~ Hydrated Ox~de~ b~'. xnen: ,~.x e e. ; ~ g 2 p:: ::; .... Paper.=presented before the, Western Pety0!eum :lie-' I
:~: ~ The Preferred ~merhod of 0perati0n-is to:~se the d,atd,:J~actlon iScorrelated:by;the equation: ." :.: :~ " -.~|; ::c: ,-: ,~rties;:=III: ::Hydrated:.Ferrm OX~d e From: the ~e--:: flners Association, 36th annUal:meeting~ S.+mliesis 0f [
::;:: ::~: ,. :: lys~in26r:3partsandto~ehibve;theprodhctsf0rmed; : ~::::: :~, (eompqsiti0n;of:Iroapentaca~:l)nnY!J ~ S

coal wonld require ab0!~t 2time.~ as nluch investment
and nearly 2 times as nlitch steel. Coal required wonld
equal 28~ (,f tile 1~4:~ pf'oductf0n: NaInral-gas re;
serves have been increasing at a faster rate than tile
marketed production of natural gas, Which has been
doublin~r every 11 yr+ k producihle natural-gas re-
serve of 0.5 trillion cu. ft. is reqnired to Sustain a
7,O00-bbl.-per-day gas-synthesis operation for 20 yr.
In only 10 States are there known gas reserves of
over 1 trillion cu. ft.. and 0nly abont 50 out of 426
, gas-producing fields have resel.ves greater than :0 5"
: trillion Cu.: ft...-k substantial gas-syntilesis~ develop-
meut ~nmst depend on new gas discoveries.
21. ALImZCH, R.C. Mannfaeture and Regeneration of
ue~s. Cllem. Trade Joar. voL :122 1,q43 u R~-
, . + , .. ,
B!OS Final l~ept, 1590, ~947,:3~ pll. i PB 91+fi72. +~
Soaps :from tile synthetic fatty ackls, even when
they :form on]y 1(}--205~- of the fat charge, have all nn-
pleasant odor. which is inll~arted to the lnnnan skin
when washed wilh tile sO:IlL Tile exteut varies with
different individnals. The odor is not fonud on cloth
washed with the soap. Refraetionatiml of the fatty
acids and renmval of the lowest molecular-weight
acids give some imln'ovenient, The Odor aY i e due
ill part:to flec0mposition thnr takes piece during;heat-
ing 0f the anhydrous soap to 3t;0" C.. u'hicli IS c0mnlen
to all Gerlniln la'ocesses 1)eve]olnnellt of the process
in Bngland dellends on finding enough raw nlaterials.
++++++ :: :_o:
equation log K=--l/0.4343.R~fq/~'"t+ constant are
calculated 1"rein the different vetoes or K an(i tile
I Gas and Synthesis Gas.] Brannkohle, vol. 35 1936.
pp. 49-5-511 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 31, 1937, p. 1584.
effect of temperature on the specific heats of the gases. Comprehensive review of plants and processes for
28. ~ . [Brown Coal Gas for City and Synthetic
Purposes--Tile Kassel Parallel Current Chamber,
Bubiag-Didier System.] Gas- u. Waeserfaeh, vol.
making water gas for synthesis purposes and a discussinn
of the correct conditions for producing synthesis
gas are presented, with an analysis of costs.
78, 1935, pp. 433-456 ; Tech. Bliitter, vol. o-5, 1985, 32. ~ . [Brown Coals llS Raw l~Iatetial for Town
p. 392 ; British Cicero. Abs., 1935 B, p. 756 ; Cbem.
Abs,:vol. 29 1935 p. 6731. ~ : : : .:
Gas "and Synthesis Gas.] Braunkohle, vol 35 1936,
p; SSg Chem. Eng. Cong., World Power Conf., vol.
:
• ::
:
"
•
: - '
:::: :: :
:"
•
.
"
. :
=~:" :
:: :
::!
Pischer-Trol~Sch Catalyst. .~'at. Petrol. News. vol. 25. ALLE.~', C..F.H. The 0xo Process. Syn. 0rg.
" 3T, 19-I~, pp. R922-RP'24: CIOS l{ept. ~,I~_, co Chem.. Eastman Kodak Co.. vol. 23. Xo. ~L 1946;
X-1S-X~'-5. 1944. 25 pp. ; PB 373 U.O.P. C0. Lib. Bull.. vol 22, Xo. 5, 1947, p. 29.
Operation of the Fiseher-Tropsch unit of the Car: Oxo process developed in Germany produces
ri~res-Kuhlmaun plant at I-larnes, IPrance. Of the straight-chain aldeliydes and ketoues from olefiUs and
operating persmnlel of 120 men, 40 are employed in : water gas,. the ~ormer lu.eflolainating. The Use of
catalyst mauufacture aud regeneration Capacity Of : hydrocarbons terminating ill i ~=CH.. ftti-ors proflucthe
plant i~ 350 bbl. per flay. The % composition: by tion o£ aldehydes. For example, if C~..H, is used, tile
weight of the finished:catalyst before hydrogenation: products are llrOpionaldehyde and diethyl ketone, the
is: Co 18.0. Mg0 1.8. Th().+ 0,9, kiesel~ahr 79.3c/c, former ~ being 70c~ of the total. T1)e produc~ ~rom
40-'~0 kg. HN0a (30 ° BJ. and 90 kg. of Na.~ C0~ per unsathl:ated hydrocarbons containing 11-17 C atoms
100 kg: o£ catalyst. The: Co nlust lie 99ca irate, the lies beefi file l/asie Starting material. The reaction
other 1% being Cu or Xi. Th0.. nmst not contain can be carried out in batches or eontinuonsly, lares:
even traces of Pb or P, and the Ca0 must be less than sures-used are about 150 ann. With temperatures up
0.29'~ by weight. The kieseiguhr must not contain to 180% .After partial e0nversion and separiltion of
Fe or lin)e, The Si0: Content nmst exceed 927c,;but : th e oxygenated fraction bY distiilation the'resid~le is
the sand content must not ~ exceed a few % All 0re made nil ' with new : g~s and recireulated :The
ganic matter must be removed by roasting at 800 ° :catalys~ consists of Co, Th: and Mg carbonates on ;i
but not greatly above, as the structure of the par, kieselguhr suspended in Diesel oil. The catalyst is +7,¢
tides will be destroyed. Kieselguhr from Kieselguhr- not sensitive to S, so removal of S compounds from
Industrie-Hannover No. 120 is One of the best both the water gas is not necessary. Possibilities of the -~
as to impurities and particle size; and ffohns-Manville process are great. The carbonyl compounds formed :~
Piltracel is satisfactory. Describes manufacture of ~ can be Converted into other substances by: knOwn .::~
the catalyst and its regeneration in great detail, to- chemical processes.: :For example, reduction in-pres ~-' :~
gether with the accompanying chemical reactions • : ence 0fa Raney Ni catalyst gives the corresponding '
:22..~ Synthetlc Lubricating-0il' Pr0dueiibfi:in'' alcoh01e~ These can be sutfated t0 pr0ducethe modern ~:~
1~raiice; "+ Nat. Petrol:" Neu% voL $7, No. 4~, 19~5 " : detergents. The decelopment is only beginning, how-" ~i
i~P. R$59-R890; CIOS Rept: XVIII-~, 1945 9 pp.' ever, :and many technical difficulties ~:emain to be
U. S; Naval Tech. Mission in Europe Rep~' 80--45~ overcome. . " : +
T0i~I Reel 19(I; PB 365. • AZI~.W; J. G. ~eeabs. 1477. " :!(i
Two processes are described: The Standard Kulll- 2S; A~G~M~ 0gL-u~n F~r:Zmz~xo. [ProPerties ::!
mann-Lestaque near Marseille and the Kuhimann of Synthetic Kogasin Lubricants.]: Vol. 35, 1938,
Co.-Harnes near Lille. The first process used Fischer:. PP: 124-126. : : . + : ~!~
Tr0psch:gas 0il benzol and: dichlorethane :as raw :After! referring to the ~i~cher:Tropech prodess and ~:;~
materials. The gas Oil should be highly paraifinic and the advantages the produc~ has over c0al arid natural: +~
be produced by carrying out the CO: H~ eynthesis oils owing:to its greater Uniformity, reference is made ~!
• at a ratio,: of 2:1 and holding down the temperature:: lethe Control that can be exercised over the product. ~
::: Brown coal or br0wn-coal briquets are carbonized ; El, :[936 20 pP:; Chem, Abs., ~'ol. 3i, 1937+ p. $157.
in vertical chambers heated externally to 1,000 °- " : An addendum is presented. Tile Pintsch-Hillebrand
1300 °. The brown coal gradually passes down through process yields a gas suitable for the Fieeher s~ltlleSis
the chamber, and the distillation products are cracked in 1 stage. It contains 159"~ inerts (CO.-, CH(, and
by passing down: through the hot coke before being :N.-) and 85.c/o of H: and C0 in the ratio, H= : CO=2.
removed through outlets at various heights. The coke After catalytically converting the CO imo CO.+ and
in the lower part :of the chamber is steamed to gen- washing Out thelatter, the gas contains 97-98~ of H:.
• crate water gas which mixes with the gas produced " Data, provided, by J. Pintseh. A.-G., are.given, for the cost
by carbonization. : Provision is made for the continu- of erecting nud operating a plant ymldmg 80,000 m.
ous removal of the coke, which is used to generate 0f synthesis gas/1)r; : . . ~. ::
producer gas for heating the chambers. The yield and 33; . [Manufacture of City ~as and synthetic ....
quality of the gas may be varied within wide limits Gas From Brown Coal and Other Low-Rank Fuels.]
by adjusting operating conditions, :So as to produce a ~ii : Gas-- u. Y~'asserfach, Vol; 79,1936, pp. 594-596 ; Chem.
gas of 450 B. t n- per cu. ft. or higher, or a gas con- Abs., vol. 30, 1936, pp. 8572-8573,
:taining less than 4¢/o CH+ suitable for synthetic pur- : Carbonization and gasification processes fo~ browm
poses. Gas similar in composition to coal gas may be coal are reviewed briefly. At Dessau a mixture of
made: if the excessive amount of CO--is washed out. low-temperature brown-coal gas ismixed with coal
This is accomplished by means of a 20~ K=C0, solu- gas Successful experiments wei~e made:with brown :
; tion ' the regeneration of this: solution requiring about ::: : co~ in the Bube and Heinze gas producers: at the
i lb, of steam per 3cu. ft. of CO: Possible Uses ~for :: Helle'and Dresder/gas works. Zittau has Contracted' :"
'::~ C02 are discussed, and costs for its removal are Wen. for gas to be made from brown coal in the Lurgi high-
Losses of the Wash solution are negligible, less than pressure gas generators, With a mixture of O.. and
20% per yr. The tar is similar to high-temperature . ~ lib0 vapor. Several other processes have been or
tiir, but the y~eld is much lower. The light-oil content - are now being operated on a semi-plant scale.
J! is about 0.095--0.16 gaL ~er 1,000 cu. ft., but this may be : =34. ~ . Manufacture o£ Town Gas and Gas for
increased by introducing petroleum oils or brown-coal : Chemical Synthesis Prom Lignite. Trans. World
~:~r into the. chamber during carbonization Gas mann- - . . . . . . En Con 1936 E 6 30
lectured by this process has been used Successfully in ...... +:: :~°~teJh ~:m ~nbe.m,'193~'B p ~24: :' PP" :'
ordinary gas-burning appliances both alone and mixed: . :: .'~: "' ...... ' : ".' : .......
!~(:with the ordinar City as and the eXnerimental Ulant Itls emphamzed:that:carbomzatlon-processes must+
~i ,has been in con~inuoU: operation since October 1934, be adasP:~dtOomSU~hbsr0vwn C3oa~S~ ~na~l~SeProO;eeS3~sare ":
,covering ~.--~, Of the Kassel gas:requirements. Cost -mscus . ~ ,- . , v ' - =:~ +--*~'^~'~ a~
:data are ~ve~i for German conditions: laboratory ::d iti°ns.r°r...pr0aucmg ~own:ga~ a ~ ..... g
apparatus for carbonizing brown coal is described are dealt wlm. : o
~+~htch ]permits comparison of various brown coals. " ALZOLX0, R. See abs. ~37.
~ " AI~UM, R. E: ~ee abs. 291;
: ~9:---i---[Direct-cUrrent:Degasificati0n Process Of :" ~ .
ii ~:'' the Kassel Oven of the Bubiag:Didier~ System.]- :85: ~uksr, :ff.~A. Catalytic Synthesis at High
:Brauu~,~hle v01 34 1985 ~u 419=-4o3 ~ Chem +Abs + 'Pressures. JoUr Chem Edueation~Y0 h 3 t926 pp.
i:it+'~
~:= v^,
m.
,Z-:~.~:
OU ~O p;'~O.tU.:
";,,~" "~'"
<
:
•
7 ~ ~ "~
:
"'~
:
" ~+
•
385--389"
'
Chem:
, ..
~Abs
:
vol 20
,
1926~-p 1937
- "
:
-
• :i,+ ¸ ~ . . . . ~ ~
+

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FISCH:ER-TROPSC'JK STI%"rHESIS A.N"D REL/kTED PROCESSES ~,~ > . LITERATURE
IIeriews~"H|synthesisnndreactionofC0withH.-ta
form .Me0H and other substances.
a .'AL~ EIST, ~'. A., ~ND CRITT~.~'DEN, E. D. Study
0.40 iq l~ than that predicted by the simple
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation, This discrel)anc2r
has been explained ma ways- (1) Ity assummgthe
!
r~ge 600°-I~00 ° amounted to 2:.~14* c!'. for the
j various charcoals, Aetivanon oi the ~'mm~.~q~T~.e
, | steam was shown tof orm~erynttie ue ~' --
i;
no~inn rt ~g .~h,~, *h,t K n' bo.q n marked nromo~- sure is multipl/ed hy a constant that is less than 1, ~ | lta. A.nnZRSOX, !R. B.. FELILMA,W, J, A.Wa STOaCI% H. H.
..................... :-" : ..% '.. ,'~ ...- usually ore,ring between 0.6 and 0.7. This constant tg ! e~gi~ of A.IcohoI-~ by Hydrogenation of Carbon
ins actiou in t!le presence or mmcuit!y rem~le - interp*'eted'to mean that the lleat or free energy of I ~'f=~o.xide Ind En~ "Chem 7tel 44 195 ° Pp.
oxides oz an aciuic nature zor example mose oz oun, ~dsor,)~ion in th ~ Od to ](|th lewis is less tilau *~ " 'J ~u~ . ~ _ - ,,v. . L'" ..'- " o~- -"
W, Si, and AI It is also shown that its addition heat ol:free energyof liquefaeti'on.~or t'ilut the entro~ e :. I .~,~s-'~424; chem. *as., vol+ ~,: ,a,,a, p .....
to Fe containing oxides of metals closely related to of adsorution in these layers' i~ m0r~ n~-+'w *~ )+py q J processes involving the catalytm syntbeses of alco-
Fe sueh as tbose of Ni and Co lowers the activity, entro~lv ~,f limlefae'tion " £ "|miler e~,~t~0n tc~nt~i~e- . | hols from CO and H= may be divRled into 2 classes:
- g .~ • "" :" " " " "~ "- "* " ~ ..~'~- : Alcohol ~Y ltheses in which alcohols are usually the
.~kLT~IAYER? ~ * *: ee ah.. 221'/, 2218, 2219. ins all addltl0nal coustflnt denotnlg tile upper hmlt. ' | ~ , * ~, .t¢ .,.a v,,.;a+ion ~ ,¢ the Fiscller-
i
38..~.NaERsoN, J. A.; AND SEYFRIEI}, %~'. D. Determi- 41. A~'DSRSO,X, It. B.. A.wa IIALL, W.K. Modifications ii (;ii C chains. Under some conditi0ns the isosynthesis
nation of Oxygenated and Olefin Compound Types
by Infrared Spectroscopy, Anal. Chem., col 20, Xo.
of the Brunauer, Emmett. and Teller Equation. II.
Jour. Am, Chem. See., col 70. 1|}46, pp. 1727-1734;
:~ produces sizable y/elds of !lydrocarbons, Alkali
Oxides seem to he the ouly important pronmter for
11, 1948. pp. 998-1006. " Chem. Abs:. vol. 42, !946,p. 6196. Fe Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. The nature of the Fe
~u~s~R~crs 7
feed gas as a reference c0mponent. Synthesis gases :
voutaining H.- : CO ratios of 3~. 2. and 0.9 were used
at spaoe velocities ran~ng from 23-I60 ccu of yas per
cx~ of total
Craxford's postulate (abs. 639) that the synthesis
occurs on Co=C with secoudary reflctinns on Co ntolns
does not appear adequate to explain the data reporte,1.
A.~I)EI~SON, ~, It., ~ALL, W. K.o HEWLETT. I~., aud
SELm.XtAX, B, Studies of the Fischer-Tropseh Syn-
thesis. IL Propert/es of Unreduced Cobalt Caz;l-
|ysts. See abs. 45.
A.~nERsoN, I~. B., HALL, ~,V. K. KSIE¢;. A., and
SZUC,.x~A~'. B. Studies Of the Fischer-Tropsch Syn-
thesis. %r. Activities and ,~urfa¢.e Area of It'~"
duced nnd Carhurlzed: Cobalt Catalysts: 8cc abs. 48.
AxnEnsox, R. B.. Ho~'ER, L. J. E., Conx, E. M..
and SELIGMAN, B. StndJes of the Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis.: IX. Phase Changes of Iron Catalysts
in the Synthesis, S(,v ab s. 52.
A,XnERSO~', It. B., KRIEa A., ~lU~vZI, It: A.. ali& :
M.~sox, L. S. Studies of the Fischer,Trop.~eh Syn-
r
Laboratory im'estigati6n of relationship l*etwecu
in01ecular strueture of organic COmpOunds and their:
infrared-absorption spectra has resulted ill development
of procedures for tile quantitative to semiquantitative
determination of individual eompound •
Modified Brunauer, Emmett. and Teller equation
Similar to that previously suggested has been derived,
and applied to physical:ads0rption isothei'ms of types
I and IV, With type I isotherms, this reaction car
be satisfactorily appl/ed if tile free euergy of adsorp-
~:ii(l
i|
=~ iJ
};.{:
i:~ :
phase, oxide, carbide or nitride, is iniportant. Proeesses
producing sizable yields of alcohol inclnde the
fluid|zeal :syuol and nitrided catalyst syntheses.
Fischer-Tropseh alcohols are:cliiefly prinmry straightchain
alcohols: Available data indicate that the
thesis• VL Differential Reactiou Rate Studies
With Cohalt Catalyst. Sec ahs. 49.
44. A.xamtso.~'. R. B., Km~, A., Skus.nu~x, B.. zttn
:, O'NEILL, Syntbesis. ~t'. I. E. Tests S~:udies Of Cobalt of the Catalysts ~'ischer-Tropsch
at Atmestypes
in complex- mixtures employing infraredabsorption
spectroscopy in the liquid phase. At
tion in tile secoud and subsequent layers is taken to be
equal to the heat of liquefaction. For isotherms of ]~':i
mechanism of chain growth in alcohol syntheses is
different from that of tim Fischer-Tr0Psch precesses,
pheric Pressure. I~d. Eng+ chem., col. 39, :1947
pp. 1548-1554; Chem. Abs., col. 42, 1948; p. 1039.
present, it is Possible to make deterufinations for the tyne iv which flatten below relative 1)re~ures of ~-il 43. A~a~so~, l=t. B., FmEDz~, it. A., XX~ S~0sc~, H. H+
functional groups of alcohols :aldehydes, carlmxylic 0-.85 the equation satisfactorily fits the.-data, if the "!: ' Fischer-Tropsch ReactiOn Mechanism Invoh'ing
acids, esters, ketones, and 5 different olefin type~ :in :free'energy: of adsorption was t'aken as iess than that "~!~ : S tell u ;ise Gro~xtb • of C~rbon • Chanl " . ,~om . . . Cbem .
complex samples such as bydroearbolksynrhesls of liquefaction. For tiffs(kind of type Iy isotherm, : ~i|-Phys.; col. 19 195L pp. 313-319: :
Methods of preparation and testing Of a precipitated =:
Co : ThOu : MgO : kieselguhr (100 : 6 : 12 : 2OO)
catalyst are described Esuall~ tests with the same
preparation of catalyst were qmte reproducible, but :
naphthas m about 4 h~. For oxygenated types; average
accuracy (deviation from true composition)
the equation was used tO integrate the equation of
Kistler, :and the resulting e.xpression gave surface ~:~:~|:
Exprdssi0ns are "derived tlmt predict satlsfactorily i tests With different catalysts prepared in the same
the'observed-isomer and carbon-number distribution ~mannel showed very much wider deviations. Pelleted
:i . . . . • . " :
ranges from -~--or1-10~ to -l- or ~20%, depending areas of:the same order of magn/tude as the Brunauer, - ~.|~* Of nroducts from Fe and Co catalysts in the Fischerupon
type and complexity of mhxtm'e. For olefin Emmett~ and Teller areas: The equation is beltered . ~:~|]c~r ^Tr°nsch~ ~.svnthesis.. The~e~ expressions
. . are based . on .
lent types, Br the 'number average Units deviation .... is about : -{=. - or r --equiva- ~ :" : . ' with to be ~i .a e6nstants. ~simple method of ;characterizing isotherms ...... :~|: ~ p~j~leUlated.schemes of stel)wise addition of 1 C atom
- : ~7~;~ < to 1 end Or adjacent-to-eud C atoms of the longest
39. A.nDzaSo~, R. B. Improved Adsorption "Vessel. : Ar;nzsSo,x, .... ~ It. 8¢c abs. 51, .... 53a, 53b, 53C, : ~!~:: +t" ~ C ~ •chain:: (&) Addition ma.v occur at only 1 end of the
catalysts were Sho~vn-to produce more :light hydr0~ :
carl 0as . and CO~ . than file . granular . Ca{:ah'sts Liquid :
!lydrocarhons containing less than 6% dissolved wax
comprised ab0ut 75c]~ 0f the total hydrocarbons formed
in these tests at atmospheric pressure. Experiments •
Ind. Eng. Chem. anal. ed..vol. 16. 1946 p. 156 .... ' 1090, 1449a, 1987, 2073a 2227, 2227a ~ 2228, 3296, ~!: :growlngchainonoalylen'd Cat0niif2hrepresent or were nmde in whieh:thc flow of srntilesis gas was
:Description of adsorption vessel for measuring the 8297, 3647: ~ .... :~4D:-3 ~ . adjaeent-t0-end carbon; • (B)it may occur at Varied with the temperature adjusted to give the same
::
weight, loss upon. reduction of metal oxide catalysts
i used m the Fmeher-Trolsch process The cotalvst
. - . . . . . . . . .
m reduced in a vessel that ]s small and light enough
. • . . .
42. A~DERSON . 1:~. B., . A~D . E.~l~fm'T . P.-H Surface ~-only.~ :;;~i]k ..:~. 1 end -of the growing, chain 0n any end or
m 1 x 'n har oal x o] i n : unc .2: ~ ~ a.dJacent-to-end carbon; (C) it may occur" at either
Co pe. eso C e . CasE" uto asaF -~ ~ "
,;,n of Ya~or Adsor-tion and o¢ Hi~h-~,~m-erature:---- end of the growing chain on any end or "adjacent-
. . . . . . . ~ ~ v ~ tO-e, nd carbon. The |mid|cations of these schemes to
degree of conversion. Under these conditions the degree
0f unsaturation increased with increase in flow.
•
Fatcept for the change in unsaturation, the pr0ductdtsiribution
was not significantly differentmp to tempera:
:'~ to be wmghed in an anal~hcal balance It m also.- ~,~.o.-/~nn .~n~ phve nn¢l ~!nllr, h-1 ~h~m V01" ~
portable wlth~ th!s adSorlti0n vessel to study the. 51 1947 nn 1809-13o9-Chem Abs Col 42 1948, ~ ~e genera! aspects of the reaction mecbanism are turesof207 °. Overall activation ener~es of 24-26 kcal. ;
effects of treatment of the catalrst with gases ¢/ther : ~41n :: ~ ' :' ..... '~:?~ i < : : per reel were found: for the synthesis. The reaction i
-thanH-',suehassynthesisg as Or CO, on the slirface 'p'7 :: ......... ..... ~ ! !!! : J: i: " mechanism and rate iaw of the synthesis are diseussed ,- i
area and pore structui'e, and t0 determine the-weight ! Gases echoed, °n evacuating charcoals for gas: ~--! ! i i b r i e f l y . . . . .
" 10ss 0f the ads°rbent . up°n . evaeuatI°n" ~ masks' t°~l"0~0~ we--rec°lle~c~d at 300~ intervals ann :~'~ '
~4eL[~i~ :"~ii!. :I
:":
. . 40 . . Mod,fieatmns . of the Brunauer, Emmett ,
:':and Teller Equation. I. Jour. Am :Chem Soc, col
:: '68~ ; 1946. 1940 un~ pp~ 686L691: 686-691 Chem~ Chem, ~:Abs. ;Abs.. col. vol. 40. 40 :[946. 1946,
taining gases were formed by decomposition of sur " ~l~
face eomplexes and bY reduction of ~the inorganic ~-~
oxides __,=~~: present ....... as :_ ash.. ~_~ CO ~,^ and ^_~ CO. eyolut/on ........... reached "~7~m:-"
"
~e"~Studies
era., ~o1: 41, 1949, PP. 2189-2!97
,Ind. Eng.
Chem. Abs.,
. . . . . .
lysts. Jour; Am: Chem. See., col 69, 19~7, pp. 3114-
3119; Chem. Abs.;vol. 42, 1948~p.2739. :
....
I
:
-:
--
•
~ : Brunauer-Emmett:Teller
. . .
the0ry of multilaYe~ :ad- : a
by
maX~n~ra
the: ch:pr
at
eess
about
aiid
600,
at 900o±i,200
for charcoals
° :~or those
prepare
pre- :/~!
) ~
Sa~rPo~O~ionnaSso~ernmappk~e~flextensively to phYnSiCal-pared from c0al. The total O=-c0ntaining gases:::~r~llE
p " " " " e the si ple Bru auer- :evolved were always-equivalent to less:than 50% of -:~.
Emmett-Teller equation prey/des an excellent method the .charcoal surface. Extracting Charcoals with HF: ~'.~.~
:of-estimating surface areas it usually holds 0nly f~)r : and reexposing them to a/r resulted in about a 20-fold : ~
7~:: relative pressures Of 0.05-0 40. In almost every-'case increase in the amount of CO evolved on heating the - ~
::the am0untadsorbed at relative pressures higher:than samples': to 600 ° H~ evolution in the temperature
44,1950, p. 2~858 : r < + : Surface-area and pore-volume studies are reported : : i
nthesis was .studied 0n: a l~eiietted .co: ::Th0. : for 2 types of unreduced Co Fischer-Tropsch catalysts.- i
~lguhr: (10O • 18": 100) catalyst in h fixed-bed::: and for; similar preparations with promoters,: kiesel- i
~r (90 cm '10ng bed)' at atmospheric pressure : guhr; of both omitted. Properties:of the catalysts are
186°-207 ° "The reactor contained a Special tube : compared' and ].elated to properties of the kiesel~mhrs:.
~e removal of gas saniples at 9 points along the ~: '" that they c0ntaim Areas of unredueed precipitated Co :
21 of the bed. About 5% A was added to the. : Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.~ were :several thnes steerer !
/
~ / •~ •c • 2 . •:2. ; ,: • :'• • ;
= ii ¸ :; :::i i: : :. ¸¸¸ i

: 9 ¸
LITERATD~RE ABSTRACTS
BIBLIOGRAPII~" OF MSCI-IER TROPSC]K
.... ....................... at aboUt 0:5
:
:
. .
"
:
:
....
. .
than those of the kieselguhr used as carriers. CatalystS
prepared with natural kieselguhrs had larger
areas than those prepared with calcined er flux-calcined
kiese]guhrs. Areas of tmredueed catalysts
varied from 60-150 m. ~ per gin. Average pore diameters
of granular catalysts varied from 500 f~. to 770 ~.
and for pelleted catalysts from 165.'~. to 3i0.~.. Surface
areas of pelleted catalysts were 10-20% lower
thnn the areas of the corresponding granules. It was
shown that the Co basic carbonate-pr0moter complex
was precipitated chiefly in the void space of the kieselguhr.
PreparatioRs without promoters, kieselg'u~r,
or both had areas of the Co complex per gln. of Complex
that roughly equaled the area of the complex of the
catalyst- Natural kieselguhr as a carrie~ considerably
increased the area of the Co complex. Catalysts prepared
in small batches were quite reproducible with
' respect to surface area, but the areas of catalysts prepared
in larg e batches varied considerably,
46. Axn~so~. R. B., KR~E0. "A., SE~G~t~N, B.I .~xD
TARN, W. H. Studies of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.
IIi, Influence of Type of Kieselguhrs.
Ind Eng. Chem., vol. 40, No. 12,1943, I~P- °-347-°-350 :
Chem. Abs., vol. 43, 1949, p. 3167.
Testin~ data are presented for a series. 39 in all, of
~ • my, = ~r, • kiesel~hr (100 • 6 : 12:200) catalysts
. . ~" "~-,: ~ ":-:5--'°:^.." ^~ ,:-~ercialiy available
prepare~ WlLR a llUmv~z V~ ~u~,. .
American kiesel~lhrs. Catalysts containing calcined
kieselgahrs had lower activit.~ than: similar catalysts
with natural )iesel uhrs The~e remllts agree with:
~ose previoiisly i~b~ined lly Craxford, who found that
Chem. Sue., voL 71, 1949, pp. 183-155 ; Chem. Abs.,
vol. 43: 1949, p. 3273. .....
This paper relates surface area and surface accessibility
of the catalyst to activity and product distribu,
tion. Data reported previously on the effect of bulk
carbide on the activity of Co catalysts have been el. ~
tended to include surface areas and activities and :
distribution of products in the synthesis with cain-" -
lysts carlu~rized with CO under conditions that fern~
carbide (Co=C), free C, or both. The catalysts studied •
were Co : Th0~ : MgO : kieselguhr I100 : 6 : 12 :
200) and Co : Th0= : kieselguhr (I00 : 13 : 100).'
The surface of the catalyst was found to be heavily
covered with hydrocarbon. Hydrogenation at 200 ° removed
90% of these adsorbed hydrocarhODS, and reduction
with H.. at 400 ° restored the catalyst to the same
condition as after the ~nitial reduction. There Was no .
evidence of siRtering or of C deposition. Activity
data for Operation at 1 and . 7.8 . . aim. . are related to
the adsorbed hydrocarbon film. Decrease in tile aecessibility
of the surface of these catalysts either by
depesitioD of excessive quantities Of wax or by:reduc~
lion of average pore diameter :by pelleting caused"
an increase in the fraction of CH, and other light
hydrocarbons and in some case s a decrease iD activity.
The presence of I~ulk-phase c?rbi~l:tilntti~e~el:aftalyst ~
causea a mar~eu uecre s~ • . ,.
did not affect the activity very much 'IRe presence
. * ' - • •
of C in both forms shifted tile product dlstrlbutl0n
toward light liydrocarhons. The surface area did n0~ :i
change appreciably when the Co was converted to'~
carbide. Carburizati0n at 275 ° under conditions tha t. ::
s nthesis nitrided Fe catalysts appear to resist the rate increased sharply to a maximum
100 Fe.
the Y ' - .... --^~ ~ and have a ~re~ter K=O per j L J.F., S~is~Ax, B~ S~Aw: ~-, ~
oxidation and depoSxuon w ~
53a. SH ~ n ~ Fischer-~OpsCh ~yntnesm. -~:~stability
and longer life. : ANDERSON, ..... . ~-~ .¢ Iron CataiysL~.
K. TAIIN, W. I~., AND ANDERSON, R- B. at of Nitriding on ~ ~.*I~ ~* ~^ ... r~
51.StudiesHALL, W.of the Fischer-Tr0psch Synthesis. VIII. Effeind. J~ng. ~"wnem.,-- ~ol" .44, 195 o., pp. ~7-4ux ; ,~.em.
Surface-Area and Pore-Volume Studies of Iron Abs., voL 46, 1952, P. 5,291.
Catalysts. 5our. Am. Chem. Sue., vol. 72, 1950, PP. Fe catalysts of the fused, sintered, and precipitated
543~-5443. types were tested in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
an es are reported in surface area anddlfferentPOre vOliFe after reduction inandt~theandselectivitynitriding undid Nt~activityto anof
u£e h du~iug the reduction of 2 ~xldely e-phase nitride,
catalysts, a precipitated Fe:Or-CuO-K=C0, catalyst the nitrides were compared with those of correspondfused
Fe,0r -M~O-K'0 catalyst; Information ls ing reduced Or inducted catalysts. In all cases, the
and a ~ ..... l~*.-~'of Fe catalysts at the start nitrided catalysts yielded products of lower average
presente~.l asJo22e ~c~['~nthesis as well as data per- , i ht than those £rom reduced or inducted
of the 1,'isca~-*--~. ..... ~ "'
molecular wme~ --t'vitv of fused and sintered catalysts
tinent to the mechanism of reduction. The surface catalysts. J.u= ,~.1 .
• i itated Fe gel catalysts are high, was increased by n!tr.id_ing, ~h~ea~ theaaVer~gevea~y
areas of racy P, lr~a~eter~ are small, conversely, unre- tiDilY of the precHam~e!~ ~'~-:~:~treatment
anu l:nel~ i,~:~.~i c NH~-tvpe Catalysts have essenuanY independent of the meuma w p,~. ~ ~'V" ,T Axv
duceu re-sylL~-=~ : "-- --^~-me After reduction . . . . T F SE~a.~-~X ~-. ~'~-- ' .... -
nO Surface area an~no Pore )~:~ " hath trues have 53a. ~HULT~, ~. ~rJ" .~--ldie.~ of the Fischer-Tropsen
at 300" and 4u0°-v, ,0 • respectively, ~--:~er~ m and ANDE~SON, ~. ~. 'r:-'" "msition Cbauge~ of Nitrided
moderate surface areas of alon~ ~ m. t ~ " : Synthesis XI~. ~oml s . - "
-re .......... rsof350-900i- Thermal Iron C'atalvsts DuriUg the Syz!tl~s]s. ~Jour. [~l.
reas0nably. ,, large.Pu.. '~"~'~c| r e gem" c~au~es~ .~ drastic, ehan-eS~ ~ Chem. See.," vol 74 19~2," pp. 63 ~--u~u, ~, .........
sinternl~ of precjp~tat.eJ:,~ ,f 0- by reduction produces vol. 46, 1952, P. 5,290. ' _ -~ :~: ~ ,.'^ -at~lvst~
in struct ure, ou~ remus-. ~4,~ ~,~.fnce area and pore . ~ ,~ ;n tile composition oz Ul[l'ltlg(l J: = ~" * :
an even greater eff~'t~i c ~'H,.~t'ype-c:,~talYst increased du~n:;~se"in the Fischer:Tropsch syntl!le~sdatT~l~e
voume of an ~e-~n ~ h extent'of reduction, whereas and °14 aim. operating pressure are Re: ~litrides the
:~,~,~ tha~ 0nlv ,urface=area measuremeR~s^an~ ]~o" .... rate of replacemem:~ 6 nt~ At tl~e lower operating
%"~;'- - ---~ :,~'~,'~v~is of the raw Cataiys~ u~v ~y~- - rapid at 21Y, tnan aL ~.~--- " __,,,^~ ,~ elemental C
:Pm~ecnen~n~is~'~l?e'p0re ~tructnre of an Fe-syntneuc pressure: oxidation ann del~o~'x$.~e~ea~ nt .'*14 athl.
sary ~o e~ ,_'i:~ as a fnnction of the extent of:venue- proceed "at a very sloW 1.at~:,_" ....... :'rn,dd- i~t some
N~hrtype eatas~y~ .: . ~.=~,~A., .temnerathre of ,an ~ a ,.~,etious are eonsioeram.~;:mw= ' z ~- etrn,.
tion. Increasing um lector.t*-' 2 , ~- ~0 o to fiS0 ° "~"-~ "Y-~ -* *,-^ hi-her pressure, the type ~ ..... "
- v thetic N'Hrtype- catasys~ ~rum ~y . catalyses. ,~t ~-= ~ ~.~ ,- ~.~ im~.~rtunt in deterudu-
~-Fe s. n . c ~ma ~n~rea'~e in the pore diameter- .... rural promoter appea~ ~ t~ ~ -~-'::'~itiou. of free C.
produceu an ~-+ .......... • • __ . "~4 ~.~ 0foxidatiOn anct o~.u~pu~-~- ,_ ~, ,
"
s z ared with natural kieselguhr had surface r form predominantly.free C;' inCreased the area con; ~ r~
cataly~ tsp 'ep, " " " I~ " :
~. ..... :-areas-and activities greater_than those of a catalyst slderab .. . ' ' ,
containing Calcined kieselguhr: Acid-extracted: nat-- 49. Axvmssox R. B.. I~RIEG, :A.:" FRIEDEL I~: A.~ AND
: : :_ urn! kieselguhrs produced catalysts of the highest • MASO.W L S Studies of the Fischer-Tropsch Syn-
activity: The density 0f the Catalyst varied directly : thesis, VL Differential Reacti0n-]Rate Studies
• : " with the density of the kieselguhr, and the distribution : With Cobalt Catalyst. Ind. Eng. Chem:, vol. 41~ No.~
• of products changed with density of the catalysts, the ' : 10, i949 pp .159-=2197 Chem. Abs. vol. ~i4,. 1950,
° : denser catalysts forming a greater % of light hydro- p. 2353. " : ' " . : " ,L
carbons and C O = . . : . Differential reaction-rate data: are presented for the,~..~
1 47. ANDEDSON, R. B., HALL, ~V. K., A~V HOFER. IJ. ~.E. Fischer,Tropsch s.~nthesis .with Co" catalysts at at-~ ~"
Studies of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis :IV. mospheric pressure. The synthesis rate ~:as high in? U,
': PrOperties of Reduced Cobalt.Catalysts~ -~our : Am.: the initial part of the bed and lower in nearly con-:.
: Chem. Sue.. vol. 70, 1948, pp. _465-.47- ; Chem. stant througkout a large porti0n of the catalyst bed,~
.... 22 : 200) and Co :- ~1~(); kieselguhr •(100 : 18: 100)" " -thesis, the gas composition varied considerably.: . $
::::':~ :::" 'i : :and similar preparations with• one or more of the
components omitted have been studied by N surface '
and CO--Were formed by primary reactions; CH~ was
also formed by Secondary hvdrocrackin ~ of highe~
........ r - areas and CO . chemisor . . tions . at --195 . . ° H- . and . He . molecular-weight . . . hydrocarbons, and~uC0.-pendrred.b~th[~ l~nh~the wate
:: :: =-
: :
....
:
densities :and X-ray dFffracti0m ~ The experimental (gas ::t~tvi:~e:h:~ ~enCJ~ntSen~C e
data
show
-
that
:
the surface
- -.
areas of all the cataivs~s ~= ~ ~ -
.,-,' ---:,~-~-^ composition ;of the gas in contact with the catalys~
aecreasea on reauc~lon 'J.'ne
studied . . ~ "
prumut~
..... 2~ ~ n
'
The assumutions of Cra.-~ord involving the s~nthesls
fa~unu to revenz excesslve.uecreases p~W ....... ~g . . . . . . • ........ i
pears tPo be the'mos~ effectiye and Th0: the'least; '. occurring on Co carbide and the.seconaarY reacue~
:: Kieselguhr. asia carrier was: somewhat:effective in~ on Co atoms do not appear to be an adequate e~
" :
. '::: '
: : .....
~l~reventing the decrease of surface area and in: in-:
creasing the pore volumes on reduction-of all the
catalysts. With :unpr0moted and 'ansnpported Co
.planati0n of th ~ author's data. : ....,4.;4~
50. ANDERSON, ~. B., SHULTZ, J. F., SELIGA[AN, ~.,
"' W: K:~ AND STORC~% ' H H: ".Studies of the FisCh~;
" ~ large changes occurred in both surface area and bulk Tropsch Synthesis. : VII,: Nitrides - Of : Ir0n
'
Volume. The most important (function of the kiesel- . Catalysts. Jour. Am: Chem. See., vol. 72, 1050 PP-~.,~
"
i:.
..~
.
:
:
'
:
.
:
' :
: guhr was to prevent the decrease in bulk volume of the : 3502-3508 ; Chem. Abs., v01. 44,; 1950, : p. 10299:~ :~ ~)~'" ( ~nd the narticle size and all'eli content Of thecata~ i TAn~, W: "influenCe of ~rype of: :Kteselguhrs.
catalyst On reduction and at the same timd inhibit ConverSion of Fe-in reduced Synrhetie ammonia-t~ T~/~t~i ii' '~ ~'~ Data are resented for fused sintered ann pre P-. : thesis. IIL .... ~ :
::-sintering :of the surface.: The CO ehemisorption : catalysts to: nitrides by ammonia treatment grea )b', :~
~-
~" " r::: ~
'
P
sis The variation
" ' "
of
s
Y
nthesis
'
rate
.
Sen
. .
abS:
. .
46.
~ -
" '
~zv
:
J
~ .....
T ~ , W.K.,
:.
-: studies showed tbatan'appreciable fraction of the cata- :increased their activity in the Fischer-TropsCh
• :~:: rated Fe cutely • " b "anoverall , . ~ R B,'McC~T , • ", . ..
lyst surface was occupied, by. promoter. The X-ray 'thesis.: . . . All . . tests . described in the ' paper " wer e 1~._~
with temperature may be eharacter~zedT[ e synthesis ~ 54. ~-~ZRSO~, L~. ~ "E: K iesel"uhrs~snttab!lity as
'
" " • " f cO ~cal per mu~ ~v ~OF~, : . . . . ~- Chem vol. 3~, •
diffraction data were in qualitative agreement with : formed with a catalyst prepared by the eleetrieal-fu~n:~
aetivatmn energY o - "" -~^- ~'. ~used catalyst ~ --'^-~ ;n Catalysts: Ind. Eng. ~' ~ n
'. ":rate
! the surface-area determinations" but in addition in: ~..method* and having the composition: Tetal Fe 67.~,~ ¢~
increased with pressure. :_y u~' ?_~,_^ ; ~nwever :~ uarr,y~. :%o,o , ~.o 8- chem. Abs,, vol. "*-~, *?~'~V'
dicated that the Co in supported and promoted cata- ferrous Fe 21.7%, MgO, 4.6i%,' K~O, 0.57%, .~lu,~
~'::,:the"rate increased linearly ~n~p~e~w~t~ressure r - 19~, Pp. *u~'9-" v ' : . .
3ysts had an anomalous structure. .... " ' ~ : 0.71%, and Cr~O~, 0.65%. Catalysts c0nvertea
~/for other cataLYsts the varxauo~ ~==~ as ~:~ae par- : .~u .... . : ~ : --"~ber of kieselguhrs used as sUP-:
48 ANDEaSO~, R. B. ~ W.:K. K'r~s, ~ A., :A~V e-phase nittides yielded a product of lower avera~
~:i. was less than linear. The.raze. ~2Y2Y3::'~that only a Propert~ o ~ r Trousch- catalystS have eeen
,.Sz~z~, : B. Studies of the Ftscher-Torpoch :~moleeular weight containing greater yields of gaseO
!:i:.'tiele size decreased, 9robaely ~ns~b~e~o~tl e reactants. : ports :in ~.o:j~emica~anRlysis, X-ray diffract!on,..
. Synthesis.
.
V. Activities and Surface Areas of Re- hydrocarbons and oxygenated" m01ecules than
the
:/:fracttonof the surface:was acce~, . . . . ~=d nnl~ studiea. ~a ~,~ ~ . . . . to~ether with e~ec~ron :
~
~: .For. p.reeipitate,d^~iat~t%~: ~er::se, :~ncr~;;er types surface areaS, ` pore votum~, : . . . . .
.dueed and Carburized Cobalt Catalysts. Jour. Am. products from Cerresponding reduced catalysts. :
~ ~-gnuy:wita am= . . , ~ '. - .: ...... . ~- • : : .
]
g44-946, Chem. :AbS., vol. 4u, 1951, p. ' -" : :': in- Upon the temperature of hydr0ge • -::
PP" • -:^-'ueed fused-iron Catalyst have ~: ~w~ W K. T.~a~, Wi H:, A~n ANp~RSON, ~ -
[ Phase changes ~n.u ~,L, ~:~.h~r-Tron~ch synthesis ~°~ "tY~ ' ~'.~ Fischer-Tropsch Synthesls.. -: ....
been studied during [a e ~"~'- ~ , "~ +~,~ ~t few ~tuuzes o~ ~"~ ~ , nar]n¢'ed Iron CatalVS~ on
• "" ormed at a slower rate than H~,gg .... - !~ -~*ic NI~ eathlvst develops'an exte p o" ::
i.. : Magnetite ~ias f •- ~ *,-^ -vn~n~e o~ me :~'e syn~n~ ~ * : ~ ..+ .~xc/c norositv: OR
carbide, L;; Roreased through: struot r ne°r eSpouding yolume o °:ofa°°°the individnu - :pa t,cles ....
- -: a-iren phase.: . . . "reoxidatlo , - -- *~^ ~-face areas and pore
ment . . . . . : : ..... -;n constant wnlle ta~ ~, " aR
[: .. the e.xpen : :: " '~" ~--"LTZ' 5 F " ..... .~ ^~'^ Re0xtdation proceeds: :a~ .
nvV~w ~ B: SET~n~[AN, D., ~=~ -- " :2 - volumes uecr~a~. - :" ...... A~ vor~ slow aztec a
~' '~: 53. AN ........ ~'" ~-~--~.~ M /A Fischer-'~'ropecu ; ~,;~all~:ra0id rate, WhiCh ue~u~=~ ~ - ~=.~.,~ much
|~::: : KELLY, R4 A~D ~.-*-,' %':, 'Xr~riables of the ""*~" -m~ e reoxidi~-ed cataiys~ is r~-~ . ~: -
::-~-. :~: nthesis: X- Some lmpormu~ -2" ~ ~ few nours. *~ - ~-tal"st Formation or [ne
]~"-:;~ "~ ~Y* .... :-" ~ron Catalysts.' Ind. Eng. -~emz--v':', more easily than the raw ~a~:~ causes the catalyst.
|i ~;~'~ : ~'~ ~yn~esl~ 391-397; Chem. Abs., vol. 46, !~( p, interstitial nitrldes ann casz~ e volume: and average '
:~:~: .'=: .......... V": . ~ :: : : ~ , . particles to expand ann t~*~ ~ -o-osit~ however;
~:~:C: ~ 5,29L : ' : : -- ,*,~t ~,~o aiameters to increase. -xn~ 70 ~* •,

10 BIBLIOGRAPI=~" OF FJSCHER-TI~OPSC:
~YNTI-~ESIS A.N'D RELATED PROCESSES
" . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]LITERATURE ABSTRACTS : ....
'
micro~aphs at magnifications of 2.000 and 20.000 diam.
are presented and correlated. The comparative suitabilities
of various kieselguhrs as carriers for catalysts
are not discussed. ' "
ANDERSON, i=[. B., SELIO.~fAN, B., SHULTZ, 5. F.,
KELLY, R., A~n ELLIOTT. ~I. A. Fischer-Tropseh
Synthesis. X. Some Important Variables of the
Synthesis on Iron Catalysts. See abs. S3.
ANn~SO.W, R. B., SHUJ.TZ, J:F., SZLmMAN, B.,
/~ALL, W. K., Axn STOSCH, H. H. Studies of the
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. VJL Nitrides of Iron
as Catalysts, See abs. 50.
A,~no, T. See abs, 2198~ 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202,
2203, 9204.
Axn~Ews, A. See abs. 574.
65. AI~DaEWS, G. YIL Water-Gas Equilibrium in Hydrocarbon
Flames. Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 105, 1914,
pp. 444-456 Jour: Soc. Chem, Ind. (London), vol.
33, 1914, p. 303; Chem. Abs., vol. S, 1914, p. 1659.
ciency was shown by catalysts th~tt had all alkali
eleetro]ytieally removed. A reduction iu the Cu con
by 9~o resnlted in a 5-fold incTease in the yieId, ctaet~ t.
lysts without a can'ier were more efficient than those
with one. Optimal yield: 65 gin. of hydrocarimns
m? of raw gas. Some physical-chemical investigatioPe~
of the state of the Fe during the syutbesis were made.
X-ray as well as thermomaguetic analyses, relation between
tbe temperature nnd magnetic properties, showed
the complete absence of metallic Fe. In every ~etive
catalyst the Fe..O~ and Fe~0, were present as solid solutions.
By complete exclusion of alkali the solubillty of
both oxides and the activity of fhe catalyst were increased.
The extraction of the gas from used catalysts
on kieselguhr,showed that the quantity of absorbed'
t,mses inereased with the rise in activity. In catalysts
without kieselguhr, the amount of adsorbed gas increased
with increasing age and decreasin~ efficiency
BY extracting used catalysts snlvelike and b'~gh_meltie~ :
paraffins Were obtained- thev ....... . .,^.
redu('ed at 2.~0% The (.-atalysts ads(,rh an appreciable
~nlollnt of hvdr( car ))Ilg, [Ult this does not seem to
affect their a c t i v i t y . .
~ . . ~ce ahs. 678.
62. ANTI, EAr'ME, .]., DECAImIEnE. E., AI~D I~]~ANT~ ]~.
[Physic, chenli(~'d Study of the Iron Catalyst Used
iu the ~ynthesis of Liquid Hydr(~-nrbons.] Chim. et
ind.. Special No., April 1934. pp. 421--423 ; Compt.
rend., vol. 196, 1933, pp. 1&'~'9--1S90; Brennstoff-
Cbem- w)l. 15, 19,34, p. 413 ; Chem. Abs. vol. 2~, 2934,
p. 3,[)35. - :
From investigations hv the thermomn,metic-aualvsis
meth,)d of Chaadron and coworkers for the stndy of
metallic oxides (Ferestier and Chaudron, .-fl~s. 1054),
it is c( ucluded that catalytic Conversion does not take
ldaee in presence of either Fe:O, alone or of Fern4
alone. In every ease Jn which catalytic activity is
nlanife~ted Fe~O, i~ present, and the activity increases
' with the fineness of the crystalline strnCture. . The ....
O. Fat Frsm Fat Acids With Odd Numbers of
Carbon Atoms. IV. Sec abs. 1713.
~ . . Fat From Fat Acids With Odd Numbers
of Carbon Atoms. VII. Prelhninary Communication
Concerntn~ Propertieg, StabiIity,
PhysiologY. and Toxicology of Synthetie Fats From
Paraffin Fat Avids. ~ce abs. 1717.
.A_pPEI~ H., BSltGER G., Bi;]~f, ]:~-, KEIL, W., AXD
SC]IILLEn. G. Fats From Fat Acids With Uneveu
Numbers of carbon Atoms. II. See ahs. 1711.
APPLEYAR,. ~q~- C. Production of 0il Frmn Coal by
66"the Fischer-Tropsch Process. Gas World, vol. 111,
1939, Coke See., pp. 79-91 ; Colliery Guard., vol. 155,
1939, pP~ $6~-$6S, 96S-970 ; British Chem. Ahs., 1939,
B, p. 799; Chem. Age, vol 41,1939 pp. 64-67; Chem.
Abs., vol. 33, 1939, p. 5155:
Production of the CO-{-'2~= mixture from coke or
coke-oveu gas, its purification, and the types of datalysts
used for th e actual ~ynthesis of h.vdroc:~vbons,
Andrews concludes that the explosive combuution ,
of numerous hydrocarbon-0, mixtures undor xv~mv
differing conditions of ineomI~lete'eombu~tion-~,iv~."~.~
ah]e for the: dot ~-~;-*;'-~ ^-~ *~:~':f-'~,~ .,,..e [mSWer-
~vnthos;s -~ ~-~,:-~.'.'-'2-~" u.~, tu~ ~ra~ys~. ~lcewlse,
~ii~bt~¢~-~^~.,_, ~, e~ea .x..v~m nexane caused only a
authors admit that, with their catalysts, the prouueuou
¢f hi,,her bvdrocarhons by hydrogenation takes place
in th~ lu'ese~we of complex solid s(,lotions. "
which may be carried Out at atmospher*c or at me!ua.m
:#10 atm.) pressure, are outIined.: The yield of hqmd ~ :
uroducts is aimnt 79~t- of theory. Their nature de=
.... ~
to products that at least approxinmtelv conform t~o't'l~e
requirements of the-water--as eauililir[um w;eh ~ . ^~..^ '
of 4 for the thermodynamic constant 'and'the." ~"2~,~:~
• , , = ~ a , u v
is not greatly altered even When large quantitie.~ ore .
60 .......... ~n:neac~,[y..... •
: ~ , ~...~..g=nfl[lOU oi t'aroon Monoxide ]
-~nn. emum}st. liquides May-June 1935. Tech
m . o - • .-. - " ° •
vo~a~r~o v 9L -~ 193v, p. V94; Coal Carbomsati0n ....
63 AXTnnAClTZ : lXSTITVTs BVm.ETIX: Refuse An-
*~ .... ;*~ ~.ourc~ of .qvnthe~ic ]fuels No 151~¢
~'~:t~"~]~l "~ ..... ..... " ........
~ . . . . , . ~.
It i.¢ estimated that ti*ere are 200 milli0u tons of
~)ends on the:conditions: Using a C ° catal~v~,t~ tl~e~('o,~.~ ::
tained uc,~. of l 'ght h:vdr( c rbnas n. p. ,

12 BIBLIOG1LAP1K~-0F-FISCHER-TRbPSC~ SY.~'~'R'HESIS A_NrD RELATED P-ROCESSES ......... ~:i
69. :AP~CzoY, M. [Crystal Structure and Particle Size
of the Carbide Phase in Tempered Steel°] Doklady
in all eases are in accord at each temperature, within
the precision of the measurements, with the lin
:~! ~"
A kad. Nauk S. S. S. R., col 73, 1950 pp. 83-86-
~nem° Aos., col. 05, 1951, p. 3217.
X-ray line widths were measured photometrically
.for carbide residues from 1% C steels tempered at 50 °
~elation s=apV ~ The measurements on ~e and e-at
" " " iNt
at all 3 temperatures are accurately reproduced by
the respective equations (T is absolute temperature) •
log (s/p / ) =--1454/T~-1.940 and log (s/f/:~_64.~'/
m~ervals iron 100 ° to 700 °. Tile calculated size and
shape oaf n the carbide particles showed that in the
T+1:732. A similar equation holds for each of TM
several steeIs which fall into 3 grom)s accor .~-'--the
range ,,~, ~,~u the c dimension of the carbide m only each ~s (1) ferntlc with low alloy content ~ol ~,~
. . . . . . LITZRATURZ ~SrRACrS 13
ence of Cu. :On the other hand, the Fe oxide
process is dependent on the temperature ranges at
which oxidation of CO and decomposition of steam
by Fe or Fe0 occur rapidly. That H:O enters into
active association with Cu ;is indicated, (1) by its
protective action on aldehyde by preferential adsorp-
tion at Cu surfaces; and (2) by its actual part in a
chemaetion when associated with Cu.
78, ~ . Study of Catalytic Actions at Surfaces.
V. Rate of Change Conditioned by a Nickel Cata-
lyst and its Bearing ou the Law of Mass :Action.
Proc. Roy. Sac. (London), col 98-:A, 1920, pp. 27-40 ;
Chem. Abs;, col. 14, 1920, p. 3182.
79. ~ . Study of Catalytic Actions at SurfaCes.
VI. Surface :Area nnd Specific Nature of a Cata-
lyst-Two Independent Factors COntrolling the Re-
sultant Activity. Proc. Roy. Sac. (London), col.
99-A, 1921, pp. 490-495; Chem. Abs., col. 16, 1922, :
pp. ~ss-4s9.
80~ ~: Study Of Catalytic: :Actions at Surfaces.
VII. " Influence of Pressure on the .Rate of Hydro-
genatiOno] Chin. e~ ind., coL 42, 1939~ pp. 234-242.
Chore° and Indo, voI. 59, 1940, pp. 3-9 ; Chem. :Age,
col. 41,1939, pp. 271-o-7.2o, ~.qY-~qS.
Discuses hydrogenation of fats, the Ftscher aud
synthetic-oil processes, and the possibility of directly
hydrogenating coal ~mder pressure with H, obtained
by the Lnrgi pr0cees.
87a. :ARXOLn, 5. H. Synthesis of Liquid Fuels From
Natural GaS. :Advances Chem. Set. No. 5, 1951, pp.
120-137; Chem. Abs., col. 45. 1951, p. 10,55S.
In developing a commercial process to prodnee liquid
fuels from natural gas, reliable large-scale techniques
were evolved for producing O.- and synthesis gas. To
convert synthesis gas to hydrocarbons the nse of Fe
catalysts in a fluidized bed was required ; the method
df 1)reperation of the catalyst proved to be nmch less
important than the conditions of its environment
during synthesis. The resultant integrated process
(Hydrocol process) is striking in its simplicity and,
from the indicated supply 0f gas, Can contribute an
appreciable frae[i0 n of :American liquid-fuel ~require~
meats along with large quantkies of oxygenated ali-
- ~ ~u mLLme spacings and is about a~ aS large as
the a or b dimension. Growth in all dimensions ocenrred
above 350 °, and the difference between c and a
or b decreased. Some X-ray lines present above 400 °
disappeared below this temperature. No lines were
present in th e pattern of carbldes from the steel ternritic
with high alloy content, (3) " austenitic. ' "'" The "=~"
solubility in the low' alloy steels differs little from
that in pure Fe, but the small individual differences
for different compositions are quite reproducible. A.
method is presented of calculating the amount of
residual H, independent of any blank measurement
i!:
:
:
:
pored at 150 °. Even in steels tempered at low ternperatures
the carbide plmse, Fe,C, has the lattice of
Fe~C. The difference in diffraction patterns between
:Fe~C and Fe~C is caused by the platelet form•and the
small dimensions of Fe~C." The change that Occurs in
the range 300°-490 ° is lmrtly caused by changes in
the interaction of the: Carbide and the ~olid solution
70.bo.n:An,uzoV,in TemperedM" .~xo Ku~mvm~mv.steel.] Your.G" [StateTech. of Phys.Carto
determine its effective volume (or effective prossure),
from a suitable plot of the actual measurements;
the result, so calculated, is identical with that
obtained through the use of a blank with :A in the
presence o£the samp.le: Comparison by extrapolation
o£ me new results w~th data in the literature shows a
general accord.: particularly at temperatures of 600"
and higher ; at lower teRll)eratures rile values obtained
in this investigation are. because o~ their eon.~tsteney
-
, ?:'.
: ::
: :[
genation:of Liquids ill Presence:of Nickel. Proof
Roy. Sac. (London), col. 1O0-A, 1921, pp. 240-252;
Chem. :Abs., col. 16 1922, p.-134S. : :
phatic chemicals. By Utilizing still more recent de- :
relopmems huge anmunts of C.-H-_ may he obtained.
:~ (U. S. S 1L), xol 10. 1940 pp 1093-1100, Chem
:Abs., col. 35, 1941~ p °456 ' " "~ ' : "
: with .th e foreg0ing linear relations, believed to be of
~upermr accuracy. : After the pretrcatments: repro: •
81. ~ .
viii.
Study of Catalytic :Actions at Surfaces. 88. ARX0Ln. J'. O.. Axn Rr_¢Do :A. :A. Conditions in
Action of Sodium Carbonate in Promoting .... Which Carbon Exists in Steel Proc. Chem. Sac.,
Afonocrystais of austenite (1.:t% C) thaL after tom- ducible equilibrium was obtained within a few rain., ': the Hydrogenation of Phenol. Proc. ltoy. Sec." 1894~ pp. i05--196 ; ,'[our. Sac. Chem. Ind., 1894. p. 740.
poring, were in the process of transformation into the e~CreePtu~nblt::ebCarS~y°fv:l~l~,3~:4~Cr :~lee: ls~o~'.~ch:he ~( (LondonL col 102-A, lq .--. o') pp. 21-27 "cbem. :Abs.. Existence is confirmed of a carbide of Fe baying the
: regularly oriented martensite crystals were examined iherate. , : : / ::i col. 17, 19~, p. 233. formula Fe~C. The normal earhide exists in 2 dif-
82. . Study of Catalytic :Actinns at Surf,does, ferent ferns identical in chemical eomposition--a difi
!30°~O0
by X-rays.
°, a phase
There
p!'oduced
was found
by
in
the
samples
decay of
tempered
martensite
at - 73. :A,a~ITAOE, G. E; Chemical Conversions Of Lighter ~"~ IX. Action of Copper in Promoting the Activity of fused carbide ~ consisting of granules or very small
• and the remaining anstenite. : This phase represents~ Hydrocarbons.. Refiner and Nat. Gasoline Mfi~., vol 'Y Nickel Catalyst Proc~ Roy Sac: (London) col. plates and a Crystalline carbide:arranged as plates and :
a carbide of Fe, different from Fe~C: The lack of 20, 1041, lip( 327-336; Cbem. :Abs., col. 30, 1942~ p.
10 ~ :A 10 o'~ ~ ) 07-30 ;Chem :Abs vol' 17 19°-3 :pp Consisti 1 ~ 0f pure l-~e~C The % of total C ( htained
: : Sharpuess of the interference picture:indicates the:high 1472..: , :.. : . : • : ~
: 233~234. ' . : as carhhle is greater in hard ~hau in soft steels. This
degree of dispersion 0f the low-temperature carbide- Detailed diseussi0n of the c6innfercial processes for" : !!if:
~.~ ~,,,~,= ,~ r,~,: ~,~,.;,...~ ~.~ ,1 g.i- loss is due to tile presence of a readily decomposed :
crystals: At 300 ° the low-temperature Carbide is converting light:hydrocarbons into usable products:
faces. . X: - The " Interaction : .of Carbon h .'qonoxxde ~- : - .- subearl lde of Fe existing - " . to tile . : extent . . of . about . oo ~'¢ in : :
transformed very slowly into Fe~C ' this transforms: The processes include catalytic and :thermal ol mort
n~a ~:~vr~rO,,O~ fl~ C~,~,,rl~, i~,] 1)v "~|r.]oal fit ~Ol;~fiv~lv mild steel and capahle of:existing: to tile same amount . :
•tion is much accelerated at 350"-350 o . . . . . . zation ,and .~kv~,~,, " o P y - ~ : Lou Tern ~rat ~re~ A. Practi¢'al Svnthe~i ~ of ~leth m cold, hard ~teel after the latter has been heated for
:: -- - ..... ~- . :- ::~ ~" ~v ~ .... - 7.- ...... : .... gas reversmn, is0merization,
AnOUE, ~. H. gco abs: 302... ueno arogenatlon, Flseher-Tropsch synthesis, ar0mati- ~i ane. Irte. • Roy. Sac. (London), col. 103A, 192o, )- pp. , ~olnetune fit a white heat; - ~- •
: . . . . ' zation and hydroforming and synthetic-rUbber pray (.~ 25-34*'Chore :Abs col 17 19o.23 p OOO0 : 69 - - Chemical Relations of Carbon" and Iron. :
71. ~kRIES R: S. : Th~ Changing industrial :Alcohol " duetion. 47 r'efs: . . . . ' ~
. :: . Picotu_re~," Chem~ and Eng. News, yak 25 1947 pp .... ~ : :~ The action 1)etween C0:nnd H:- inthe presence 0~ Ni
Your
....
Chem
' ....
Sac ~ol
" •
6~
",
1So
;
p
":
~$S
" "
x#a--x~vo; Petxol. Processing, col o i9~7 p 409 . #e. ~kR2ISTRONG ~. F, AXD I~ILDITOH T: P. Study of " "~- era similar catalyst at temperatures below 300 ° is " : AI~XOLD, M.R. See abs. 99;-
Two ' " ' " ' : Catalytic :Actions at Surfaces I ~y¢]rnff~n.~t~n :~' mainly 2CO+2H.-=Co:+CH~. : The i reaction is" 90; .4.RWSLL, '~. C..~xn B*nss.:W. M. Comparison of
::~ A.~ *~. s°urcesare expected to satisfy the major, part ..... of Unsaturated Fats in eh~'r.~,:~ ~,~" "--- ~ ...... -: -::: considered to go in 2 stages; (1) C0 -1- H:O = CO.-- the X-Ray Diffraction and Nitrogen :Adsorption
: : .:-{: H2; (2) the H-. So f0rmed~with that already present . : .Surface :Areas. of Carbon"Blacks and Charcoals.:
: .... decade, ohm h may arise to oyer 200 minion gal. per . : 1919 pp. 137-146' Chem ^~.~ (-L~nd°n):^v~l" 96-A, .~: • causes the formation of CH~C0+3H.-=CH,-t=H.-0. Canadian ~our.:Research col. 26 sec. :A, 194S, pp..:"
:- ~o~ caleny-Ior chemical Use: :The 1st and mOSt in- :"S ..... ........ "~vo., ~u,. ~, zv-u;:p. ±az. 4::! Noeyidencewasf0und f0rtheintermediatefbrmntlon: 236-242. : " . . • : :
p tatng source is that from C~-H, from: petroleum as ' ~ " ~ " ~rudY of Catalytic. Actions at Surfaces. - :!; of CH: 0 or Me0H. CO is quire active sis0, m~ d the= Surfade a~:~s; as determihed fr0m X-ray cliffraction. ::
' the raw material, Which even now iS Pr0dueing 70 nil IL ' Transference O~ Hydrogen From Saturated :t0. :.~:~ Change commences at a lower temperature than with -ha lo ' te ~ e" ~ ,~n~,, ,~,~" xx~, ~m~
: ~ " lion gal. per ~r. With many new plants in prospect ~ ' - Unsaturated Organic Compounds in tl~e Liquid State ;=
• ~x~. ; By thm method tim large amount of CO m mumc: • pared for a nmnber of C-blacks and activated char- • :
= : : The second s~urce is that l)y synthesis from natural" . . in Presence of Metallic : Nickel. Proc Roy ' Sac ; ::.
. ~al gas ~uppldes may be reduced and tha c0ntept of~ coals, Comparativedata were obtained also on sam-'-::
: ~- .gas, and 3 plants :~now are planned each to nroduce (London), col. 96-A(, 19i9, "pp. 322-329. Chem Abs : ::!: • ~a~ mereased. Pure CH4 :may also be prepared by .ples 0f!charcoa!:ut various stages 0f activation and:
• ..... ~es~iel~i~agal:,per :yr. as a bypr0du~t;" :D'oubt Is co!. 141.!920, pp. 884-885. : : '" :. .... : :7 :~ passing water, gas 0ver Ni Several times removing C0.- •after calcination. The X-ray diffracti0n data indi-
• : ~ c ~ne industry will depend again upon 76 ~ Study of Catal tic A ........
: .molasses,as the Chief , • . . . . . • .... • Y etions at Surfaces "i ::~: from'the gas each time, and ffactionating the product : cared that all the Samples examined were C0mp0.~ed Of:
cam ~'-: . . . . .
pe~luon lVlll arise from
~ax)
alcoh
material,
"
or that serious
.....
: " III. Hydrogenation
.
of
'
Acetaldehyd
.. e'and the 'De-'
at low temperatures~ : ~ :. :. : small, graphite-like crystallites of the Same order of ....
ol dern'ed from waste hydrogenation of Ethyl :Alcohol in Presence of
8~. . Study of catalytic ":Actions at siirfaees, magnitude, which h'ad specific surfaces:of about2 506- :
.: i w. 0od or sulfite liquors or from grain alcohol because Finely, Dhided Metals: .:Proc. Roy. Sac (London), ,!" : : : XI., ~ctidn of Alumina and Other Oxides in Pro= 3,000 m.' per cc. The N adsorption surface 0f a highly
of the economic factors involved Alcohol is now sell ~vol 97-=4. 10o0 pn o59-~64. ~,, ' .~
..... ,W,,~
ing at
.....
a high
P
rice
($fl.SOor
0
more
"
per gal. compared
"
....
,
1920,
"
p. 2439
, -
:
, ,--- -
•
, .....
. .
Abs.,
. .
col
.
14,
-
~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ m0ting :thd :Activity bf Ni Cataiyst: Pr0c. R0y. s0C~ activated Charc0al ~'~S'found .to be about equal t0 the::::
• ~ l~-cwur prme or ~0 2f)~0 25, Which -- "'~- " . . . . "' : " =~:' : :' ~ :: :~ ~:::: (London), v0!. 103-:A 1923, pp. 586-597 ; Chem;::Abs,, X-ray Surface. • It is Suggested that :the crystallite ~::
"lmined onl un • - ~ • , ~ wlu ue main- :77 : .... • :" -:" ~ ;i~-.~: : : v01: 17, 1923, p. 3443. ~ : :: ': ::::~ .su~:face,representsthe.potential.adsorption/surfaceof:~:..
.... Y til more petroleum alcohol plants can : "-~: Catalytic :Actions at Sohd Surfaces. IV. _ :~i
' ' come '•into production. 'Presen~ costs fh0m ~^ : ~nterac~mn of Caroon Monoxide and Steam as Con= ~ :~:? 85 " -~tud~" ,~f ~-~'~1 ~-~,~ Xc~i0~ a~ ~urfacesb a earbonaeebusmaterial~:and providing that:crystal::.::.:
! :- _ h~'~en now below $0.15 per gal at :present economic ditloned byirbn Oxide and by Copper Pr0c RoY r~ .:: ~" ~ XII Some Observations' ~ela~ive t0 Those Parti= growth doesnot Occur d rmgmct~vation, the activation.:
levels.. ..... "-:: : ' ~-'~ ~ ~-. Sac (London) col 97-A 1920 lip d65--OT3-Chum :t:;~ , : , eles: • of a Catal y st . ~Vhich "Pa[tici . • p ate in Chemical= - process makes .these . . surfaces . available to external-:: :. ~
. 72. AR~UST~. ~r W ~,~,,~,~ _~ . . . . . bs., vol. 14, 1920, p. 2439. .: ; .': Ch~nge: Proc. Roy S0c. (L0ndon) voL108-:A 1925 ...... adsorbate : ::. : ": ;_ : .....
~RUSTER, XI. H. Solubility. of Hydrogen at '
~- ::- ~P. 111-.120; Chem.':Abs., vo1.:19,1925, p. 2448. " :. - ASOm~, W. -gee abs. 1610. " - :. : ::
.~ i,. -Low Pressure in iron, Nickel and Co'train Steels ~Amount of Change' COL~H,O-~CO...{_H:. nt 'tempera- :i ": :86. ~.. StUdy of: Catalytic :Action§':at surfaces, i ~ 91.-:ASHW0RTH, 7. R.i. Simple. Characteristic Rela,
at 400°-600?. Your. Am..Chem." Sac, col. 65 q943 t-fires from 200 ° to "500 ° with Cu and Fe oxide catalyst ~ : •--~III Some "Factors Controlling Selective .Hydro- t~onships Amoug the l~err0magnetids. Nature, col : :
i pp. 10~3-1054;The. solubility(s,Chem i:AbSiu micromolesl p col. e r'37. ' i943 4283i00 p "gin.) *of ~ls. T hexamined.. action e i tthan s the former completeoxlde
at ls higher "much temperatures les
butin . _ :' ', genati0n, With Partienlar ReferenCe to Certain " ~116 .10'25 p. 397 ; Chem~ :Abs. col. 20 1926 ..... p~ 2781.
' i • ~ Was measured 0~'er a rnnge of pressure (p) from
O.001 to 1.5 ram. in earefully pretreated samples o£:
-pre-d°minates'°ver the range200o-300 o, though itnever
errecm more than 50-70% of the possible amount of
chemical change.: The results illustrate beautifully r! :~
~i~
.'~
"~
To,pone Derivati~'es Proc Roy Sac (London),
v01. 10S-A, 19o.5, pp. 121-131 ; Chore: :Abs.,: v0L 19,
. 192~, pp. 3054--3055. : ' :"
Ratio of 'the critical temperature (s ° abs.) to the
maximum intensity of magnetization .(Io) for :Fe, Co, •
~ Ni and marguerite is, respectively, 0 58~ 0 95,1.19, and ":
: a:Fe at400 (initially ° 500 ° 600" carbonvl and'a Fe), "
.. _ , ..... o ~ t pressures
lx-i,~ and
up to
certain
350 ram.
steels
in
m e -~'e aT; coo . ,The results are reprodilcible ~ anff
decomposes
the specific action
HCOOH
of 2
from
different
190 ° up,
types
according
of catalyst,
to : (1)
cU
CO-{-H~0~HCOOH;; (2) HC00H-*C0,-{-H., in ~res- -~
+ ..... ; 87:::A~STn0RO velopment o£ the E: + Technical F:, A~V WZLL~,~tS, :Applications K. of A.: Hydro- [De-:- - 1.83,:or Heusler's 2 alloy x 8]27,-3 fits this x 8/27, .seale~ 4 the x:s/2T, ratio and6x o L being s/27. 1o50
::~i:: : : ::.' : : : : :'' : : :~ -: "- .-" /i:

BIBLIOGRAP]~[~I " OF . . FiSCHERLTROPSC~
. . 0PSC~S~Tt~ESIS A~X:D RELATED PROCESSES : :
The 2 to 6 are exactly integral within
the accuracy wlth which 8 and I, are known. The
ratlon of I, for Fe to/~for _Ni, and- timt of the values
for Co and magnetite, are both 3.3, the respective ratios
of the critical temperatures being 1.60 and 1.67.
92. ks~zw, H.O. Report on Fiseher-Tropseh Process.
New Zealand Dept. Sei. Ind. Research, Bull. 6, 192S,
28 pp. . . . .
Excellent review of development work up to and
including 1927. Special emphasis is placed on the
work of Patart. Discussion includes the thermody-
namics and the mechanism Of the reactions, reduction
Transiatiou of a document by H, Schmolfeldt in~
1947. describing work done in the plant of K~"ckno~,
werke A.-G., Castrop-Ranxel, on the production-=of "
synthesis gas from CH,-eontalning gases by non'
catalytic reaction with steam and (h. in a I~ilot ldant:
built in 1931, coke-oven gas was eonverted under a
pressure of ~.24 arm. ahs. with air enriched to.
• ?,3g~ 0.-. CH4 in the exit gas was less than le/~ ,~a
formation of soot was Observed. The maintenan'ceo~
the refractory lining proved quite difficult. .4. larger
plant Started in 193S could not be operated Uutil 1941
because of difficulties in getting materials, lmrticularly
refractory brick. Results were uot entirely satisfae-
~_. : " LITERATURE ~S ARS~CTS ABSTRACTS . . . . . 15 Io
,la~ned when the final CIOS reports are completed and
~vben all pertinent German doeuments have been exined
aud studied. A list of :1.7 CIOS reports reconsisting
of a reduced metal which must be either
inert toward CO (for example Cu) or easily elimihated
after reduction of the principal catalyzer (for
~wed is attached The report includes synthesi~
"~ ~ . ".,^,~,~.~ ,~*^~-+~- with flow
s manmaeEure ; u=t~,,=u ..,~..~=u..
~eets on the preparation, reductio n, reworking, and
example, Ni, removed as~i car benyl at 60-C-@ ).
W~en a 2 " 1 mixture ox r~. nna ~u unner a :pressure
r - -
of 200 a tm: is pa~sed over^ the camJyz~rot.~.lst~o
regeneration {if Co catalysts and the manner of condueling
the synthesis operation at Hoesch Benzin,
reaction neiow---~ , ve~a ~ amt- i
upper limit dependin~ on the nature of :the eatalyzer)
Sterkrade-Holten. Moers:Meerbeck, and Castroption,el',
the gas-recycle operation of Lurgi and
Ruhrchemie; the products and b.'q~roducts from :
practieally pure MeO:H is formed in 8-10c]~ yield according
to CO-1-2H~_=MeOH. not over 25~ CO.- ac-
Cording to C0+H.-O~CO.---]-H.-. and traces of CH~;
Fischer-Tropsch operatious; the experlmental work above 300 ~ t~-0, CI-t'~ ~IeOH and other organic corn-
with s ntered, preeipitated, and fused Fe catalysts by pounds are formed.
of CO at atmospheric and high pressures with consideration
of the catalysts employed, analysis of the
products obtained, together with data on plant and
tory because of inadequate heat recovery and lack of
=facilities for purging unreaeted gas between eyeles,
Fiseher-TroFseh residue gas and coke-oven gas were :'~i~:'
the I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G:, Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut,
and Ruhrehemie A.-G.; the Ru catalyst.; the
isopara~in syuthesiS; and synthesis of aromatic hydrot02.
. [Methanol: Its Syuthesis.] Teeh.
moderne, col. 20, 1928, pp. 861-$66; Chem. Abs., col.
23, 1929, p. 13S5. I
raw-material requirements and costs. .~nnotated converted at a Pressure of S-9 atm. abs.. with an 0~ :i~: ":: carbons at th e l~.alser-Will~elm Institut. The cnL~lysts in use are CuO and. ZnO. CuO is the ,
bibliography of 51 refs. : consumption 30-40% allove theoretical and ouly slight ~:~ ATwoon. K. See abs. 280~,. : : more active but is easily affected: by the format2ou on i
93. ATw~,:H. V. Koppers Powdered-Coal Gasification
Process. FI.4.T Final Rept. 1303, 1947, 51 pp.,
16 figs.. : - ~ :
formation of soot. The lnocess can be recommended ~i
for large-scale commercial use. O- c0nsmni)ti0n per .:b,
m.3 of Converted CH~ will range 0.55::0.65 m. * O-. depend- ~
ing on conditions and quality of the plant. At pies- ~!5
"
99 k~woon K., AUNOLO, ~I. R., AN1 ApPEL E. G.
Water-Gas Shift Reaction. Effect {*f Pres.~ure ou
Rate Over nil Ir0n Oxide-Chromium Oxide Catalyst.
its surface of substances of higher molecular weight.
To in'event this, H.. is increased to CO+5H.-. A long
exposure to higli temperature decreases the activity of
.
Experimental ,,!ork on the gasification of powdered =
coal was conducted from 193S to 1944. The first unit:
,,,as set Ul I at Brabag-Schwarzheide in 193S and subsesures,~f
20 arms. aud above. C fmunation is more or
less coznpletely avoided. If H~e apparatus is suitably
constructed conversions of 90-05% can be obtained.
~
)~;
~
Ind. Eng. Chem.: col. -t21 1950, pp. 1600-1602; Chem~
Abs" yol. 44, 1950 p. 9137.
influence of' pressure 6n flip rate Of the Water-
:e~talysts. adversely by Tlle tile activity presence is also of other affected metallic favorably oxides. or
YieldSthe presSure.are roughlYzno requires:Pr°porti°nalhighert° pressuresthe squarethanOf
quent units at Rheinpreussen Shaft IV near Homberg~ : . ~ ,.~cc abs. 451, 452,453 .... gas shift reaction over a connnercial Fe oxide~Cr CuO. Maximum yields are obtained wheu tile mixture
:
i "
:
" :
In all cases the reactor was a horizontal drum with
powdered coal introduced at one orboth cuds, and the
gasifying agent (air or 0_- mixed with steam) was
introduced at spaced points along the length o£ the
drum so as to insure turbulent fl0w of the dus[between.
inlet and outlet. Preheating of'the gasifying medium :
to about 1,200 ° Was found to be essential,'and (~owper
96. ATWELL, H. V., ,%.~D SCI~tROEDER, ~V C Synthetic i oxide catalyst was studied iu the pressure range !-30
Lubricating:0il Plant,; Rheinpreussen, ~Homberg. ~i~: atm. at 34t~D and ~04°.. Tile activity 0fthe catalyst
CIOS XXIV-9. 1945 17 lip.; TOni Reel 196 ; PB 283. ~:i:'~ approxiinately' doubled as the 'pressure ~yas raised
. . . . to 10 atm. and increase d only slightly as the pressure
~ Describes plant and process Of nlanufacthre. Lu- ~!~!] was increased further: : Plots of catalyst activity vethricating-oil
synthesis consists broadly in chlorinating :~.~| sus pressure gave curves similar in shape to Langnmir
a ~iscber-Tropsch middle oilt reacting this with !~|. isotherms.. - : : .. "
of gases is equal to CO+2H~. :S nce .MeOH is an
intermediate product, greater yields of MeOH. to theexclusion
of off er products, are. obtaiued when the :
speed of the .~ases throngh tl~e Catalyst chambt~r is increased
Sec'ondary:: reactions .are increased with
higlier temperature. GuO permits the use 0f lower
temperature. Both oxides aresubJect to poisoning~
i
[
: ~ . stoves were used for this purpose: Operation was at :naphthalene'ill the presence of A! chloride as catalyst,: :;~;~! 100. AUDAS, F. G: Contiuuous-Dry Process for 'tile . : 103: ~ . [S~nflzesis of Methyl .43coh0L] "Chim:
~ ....
atmo~pheric pressure. By this nmthod:a :very rapid
i~'mition of the coal dust took ]dace :and a temperature
~eparatmg the sludge, neutralizing, and fractiona!ly~
~ distilling the lube-oi1 product. Includes photographs.
Removal 0f H.vdrogen Sulfide From Industria~.Gases~
" Coke :aud Gas; voh-:13,; 1951, pp. 229-234; :Chem.
\ :: et ind:, col. 20, 1~2S, pp. 10!5:-1022
. Abs., !929, B,:p; 1~.2. :. :
British Chem.
"
i
!
(
:
=
of more than 2,000 ° was obtained. This accelerated
the gasification process so that the Coal Was gasified
:to the extent of about 95%~ The final Rheinprenssen
unit ~as:esti.mated to:have a capacity of 10 tons of
97,.----'--. Steiukoblen-Ber~verk Rheinln'eussen,
~ ~Ioers-Meetheck. British Coal Utilization and Re-
:: search Assoc., Montbly Bull, co] 10. :1940 abs ,1045;
CIOS Rapt..-~L.XVLO, XXvI-S0; TO]~I RepL S, TOM
~ Abs.,,vol, 4G,.1952, p. 11,635." : :: :i: R4smn~ of tiie :~:o~k carried out-0n tl~ s.vntllesis :
This is a new process in tim pilot-plant stage of re- of MeOH from CO and ~ under high pressure and
moral ~f H=S from industrial gases. According t5 : : reported at tile 2d Conference on Bituminous Coal,.:
7- J
]
i
~: e°alper°ay, ml~i.tneYer0Peratetlsuccess~uuyoecause :.: Reel 106~ T-~.C Rapt. SuMC-2; PB 367,412. : the following:reaction: 2H..S--~SO.-~2H:O+3S, ]~-S Pitt~bur-h 1928 Tie: conditions throughout the ' '!
of excessive cooling by the water ~acket. Previous Detailed account of tbe operation of a large Fiscller- is removed by add ng SO.- i i small .excess of tile above exi~eriment were: P~essure ]50 atm., rate of eircula-
. . .
....
.... '
. .
::
units ,,'ere somewhat smaller, and no runs longer than : Tropsch plant from 1939 until October 194 ~ ""he la~- reaction and passing th e mixture' tlirough: a lied of
~ or 6 hr. had been made. No-commercial units ,,'ere out of the ulant i~ de~-r~h-, ~" ....... 7";~,~', .... :;,1 ..... ~ z alumina at :60°-90 ° at such a rate that it emerges
built but several proposals were made on the bus s ,~,,+, .... ,.~" ',~,._ =__.JX: .... _ .... ~."Y% ,".." .... .':~ ~:c| - from the chamber containi lg tile bed completely'free
0
. tabour 0.o
"-
m.
"
O.-eonsumptmn
....
and -
o
m
•
svnthems-gas :
~g~pn...
,...^ .:~
xn~ .~$ntnesls gas eonslstea oz a lmX- ~.:~ . . . . '
.-.~,-:... ~.^_ • ~:.,_~ ~ , . , ~ . ~,_ :z: |~ of H.S The spent alumina zs contlmlOUS]V wlthdrav~n
tion of gases .o~.'er." ea~:alysts.5,009.cu-:m_: =(onz;~il~Pl~ r ." "
m,~o/c:"tu'ysr-~°lt~ne_, an;l ~a2,~mx~uret~v ~ ....... ~r~; "
ann ~u m me ra~,,v v ., ~ ,._.,~ ~-t,~,.,o~.,-~:---~, ~ :
.
as-the chef constituent) and
_
v
=:.'.
- 1
^~.
/wi~n tnose
:
o*
, -
i
=
' ' v " . . . . . : ]3[,. O aho, and coke-oven gas cracked zn the .:~:~ . . . . -in. m' er 1 of catalyst'vol per hr It was found
records ~ ere available to support the claims made for : n,~o~,~ ~ ~,~.~,.~ Te ~od ,~ ~ a i .... ~:-~| ttve treatment, while reaenerated material zs coil- • g " P " . . . . ~ • • " "* e ~*~
:' : tbe process • ~ ~:'.~2~e.e, 25--=~,.urme.~ nY. passmg)~2ver :!::~| =t[mouslv added~at tl~e ~u Re,.ene~ation of Slant " that in addition to ~he pnysica~ caanges ~na- o~ur
.: ..... ~ : . ~ : : . " :~u.x~a~..e ..n~a eam~ys~ consisung largely o~-£e~,~, .~:| ,1, - " " ~ , ~ ~ ;" -" ,+ ~o , ....... ~"- ~,-~ - ~h a catalyst as a result of-,prolonged use even wire:' ..
. ;:. . .94. ' . : Gumz Powdered-Goal Gasification ~Proc- : and Na-CO~. Special. attention was haid to the corn-: ~! • 2"~mma cons,s~s 0~ ~,ea~mg...~ ~ .y., ~.~,~ .?-~ ::-*^~,.~.- $,u-~fiea ~ases in the Case of Cn catalysts a j
:: ; ass. FIAT- Final Rept.- 1304 19~7,: 53 pp. ; PB position" of all catalysts usedat this'-pl" nt analyses ~i~ ;': • gases through the bed of amminw in toe. regenerauz!g ~-~-~::='~f~e so]i~ took:,lace owin ~" to the deposition: : :
" ': ..... 85,163.. : . .... • .: :being ~el~eeked with information obtained !from the "~:|:-~a~ l" :2mepr°cess~c~an~=rne rea~ly.a~ap~e~ zors~lnUZ: : o~Cc~mp0unds of lligh molecular ~'~eight The rapid-: ": :
: Cooperati "e experimental work on' powdered-coal uhrchemm .- . . t acts have been made from :~']~ ,1,,,~ ~- " ~ '~ ,- -- - ':~ ~ .... • .icy 0f Tou]ing is a function of the partial pressure of: .....
• " • ' ' -- : ' :[record b0ok~ and at ' ~ ~:~ --: ...... ..no in um purmer ann can De recover~u m n~a~- ~. ~ . . . . . .
gaslficatmn ~as conducted by Demag, Bergbau, ' d a sheets~to AI0W, plant perform~ ~,~|~ : tn~ t, I~oo ~-,, ~+o,,~ ,,~l.~,t~,~ ~,'~,ho~ : ~-:'- o ~- . CO in ~tbe gas; and ~t is reduced to an. ummportant [
Verein and Ruhrgas during 1940-:43 The design of " once at different stages of the process : The effect of ~,~:[. reg.'Z_ *-~ z~ "" ~.~:.~'~:"':~'::-~_-7--'~: ~" _~*_~..~..~ : = value ,, hen the proportion does not. exceed ~/. -ZoO
~"
.
:
:
"
the:plant
' "
was based largely en-theoretmal
" ;
eonsidera-:
~ ca
ta
l
yst regeneratmn
.
zs
•
dzscussed;
~
and
"
an account
.
zs ;~z~|~:
,~::~ ,.. ~vvery
~_~
requirea
~-
[ne
~
in~ronueuon
- ~.o~
a
-
uesorpt
- ---:
o~*
~
w~-
~ :catalysts do not foul with gases containing
.
~%.CO"
:, tions developed by Dr. W. Gumz. The plant corn- ~ -ivan of methods , p ro duetion • figures, dzstrthution of- :~ .~ ~e|~-~.~ ~-~, ,^, . oe~ween . . . ule • :purmer - . - alia ~. me. ~ regen~ratw " ~' .-- .-' - .. ...... -~- . :: ~ such a . ~nr0Dortiou, . in 2act, . gzves the optimum y~eld~ ~ of.: " ,-

~ 17
• ~ LITERATURE ABSTRACTS
r . . . . . .......
16 B~BUOOR~P~r OF FISCHER-TRoPSC~ S'YNTHESIg 3~'~D IRELATED PROCESSES - .... : ~:I . . . . . . . . : ..... ...... he -rectpitation from the corre~pondi.ng_n~rates'~nev~nr:
| very small" the amount of CO.- mc:~easeS~x~g ]n ~:ertea 2-17•5% of CO ~nto MeOtt,:themg"e~_ ~ ~nd-to
. . . . ~ | are • " ~atln ~" whereas the amoun~ -* ~ -" ~" n bein :for ZnO at 350 °. Metahm ~'u was ,o
pressure (pm atmospherel on the yield, R, for a inert constituents to the reaction gas. Catalysts l~re-- duratmn of he ,-',~m and then decreases- The rano ¢*o ,,?gontal_vst if nrepared at a low temperatare by
catalyst is represented appr_oxtmately by R= pared the wet way are very susceptible to overheating' | creases to a.max~.~-~=~-- YO is about 1 : 2 as long as the uea.~°~ n ~'~ oxides obtained by precipitation o~ the
v uS0p', ann for Zn0 by R=0.014p. When the rate The inju roduced thereby de ends nnon the eho~( :'/ of consnmpuo- u~ ~, - -" . . . . ~.~ low Based r= ...... . " - • • ........ ilion of On sa,m oz
-
of . . flow . . . over . . a ZnO catalyst
~.
tS
. ..........
increased 5
~,:
000-10
_ ::
000
,,
me yield rises oy 55/c ann luuuu-zuouu DV 3~5"/v•
cal
-
cam
p
~o~os~on
.
The
be.t
~ "
catalysts
P
are
. . .
Cu
. .
and
. .
Zn,
0xiues. AS promoter for ZnO Cr.O, is suitable nna
hea
tin
_g
time
.....
is short
u~umntiou
and tne
the
~empe
reaction
........
follows
tile
....
upon tae va=~, c~ ~ _.-_ ? ,e ,¢ salivation IS abOU~
nitrate
~-'nic
or
acids
by the
Cu
tnermm
catalysts
nec~p,~o
prepared from .tile fused
.
u,~s- ~ ~ ~.. ^..,a~ nhtoined bY nrecipimuou u~
Small ,.%mounts of S present as C~. or thlophen in an
otherwise pare gas mixture poison the Cu but are
wit~sut effect on the activity of the ZuO catalysts,
Remde the des*red reaction, which produces MeOH,
a number of side reactions occur which result in the
for Cua large number of additives are available. The~ .i:,|
aetiviD" with Cu-containing catalysts at 300 ° and tuft [
aim: is about 8-fold greater than with Cu-free eatalys-ta~ :::~
and with at least equal resistivity toward overheafin~ .::.:
With Cu-free catalysts the temperatnre must be ~t'
law of Arrhenxus,= a nd^lae+~e O- consumption, it does
40,000 cal. ; oaseu ul, u~, .--~.^ -~'~*vation heat is 40,000
not follow fins law; ann t:~=5~0 cal. at 625". The
cal. at 650 ° or mgner ,,..::_ ~d. ~onditions used, tlle
results indicate that nnoe~ ~-= ~ course is in-
O.Xlde or ~l~O÷h e chloride or sulfate were reactive, lql
so,}z~oj,~ .,~ ~ fnvnrod the nrodueti0u of CO:-. Slng, e-
ana~.eCoaZ~a~:~a~s{s\vere sensitive to heat, high tcmcom~
.......... .
peratures impairing their activity. Mixed catalysts
fornlatiou of H=0, CO-., and CH,. From a study of
the relative rates of the main and side reactions• it
2s shou~n that the u.~eful conversion of CO is much
least 400 ° and the pressm'e 400 atm• to atfain the Same"
space-time yield. The Cu-containing catalysts require ii
a thorough puritJeation of the raw gas from $ cam- L
reaction is heterogeneous and that its
fiuenced hY the state of the surface of the reaction
tube•
A mixturem°re ofeffeetiVece=O, andthancu~ngle'c°mp°nentwas
very effective,catMystS'aml the
were
activity reached a maxinmm at a Ce : Cu ratio of 30 :
:100 with a 92% conversion of CO. A mixture of BeO :
:
:
greater with a Cu catalyst than is the case with 1
of Zn0. In deciding the relative value of the 2
~-pes of catalyst the poor yields from ZnO have to be
~onsidered in conjnuctinn: with tile :robustness and
indifference to small traces of poisons, wbile the extra
yields from Cu catalysts have to be offset against the
much ~'eater sensitiveness to poisoning,
i04. - - . Synthesis of Methyl Alcobol. Proe• Internat.
Conf. B tnmi, ous Coal, 2d Conf., vol. •2, 1928,
pp. 50S-522.
Fouling of catalysts I Cu and Zn oxides), action of
pounds, particularly COS. Even with this, the ad-:
Vantage is with them since the cost of gas purification ~,::;
per kg• of Me0H aml down to 1.25 ms. $ per m2 is : i
only 10-12 centimes. Extreme care is necessary In'
preimring the catalysts. The precipitation factors,
such as concentration of the solutions, excess of alkali Y':
precipitation temperature, etc., greatly influence the ~
activity• The:volume sln:inkage daring the operation,:
mnounting after 600 hr. to 60%, esuld be reduced to
20c~c " by means of previous Compression.
107. ---• [0btainin~ Liquid Organic Compounds
11o
Act'o I n of 1,0n ~ataivz~ ...... * - )~"
-' and
'
Hvdrngen.]
"
Rex.
-
i
nd
.
rain
. . . .
19's
~,
No
- •
~-'~};-~'~.R ind Eng ChenL, vol. :!1 .tv.~,, Pv" "['~
pp. aS5 o,,--~-~ British Ghem • ".," .~os ~,.m x~ ..... B 1) • ~ ,'4-10" , Chem " AUS• '
vol "~3 19°9 PP °0"¢14• 362(}i 5091. :
. . . . lvtic action on nfixtures of
:Fe• Ni, and Co exe~ t~tnua c¢~ta~ (, -,as to determine if these
CO and I~, a:~,:l tol~si~, t ~:ith gaseous mixtures would \
metals wneh ,,, -. ".-..a....,~ A ~tudv was made o~
and Cu with a Be : Cu ratio of 6 : :100 was ahnnst us
good and showed the greatest heat resistauce of the
whole series studied.
112. ~ - [Chemical Equilibrium Between 5Iethnnol,
Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen.] Ann. eombust•
liqnides, vol. '5, 2930, pP, 454-461 ; Chem. Abs.,
vol• 25, t931~ P. 635.
With endugli time of c0nta,'r, the fdllow!ng reac~ns:"
: take place: COq-2H==CI~'O~,2CO,~:~H~-'~,~sl~:l"~n t for
and C0-1-31~---CH,-{-~--u- ~,,c ~a~....*:: ....... h,
: heat on catalysts, promoters, effect of pressnre, camposition
of the gas, and rate of flow and parasitic.reac,
dons are discussed. . . . .
from Tech fical Gases.] Ann. combust, liquhles vol. 8,
1933, pp. 757-$69 : llev: ind min~rale, No: 807, 1933,
pp. 447-464 469--4S8, 501-~0S Chem. Zentralb. :1934,
fllllel'vn~ m,- " .... ~ ~ all,1 o aml'tS at tile zoo-
::rq:ora•
~letermined and Irom tn~ e.~p=*,
: lat,oo,sfou0d. 6 00 oo ......
:
:
:
_
i05. : [Syntlietic ~Ianufacture of Methanol ]
C0nf4rences-rapp0rts :sur les combustibles, Sec.
tchdcoslovaquesoc, chim. ind. voL 24,1930, pp. 27-4:1;
Chem, zentraib., 1930, lI p• 3223; AmL combust.
liquides vol. 5. 1930, pp. 239-272 ;:Chem.'Abs•• vol. 24,
:. :1930 'pp. 4505 5718. - : • -
I, p. 978; ClmAn•'Abs. v01. 2S, 1934, p. 462. ;:'~
ThermOdynamic conditions furl:the hydrogenation of ~ jJ~:~
CO tO CH,,::C:H~ C~1R~, and C~H, are discussei L~=:%
Eqnilibrii for land 100 aim. are recorded. The for- ~.i
marion of Me0H from CO and H: is exhaustively con-'; ~ :
sldered.. : ':' " ' ~!~
gnCO~.si&, ofMnCO~'these. 15Cx^ liquidsmiXture~'..~
.._¢.or~_~ u,~-"i:se ¢ovm~d cant ,~ini'n". orgnmc ~ .all .alkali. : log K~--3o.3Sq-~d-~ T ~.~. log.T. .
~rhonateas of( N e a :C~o:i~;~°n~)~t~'5 S~ ' c t~: o- uncterlSOa m I t m" Pr ' ~vEn~ivx,~ B: D::'gco abs.: 564, 58~.
with g, _ . A, .a .~o m ~ All the others gave CH,• .,0 ~'~ ,~ a T] ' Renort of the Hvdr0carbon Oil
• e ang,
~ l'al~flv
a n0w
flail]
u~-
~-~-0
~.~
and
"
finally C.. Fwe
-
m~xtx}.
" ires -~,o.
~_+:^~
-~-Y..~,
Oommlttee..C0ke
. . . . . .
Smokeless-FuelAge~vol-
: " - -
',
~Y:{; safge~:ic f;vdrate base were then studied cons~s~ng ..... 79~.~p1~. 88:-90" chem• Trade Jour..):ol- 116, ~,~u: pP:
• ' An address describing t]ie work :carried out on ~ the -.: lO8 - .::: [Pi:inc[lfle:< i,f Thermal Decomposition i.:?:i 2;';~"~(~(rt~ Fe:O, and 2 parts of the fonowmg-~=~--~ : 4o3~426 - Chela. Age, vol~ 52, 1,~55 PP .... -,,;~,
synthesis of Me0H by file SoeiOtd Nationale de and Hydrogeuation of Organic Compounds.] .Ann• ;~:~: : ~ ~';~"~.'.N-(5 ai~d K.S.:- No0ll:wasformeat~5 :g0eaxx-'~ : Pelt01 Times voL 49,1945, pp. 304-3uo. •
i :. : Recherches sur le:Traitemeat des Combnstibles :cam= : : conlbust: liqUides,:vol. 8 1933, pp : 56"5-605; Chem i
: *',~,~'~'.,~." ,~:t the other catalyzers produced 11 era;, l~e.r ~,~.- ~= .... ;'o~1~ With c0minefitS iudrcati,g the :im- :l
• ' • 9rising laboratory experiments~ semicommercial work Ab~ x~l o~ la',a ~ aa~ -
m ~of gas frmn=the sulfate, 9cin- :Pe~,.onl :~h g borate, nortanCe Of de~-eloping chemical manUfactureS bas ,. ,,: ]
:on the verification of the results, ..rod their application : ~:' Y "'~''~-' *'" ~'v: : ~ , : :: ,~ : ;the ,hosphate :13~cm~ per m_. o~: ga~,,~:ta With ~as ' ~0al byuroducts The committee recommendS tua~ n?- I
• - : 2n the. design an d operation of the 5-ton commercial The arfic]e dealswith primary reactions of paratfinS,.
• I-n o,n ~ ~ar in ' of gas from the ~ ...... ~, .... s:., ., . _. -, '~a.x~.:.h^. 0il used for" chen~cal synthes~s I
and: ±~ ~--. ~'~ ' . . . . a flow or .%u~u )or[eu nS•u~u ,,-~- - • " " " rl :
~nit now under construction• ~ cyclic hydrocarbons hydroaromaties, oleflns, and aro-'-:~,~.:: C0 5H...) under :1o0 aim• p!essu~e ~m d. .^~:~:~,~in,, a t~h-,,Id be'free of duty" and for indigenous oil slmlla Y [
: . . . . . : : matics with superimposed reactions and catalyfic~
~2. +~iixtures were then p~parea ~Y P-~h"a~"aik'~li : ~ed allowances should be paid equa!=t°.,~e~ respec-
106. --~ [~.xnthesls of Methanol:] Ann. combust, cracking. Berthe]0t's hydrogenation method and. :~?~
. mixtnre of:Ou:nit.rate an~ ~ ~n~;].~o~'rtion to the Fe .... tire duties. An inte}:est~ng rear'Ires° ~ ~n~hat'i~e~ not I
liqnides, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 655-709; Brennstoff-Cbem., Sabatier's discoreries and their applications are also "¢.~:
": ' : v01.. 13, 1932: pp.: 92-:93; Chem. Abs., voi. 26, J.I}32, discussed. ' - : - ...... : ' : .~
adding to the preculjta.m *~-.~ .].;&g,,~ tl~e compound to Tropsch process ~s tna~ the p~: ...... ?^~o,.~]t~'netroleum
" .r
-: : ~. p. 1235. : :: . : : .: : " .... : :
.' : ¢0,/tent, and, ~ter stY'US: su].~rtc'::~,es~ure at 200 ° for: aromatic iu character anui:um.s, ,_re~:yj:2 ~]•ocesses
action of][=~.unoeratmu~p~s¢ • t" ~ --~: ,~ fn rO- ' ~o~hor fhan coal oils profluceu ny vtu~ 1, ~"
: Commercial syntliesis-of Me0H pai;ticularlv :with' : 109. . :[Mechanism ~f t£e 0xidatioU of Meth-:-:~
:tahei• -,,,~ at 3~0 ° for 14 hr. in such a mmm~r)t ~ LZ.7.J.. ::. -~7~:-" ^7-the more important chemicals 1that can ue
= :;:' ~'egard to the heat 0f reaeti0n the use of pressure and ~: .ane.] Compt. rend.; vo] 216, 1948, pp 848-350, 449-::2 : : .~ .=.'2 :~'~ the Cu0 but no~ the Fe=O~. It was spv:~ a~u,]~.; ~.~ ~:7,,,, ~etr01emn' Could therefore, be demveu~
low temperatures and the influence Of the catMysf, : 451 ; Chem. Abs:, Toll 3S, i944, p. 2257. : ' ~ ~!
~,m~ y-.o -- ..... "..~ o, increased the catalytic act!o *~ : prm~uc~,L *----~:: _ .... ~,~o~-+eater facility froln l!m
. that um preueu~ y- ~:_ -,:^ --m~o~itioa of the eata- With equah ann ~n ~-v~,~ ~.~ ~- g-'--*~'~S
) " and the H.:: CO ratio:and tile temperature up0h the -: ~iechanism and tl e kinetics of the.readtioa taldn~
:: (':of the Fe..Or-K-.CO~c0llPl~; ~:~:,~ Fe=.0, 49.5% :Cn .primary products of hyarocatw0n .~t,~.~, ~ ~ .._ £~
- : speed of th e reaction, iS discussed. The ec0nomy of : place:between CH, and O~ at J:emperatures 300"-650"' i h-zer after reductmn "a~.~.y~ .., _..Z." -,ixture 0£~ ... ,..d~o E ~ svnthines,Pr0eess--a t.:olnpos~tv u~
' - the process depends Upon the extent of the side reac~ " Were studied byuse 0f quartz 0r Pyrex tubes. Reae-~. ~- ' -~n-t* "~¢on 10% Withtmscompouu*'"~ ~ . xx~*. ~x,~o, • -~ ~ • *" •^~ 15 NO 11:1944 pp
; : : ~''O'/~' r --:~' " - " • ,. .,~ ~...~a..o,~wasextrac~eo : . Research Worm rea'O~v x:.. : , - : ! , .
- :tions. Beside increasing the consumption of sy ,thesis t-i0n prodncts are H=0, CO. CO:, H=, and HCH0 (1) ; the'. i
: : '" :gas they add to the difficulties of converter regniatioa amounts of (1) and I-I= formed are small, sometimes~
!
since they give rise to excessive temperatnre In- none of the latter. Even under equal conditions the~
creases; They are of 2 types: i primary, in Which: -results SometlmeS~vary considerably and depend u~o~q
' :!::
• ::
: 0nly the H:and the CO take part, and a s~condarv in
Which the reaction pi~oducts nndergo further c0nver-:
the dimneter of the tuhe and the-state of its inneri~
surface With a qnartz tube of i0 mm.:inside diameterj
: : : sion. Tl!e primary reaction is exemplified in f0rnmtion .... the innm~ surfac~ of which is covered With a NaCI 0~i i
.. = ~ of CH~ (2C0+2H~C0.--{-CHi+61kcal.). The quotient -: KC1 la~er -the reaction isotherm remains ConstantlY:
"///~ ~(ff. is :that :portion Converted into CO.. and CH~,: "sl0w a{ 650 ° with a mixture o~ 1 inolecule CH¢ and 2,~ ~
.... ~ that converted int0 Itle0H) is independent of the 0=. With :NaCMinedi~quartz tubes Of. greater diameter!~
....
'-:
'
/ ::-
~
:
: ...... : space veracity out depends on the Chemical composF the reaction may be accelerated:to such. an' extent that:~:
7: tion of the catalyst and :the operating temperature the gas :mixture ignites at 550 ° or.-higher With:un':%%:] "I:(::~: lion Of the mixture of C0 and H~• ~ : .~ :: :::: ~hh~ such criticism C0mes'~om a misuudemta nd'ng~
: A: rise in temperatar~ of about Io0 ° increases the ex- " lined quartz tubes, the reaction may hecome vlomn~ ~ ::~:" :: ' " . y :thesis of MethanOL Ind. Eng.: Che~ng, : the~ay in ,which'the Work is conducted and thht~ the
= tent of this side reaction with a Cu-Th catalyst .about - 550 °, even i£ the diameter Of the tube is 10 mm. r~o~i~' 1 :-:': 1!1~] on 1908.S~; 1105-1110; British Chem. kbs .... r.~! :program of the BUreau lids satisfied:the spec*fi cati0~
( : 60:fold and with a Zn:Cr catalyst-about fourfold eel'-study the transf0rmati0n isotherm further, fl~e oxida: .~ [~:--!" B.'~.-~0;-~I,:~.Abs:;vol. 22,::192S, P-~?*: : : ........ : asset~ortl, by the Ad,asol~ con,m,~ .......
tain measures to be taken against the oecurence of tion of CH~ at 300o-700 ° was accomplished/by Passing'
ults- of tne o -acuvn ' ..2. " * v, ~ ~riouS Substance-~. in cats- . . . 116 . " The l:Mel Problem• Sol::" ." ~kme~' "man, • :~:ol
tliese side reactions are offered. Formation of:high- the mixture at atmospheric pressure throngh a ring"
.... ! molecular substances can:be curtailed by avoiding the : like tube formed by inserting :1 quartz tube: withi ~[~
"" reacuon ~ - "-- ~ " '
ix'zing sne - -'- • "nactive" Al-O~• • ' ~ " ' • ecline thepe'llg oI~ pro
. 'presence of alkali and by correctly choosing the HI: another 4 ram. wider• "The latter was coated on its~
are ~ven The following oxides we~el " "ud As our petroleum resources d ( , ~_~.
~-^~---~; -v0~ w0-Th0- '1'i0 MS0, Cu0'Ba0'La • '~uetion iS expected tO he reached .between 1950 an~
: : .C0:ratio: The Me0H must be removed before its c0n- inner surface, the former, on its outer, i'with NaU }!~:: ..... ~lU= , ~o..u~, ,--~, , ~{, ,u~l"'Zr0.'l~ave less than ~1~ o~ :- Y .... .'~^ o ...... ~ abundant solid fuels, oil smu~ ,,,,
: i centration becomes too great. Ch0 formation and With such an apparatus' CH~ and.0= react;" at all'tern:
• overheating must be opposed by the efficient removal . peratures between 300 ° "and 700 ° With formation o {~'
of heat through a cooling system or by addition:of H~O, CO, CO.. H.* and (1}. Theamounts of l~l:: and (1} ~
:.~*~ , Me0H at 150 atm•~mu, ~r-.~,, ,,., ........ ~ " . , ~_ . : • -
i} },i'i' o_sa~pa..s~__.~ ..... ...... :, :: .: : :
;,,:g : . . . . , :
~: _ . . . . . . . . ...... , .

18:
coal. must be utilized. The major problem in their
utilization is their conversion into the liquid slate.
Technological research has already developed methods
to accomplish this, and ]t is quite pessiifle that in a
reasonably short period fUrther development of these
methods will bring these fuels into a favorable com-
petitive position with petrolemn fuels. General dis-
cusslon is given of the methods for couverting the soIid
fuels into liquid fuels: Oil-shale retorting, direct coal
hydrogenation by tile Bergins process, and indirect coal
hydrogenation by the Fischer-Tropsch method. The
cost l~roblem Is surveyed, and the economic evaluation
of each method is discussed• The F/scher-Tropscb
meth0d of conversion appears to:bane the best possi-
bilities as an economic producer of llquhl fuel.
OF F]SCHER-TROPSCH SY'I~PT'I::IESIS A~r'D RELA.TED :PROCESSES
that about 2,000 col. of synthesis gas plus recycle gas
must be processed to make 1 col of liquid motor-fuel
prodnct, the latter has to bear a disproportionate part
'of the cost of amortizing and maintaining the plant
and equipment• Because of this characteristic aud to
obtain greater" economic spaCe-time yields, more severe
operating conditions have been/reposed, with the result
that the catalyst has becm~e overIoaded and uadesir-
able side reactions hare been set up, which have greatl~
aggravated the catalyst, problem. The problem of C de-
terioration of the catalyst is also a serious one. Iu
the formation of carbides (which by the:way are no
longer regarded as essential intermediates in the s.vn-
thesis of hydrocarboas) at synthesis temperatures and
above, CO will deposit C on the transition metals of the
catalyst :far in excess of the stoichiometric amounts
LITERATURE ABSTRACTS 19
.... : . . . . . . . . . : Their Censer- : :- Gea. _%bhandl. ]Kenntnis Kohle, col. 9, 1930, pP. 519-
120. BACQVETRISS~ I~ [French F~uel s ~.~ ~.~. eiviIs
nation and 11epiacemeeL] M~m- ~- -.~- col
~anee, vol. ~, 19~, P~- 2~I--'2o0; ,.,~em . . . . . . . "
521; Chem: Abs., col. ~ 1031; ~P: 3806. - . . . . . .
-~vle -as from catalysts used for petroleum syut~kTJ
~as rassed o,'e; ~e at ~0"_..H, a.d /.72~%
34, 1940, p-7573. . . . . . . c~r~ns reduced the CO.-to CO- "J.'h~s gas con, t,
A review of ;possible sources of gasoline substitutes:
~ydrogenation products of coal and CO; low-temperature
tar, benzene, eoal gas, wood charcoal, alcOhOl
(from beets, molasses, wine, maize).
BAn^~Z, G. ~. ~qcc abs. 1197, 1188.
121- BAnZSCl=IE .~_I~II.IN und Sonx-FAnRIK. [Review of
the Industrial Synthesis of MeOEL] Ztschr. angew-
Chem., col. 3S, 19°-5, PP- 546-547.
Explanation of the dispute between the company
and Patart as to the priority of the ln'ocess.
reused for petroleum synthesis. The gas £~an also be
converted into CH~ by pns~ng over Ni at 240% The
calorific value of the gas after e.xtraetion of CO.. was
6400 kg.-cal, per m ~. ::
~ . ~ce abs. 9~3, 974~ 97~, 9 7 6 .
i28. BArn, H.A. [Behavior of Water Gas on Various
Catalysts: Contribution to the Equilibrium 6CO.~+
C~12C0-~-3H:] Ges AbhandL Kcnntnis Kohle,
col. 8, 1929, pp. 6_.17-219 ; Chem. Zentralb., 1929, II,
......
I16a. ~ . Synthetic Liquid Fuels--When and
How ? Petrol. Processing, col. 7, 19:;2. pp. 41-44.
Production of liquid fuel from Coal and oil shale is
an inevitable part of the futnre industrial picture,
From Our preseat knowledge of synthetic fuels: oil
snare shows the best immediate promise; exploitatioa '
can take place to lay with only nominal Operating loss
and by 1905 on a profit basis in direct cmnpetition with
natnral petroleual. J3ut the fntnre fuel e~onomy depends
bpon Coaland its wide-sCale ntilization b~ 39S0
and as the main source of fuel energy by the year • "2000•
This positioa: llowever, will not come about by hydrogenation
unless rldiealh, new idea~ are boru coal
hydrogenation as a whole'is dead an}l will remain s:o
only . parts . of tile . Drocess . will remaiu . applicab'le: . If
coal wer e to be converted to ]iquid:fael withont regard
indleated by the formulas for thecarbides M:C or
.~f,C. As the rates of deeompos/tion of the carbides
increase, the C, which was uniformly distributed
throngh the metal lattice in the carbide form, tends to
diffuse and accumulate in inclusions, tiros freeing lotuce
s~tes for the addition of more C. As this excess
0 accumulates, the lattiees are foreed to expnnd~ u'ith
tbe result that tile e,~talyst strnetnre is broken down,
and exe~sive pressure drops throngb :the catalyst
onsue. The formation of high-nlolecnlar-weight wax
m the synthesis is anotlier serious problem, particularly
in fluid operato n. k study of luoduct distHbntion
snggests that certain thermodynamic equ/libria
are operative and determine the relative amou its of
,(-paraffins Of each nmlecnlar-weight range, the rela::
.
.
:
i1
: '
p. 3263 ; Chem. Abs., col. 24, 1930, P. 5207.
• i~.2. BADISCHE AI~ILI~ ~'.XD SODA F~nRIK, and PATAUT, Heating a mlxture of CO-- and C~H~ vapor with vari-,
G • Synch et, " c Methanol Controversy. • - . Ind, .-, :Eng. 9o5 : ous metallic catalysts to ~50°-750 ° led only to the
Chem.:col. lV, 102~, 15. S~0; C~e~. Zt~, ]el. ~9, 1 -, formation of traces of CO in the anal gas. ~'~ ga~
p. 463 ; Chem. Trade flour., june v, ±~, x~.o. mixture of 4CO-t-H.- heated on the same catalY, ts t
DiScussion between Badiseheand Patart as to the 200.--S00 ° did not show a reaction; only when
validity of patents by both l~arties on the'pressure syn- ZnO+0.Sc~ Fe_-O, was employed as a catalyst, the
thesis of MeOH fr0i ] CO and :H,. formation :of 24:% CO-- produced: by decompositinn of
. BAnsT~nNER, "~; $('clabs. 3433. .... CO on Fe was observed,
123. BASIn, --..Medilm~ P'resmire Synthesis of Par- 129. ----~. [lteduetion of C~rbonic _~cid.] Ges.
affins: FIAT Reel L~';. frames :151-155, 1939; PB Abhandl. Kemstnis K0hle, "vo~. 8..1929, I~P. 219.--'22~;
..... Chem. Zentralb., 1930, I, p. IS5; unem..~us•, • u~. --,
70,159. " 1930 P. 5207.
Observations are made on variOUS' phases of the
. - " n n'e~sure svnthesis is foilowS: Redaction of CO- according to CO.+I=I.-=CO-I-H=O.
opel atmn of n~ld~#l ~ tl, e furl'race lmtting a new Which up to the present has been investigated o'~lYiaot
ttmtnl°~ne°~s o~;eI~a~io;~, fmumce control, beha vim• :of : relatively high temPeratnres, can b.e ea'r'ae~al°U~s'a'~e.
.
:: .
,:
:-
7 :
:
to other aspects of the energy ln'oblem, use wonid prob-
~b~y be made of a modified Fiscber-Troilsch synthesis
~ ce mi~ appears tobe ehe per and more flexible than
hydrogenation. 'Siost'favorable econ0niies should c.0ine
~:°n-~,ahighlyiategrated:euergYimhlstrywhich w0uhl "
- s,.,vl~,.~" nov-pray:increasing amounts 6f lbiu d fuel-but
also even more rapidly increa.~ing mnonnt~ of electH~
hoe amounts ufthe different ~-l-olefins, the degree of
branc.l~ing etc, Operation ~f',these eqailibria imimse
certain nmltations on the flexibility of the plocess
Generally speaking, the l~odern Fischer-Tr01"~scli ln'oc-: :.
ess-Yieldsa diSln'°p0rti0nately]argeamaant ofga~e, us
nyorocarboas while., at_ tl~e Other :end of'the nrodue~ ,
range reldth'elv .~ I all amount~/ of extr~n,~lv h ~
;
:'~
~'~
." !
: cata,,~: ...... ~ris~'" stoppages, charging O f the Dar- . at moderate tmnperature 1~ me j Jr.~:l~.,,~:., 'i~ nuticet.e
c.-~u~?~ ~,.^~.::~q.r o f the narafliu catalyst un¢ler : : empl0~ed. With mctalhc ~u tne)e,~---7.: ~ ~. ¢~.
!lydrogen aflin catalyst, act!09, u.~.~- ~.. ,vn~. lble eonditiouS for empty- " able at °00 ° With the employment oz ~U ~r-'~L~.'=k:-:.-.,
l ~9!~ ± , . . . . ~: , : : ~o-CO and • Co-Cu-Zn ' as ~:¢ntact matermls • w~tn tent- "
: ing the furnace• - ....... - - ' .......
-~ " :.~,~ ~hs Conver~iou of Son- peratures between 200. ~ ands450°: ~l~! with¢,5~'~:v~e~ev~
: 124. ~ r :tC0mpa;!u~" "~' "r, ~h .,¢ ~ild ]:rou Cat-. of .CO. arid H,; in the ratio :I.=.L ami ~: "2~-'-~{;-,~ ".~
.... :=the~i~ Gas and-W:~ter.~a~ ~n "-~,:~%~.n_~¢~4 n PB' +~,~ C(3 on.n~titie~ 0btai~ed :were up ta l~-/c. ,? u~.}.~.
;
power C0al wduld be mec~miealh mi~lm] .e ~.~,: : molecular Wei~,f~t "~;~'~ ~':,,,;~..~":,.a ~^_ _~a_.,:, ..,g•. ::! : alvsts] F][KT Reel LS' zrames x~.Vy ..... : ",7,: ,:,,,;o,'.',.~,~?j..~iui.xt,fre. rednction-0fCOto~=~, :
• . . •. ~u ~ ~.~ ~ CI. u n ac- . .h~ , • •r ~ ~, ~ ""
i .cost, crnshed cleaned and transpmted br lllpehne to coon{: of tile eqmhbna inroh-ed :it i~ hnnos~ih]~ to:: ::~l : 70:159. ' ~ ' ' ~:~ "÷,, oecnrred e~pecfallv when Contacts eontammg Go we*e
: locations of adequate, Water SuPl}lies: m~d the~,o' r.,m: : reduce the gas yield wiflmnttsimi,~+.,:~.,.~jT~,~:'J,=-:: : :~| : , :noCnlt£:0f c0inbarative rests at a l~ressure °~J ':'=• • : ~-----l^Ved " - . ::: : " .
nnuously distilled to yiehl a maximmn amou~t-¢~f'tal', ingtliewaxyieht.' Likeu.ise: tile ratio'of'd~~'~{~c~'~s~ = ..... :~| :: .~re'~~'esented in-a numeric "fl~table: Dec}s~ve.. ~ac~0rs - :u'm''- ' : ..: .:- -~.4~-, T" [Decompositi0n of:'
:, some ar0matie chemical intermediateS• aiid fine Char ~
The tar wmdd be'hydrogmmted to liqi kl fuels" th ):
gasoline, normally about 1':6 eahn0~ l~-~(~•:,=:~:, ~
wlthont a correspoading increase in wax. ~" c~;:;~':,~. '
.... ~" " "he selection of the bage gas j!nd:tn e .~..~P~.~.~ .
r~f are their C0st~ their avallabfl,tv, an¢l n~e ~:n.a.,
130~ l~A~n,:~. :~_.: -~.x~..--~::$'~, 1 ~ .'Ber. deut. chem. :
uarb¢~n ~on~x~oe ~ ~7_21~ : Chem. Abs.;.
• : c, ha~: converted: to. liquid faels and alipharic i'nte~
meolates by. :the F~seher, Tropsch synthesis or burned .
.tirely:small aiuouats of wax depdslted ",~,,' tlm'cata~v"
m fluid operation m'e enougb to cause" c~'~'talyst :~
:oducts desired, witl~ special ~'eference ~o ~,,~,~:
~ euntents and their C0mposltlon. :
~esell~, ~o~ w~,r_~X-~,, ---: -
, x ol• -~, ±v-v, p. ,o~.
• .... •
• nnder . boilers . for • generation ,: of~electi.ic power . Tile , glomeration .
;°~rSe?sfhP~pe~!U~t)t~l~ °vf01~t~lenm is estimated nnd tile . q~il:~el.~l ahzed and 0verhent/ng incomlslete and. flnidizati0n C deposition With e0nse Th
' , " • . future annnal in~oducthin " ,' '-,rop~e hprocess is pecnliar ]10t only in=its ab
Carve is predicted~ Ou tlie basis of ultimate praducih]e normal volume shrinkage but als0 in its loss of ilea~
- - reserves of 1 000 billion bbl. it IS estimlted that the , value The power . reqnirmnents are also considerable
: , ~.~,ak of worl d production .is likely, to come about in- ,Ec,m.lom,icall.. v, it is essential tbat_synthesis processe,,
:, ~. • ....... . , , . .... :. : . : oe aevempeu that: do not depend upon credits for b~"
117 A'.rnES~ E. -~I0-~T~O-~IER " ~r ~.,, ~-.,~=r V ~ ln'oduets that have limited lfiark ~ ~h~ ^~..~^..~*~k~
:: :~ .~ , , r : Y, C:..., -""e"-~--*, ~• ~." co ' . ~tS: .... v~.,~,=...~
, .SOme Ploblems Assocmted "W~th the Fischer-Trop~eb : , mpqund.s offer cattract~ve posmbfl, t~es as chemicah
: reacts, pil.~as 30ur., col. 47, No. 2~ 194S, pp ~2 : on a^~lau.~:e.iy.small scale, but while synthesis: planL¢
.... ..o ;.rerrm. !~efiaer, v01.27, No. 11, 194S, un. 5S3:5Sn' : v~ ~u,vw: ~m.Laay capacity would produce less than
- ,Abs• of a paper r~re~ehted ,t n m~+h, ".'~ +~ ~ ~" '" eve of the country's motor fuel the bvpr0duct EtOH
. : : ~ --- -. ........ g ~ toe .~ln ,, Would amount • •" .. •
. Soc. Mech. Eng: a~ Amarillo, Texas: :Due:to the ~o^~ ~ ....... -- t,o:alm0st 100 mflhon g~ll.]yr, or about
BA~n, H. [Influence , of,S£ flfui' :• in ^- the .1-^ Water r~-ntact Gas - ~:--~n Metallic ~nl N1 or by .Nio' first c,staiyzeS forming lqi,c the reaction Below 2CO~C+ 270 °, the
d in the Catalys~ o71 the ;%e[Io5! tU. L~t~ "~ " '" k.v..rr-~ ...... • > . . . . "
teri~ 1 in the Synthesis of Petroleum•] Ges. decomp0siti0n:of CO continues until the .Ni is comhandh
Kennthu
"d
Ko
hle
,
col
. •..'
9 i930
'
-
....
pl i 514 -=516 ; :nletelv
~- . "
transfornied
' o-,~o .:~a -~.~no-4ofl
into Ni~C
o
;
:
then
the CO
the reaction
decomposition
stops.
em Abs,vOl. o~ -u 193 1 I, ) DSvu. - " ~ .. . : ~e~ween .~,,,,.~ -i. ~h~ ~ ,,-~ lost ~-~ bein - _Ni~C , which . is . free from
' tel' c . . . .
tlie Synthesis of paraffins from wa g,,o a- ....... -
ata g.
......... ~ ..... " • • ~ ..... d l~' analysis wh ch shows
~^ ~., --÷'a~v-t the :same result 'was metamc £xt.- .~m~- ,y ~A" =_'." ~" L;.^.,.t..U" h~ the cat-
0ver .an..~v'~u: ~',2,'::~ _.+~.~ ..~ ~:'as made : that- the amount oz ~ vounu. =~'~*~.'-'-'-"-"--':-~^~an~ 'n.~
ined whermer -a s.vntueL,u, ,~,,-~. ~-~. ~ • rres 0nds to Ni~C, excess w.~e,n~ p~ .......
~ Uure H and CO or a normally pun fled w ate~ , alyst~ co ~^.. ¢To determine the ratio of bound. O
"~ n.¢e~ The: S content of the latter h.aa no -: tne~reee,~,~==a~aa a~-~r the Cathivst;. The amount
.-;':-~{-~ a~e Of b Cu-Co catalysts differing m . to zree W,. ~'- "?.~.~.~'~:ZL~ t~a .unnti[r of bound C,
'ecm.~£~*J2~'~ ~={~"*he lower S content was the of CH~ ~:ormeu: ~n.u*c~,.T~:^$%---~-e~._~OO , free Ni
}men~, .-. ~-. . . . . . . . . . : ree C .remains meru-# ~-- ~-- , ;
. ~;~.dilx, deactivated , , ..... :F ...... . ~. ~ha ~.talvst because ~XhC d,ssocmtes
. . . - ~-~ :,au~ me esuma~ed demand for this material " : -,~;: :- " ..... : ~ rr,.,,~,.,~.'~.:- .f ~-droaromat c Constitu- " again aPP~a~.~_/Z...'._ZZ::~i'e : is Ur0bablv 'an interme-.
• • , : ~ ~ :: ..... : : - : .... , .. : - , : : : : • : : , I ~.~;~,~, 126. ~ - ~,~ ...... ~-r ..... nntnls at sucn ~emp~r~u~• -.-:.:-, - ~- " " " v
: . : ' • ~ " • . . . . . . ~ ....... ' : " : ' • .... " : ;.~ ~ ~°~:~ - eats in Synthetic Beazme•] • Ges._.Abhandl' Ke~^~ o 5 dlary step in thedecompomtion of N~¢. : It x~.hehe• ed.
i : , : ~ : ~ -: ::':: .- : ::: , ...... B ::., :, : . :: . :~--: : . " : . . ~ .~'~i~i: Kohle,:vol• 9; 1930, PP, 521-5~:! )~n era• ~OS•~ ., ?~, . .. that Nl,(~.formed in the catalysis process is_ :indee~nCcae t

OF FISCHER-TROPSC'~ SYNTHESIS A.~N'D RELATED PROCESSES
r
CH~+C0=; C0+3H=--CH.+H:0: Ni~Cq-2H.~CH~+
Ni,; and 2C0=C+CO.~. After a short period "of Opera-
CO was reduced at 0.30 -495 oxer S-resin "
catalysts. Over ~IoOrTh~ (1 : 1) with 10% ~a t • ........... - . . . . . . z "
.... ~ .
I~TERATURE ABSTRACTS
. . . . . . . . . : .
- 21
:
:
=
....
....
tion the initial catalyst Ni~C is reduced to Ni but and at 1 arm. and 350°--495 "*, 10-17% of CH~ was obagain
reaets to We Ni~C. The main reactions are tained. In reduction at higher temperatures the
(1) Ni~+CO=.Ni~Cq-0 (2) Ni~C--[-2H:=CH~q-Ni~. hydrocarbon showed a somewhat higher C number.
132. ~ . [Reactions of .Nickel Carbide (Ni~C) The reaction oceurred as follows; 2 C0-}-I~-=CH,+
Prepared nt Low Temperatures.] Ber. deut. chem. CO~. ResuIts were similar with a catalyst of Cr=0r-
• 0esell., vol. 63B, 1930, pp. 99-102; Chem. Abs., voi. XIoO, (1 : 1) with 10% BaO, but with a catalyst of
24, 1930, p. 1812.
ThO~-Mn0 (1 : 1) with IGCO, precipitated on kiesel-
Finely powdered Ni,C, resulting from the notion Of g~thr, the results were entirely ineffectual. In the
CO on Ni at lo w temperatures, is pyrophoric. This tests at increased pressure, Al:0rfIoO, (7 : 3) was
property Is destroyed by displacing the adsorbed CO used as catalyst, and beside CO.- some I-I:O and a Small
With pure N.- at 250 °. The stabilized carbide may be amount o~ low boiling hydrocarbons were obtained.
heated to 110 ° without oxidation. The activity toward From CO.. at 20-30 atm. and 450", CO and only a small
CO and H.- is also decreased by the stabilization. NhC amount of hydrocarbons were obtained.
absorbs moisture from the air. It has a specific grav-
• See abs; 180, 131, 132, lfi30~ 103i.
ity of 7.97 and is slightly magnetic. Its heat of forma- 136. BAIKOFF, A. A. [Reduction and Oxidation of
tion is--9.2~0.S keel It begins to decompose into :~etals.] Metullurg (U. S. S. R.), -No. 3, !926 ; Roy.
its elements when heated to about 400 °. With H-. at mdt., vol. 25, 192S, pp. 47-54; Chem. Abs., v0L 22,
180°-250°~ CH~ and C..H~ are formed in the ratio of 1928, p. 2:129.
10: 1. in gaseofis-hydrogenati0n reactions with iNi as General discussion and review, dealing particularly
a catalyst, the primary hydrogenation iS evidently with redaction of Fe oxides by H: and by CO and with
much faster than the secondary polymerization rent- the oxidation of Fe: " "
itch. An inerease in pressnre increases the latter. BA~LEy, R. ~V. 8CO abs. 318~. -
At 390 ° H:O vapor acts on the carbide with the production
of H: and CH,. Similarly, NH, at 4200 gives 137. BAILLEUL, G.. HERBEaT, ~V:j A~'D [{EISE*'dANf, E. |
.rx: ~:m, and some C.-H~ H..S v/elds heavv hvdrocar- Aktive Kohle und thre Verwendm~ in der shemis- |
boas as low as 240 °. HCI gas acts similarly. C0ntrarv chub Industrie. : Ferdhmnd Enke: Stuttgm:t. 1937: ]
tothe action of Fe,C. -Ni~C usually dissoh-es hi acid's 2d Ed., t14 pp. ;|
without the liberation Of free C and produces hydro. One chapter describes the teehnicai use of acth'e C :~:|
carbons of lower nmleeular we ght rimn the fOrmer with special refereuee to benzine recovery from natm'al ~:1
cai'bide. In 3 N HCt, 67% of the C is converted to gas and obtaining gasol and benzine by the Fischer- ;-/~:|
gaseous hydrocarbons and 33c~ to liquid. In dilute Tropseh-Ruhrehemie process ~
HNO~ nitro compounds of the hydrocarbons areformed. : 138 B,~xx E C 'Rates of:Reacti0t~ in Solid steel : ~i~]
Some free C results from the action of dilate H..qO ,~:r~n~'- "~ -~ ,';. .~ .... - : • . :~V:l
on tho earbido : ' "Y ' ' ~t ~' .~m. ~.nsr. ~um. ant/ :uet ~ng vol 100 1932 • ~!
- . . . . . .... . . . . . . . : ' pp. 13-46; Chem. Abs., vok 27, :1933. p. 4809: ::,
133. B.¢~I~, H. k:, :~,~D JEssE.x, V. [Dis~ciation of :: ~:EaS{S fro' eva]uaring 7 the ¢ont1'lbuti0n of any all0#: . . . .
139. BAL.~Xnx~. A. A.. A.xD .M:.~n~sHKr.w: M.N. [For- alkali-Fe mLxture nnd obtains a motor fuel :from the
marion of Olefins From Higher Paraffinic Hydro- water-insoluble fraction. This ~Tnthesis is possible
carbons.] Compt. rend: acad. scL, U. R. S. S., vol. also (see abs. 1021) without high pressure if ~ Fe-Zn
40. 1943• pp. 226-29---8, o-54--257 ; Chem. Abs., vol. 39, oxide catalyst is used (or Co-Cr o~de) and yields
1945, p. 271.
higher CH~ homologs at temperatures around 270°;
Solid paraffin, m. p. 50 °, av. reel wt. 554. was exposed, metal carbides are intermedia~T products (at higher
at 450°-550 *, to the action of a dehydrogenating cata- temperatures Ctt~ is the only product formed). Yield
lyst containing Cr (~ee Chem. Abs., voL 37, 1943, p• of useful hydrocarbons is about "7~5%. The product
867). Tabulated analyses Of the reaction products gasol, is mainly C-.H,, CJZ.~, and C~IK, o, little unsaturated,
indicate that 4 different reactions occurred : (1) De- nonresinifying, clear, and not sensitive to light, iRehydrogenation
to form olefins without cracking; (2) fining appears unnecessary for use as motor fuel, d~
formation of aromatic compounds wRimut cracking, 0.6718, distillation 75.3% up t0 100 °, 96.4% up to 130 ° ;
but with splitting off of H_*; (3) gimple fission to form the rest is kerosinelike, d:o~0.7S0& Oecasimmlly solid
otefln aml saturated hydroearbens; (4) complete paraffin, melting at 6:1 °, was formed. The importunee
craeking to CH,. C. bud H-.. Extent of these reactions of the absence of high-pressure installations for this
was as follow~ : At 4.,0
- o
. (1) _07e, o c (2) .) oc .~, (3) 20%, synthesis is emphasized.
(4) 4qc :at 500 °, 1);~6%, 13) 21% (4) ~i~$j At 5500
BA.~GERT, F. gee abe-977.
the total yield .f olelin was larger yet, but cracking "
BANaEnT, W.M. See abs. 1729.
also increased as indicated by the liquid character of
the condensate m~d by bah-lag the latter~ average : 148. B.~XOHA.~L D. H., A,Xa B~x,'v~r% J.G. Chemistry
molecular weight of Gasification With |Reference.to Sm~fll Producers.
Fue!, vol. 19, 1940, pp. 9'5-101; Chem. Abs.. vol. 34,
40: BALnESCHwIELER. E.E. Prodaeti0n of Synthetic 1940; p. 75S:1. " . . . . :
Fatty Acids and Edihle Fats and Deatsche Fett..~inrewerke,
witten. British ('oal Utili.~ation and Re- present kno~v!edge of Steam-C:andwater.gas teatsearch
:Assoc.. MonthlyBull. !0..No. 1, 1946, abe. 043 ; tions is summarized and applied to Several theories of
Chim. et ind.. vol. 55. 1946. pp. 82,~330; CIOS I~ept. gasification. 34refs. : . : : ..... Z
XXVI-50 ; TAC Rept. SnMC-7 ; TOni ltept. 21 ; BAner.AY, K. hi. ~qee abs. 8744.
Chem. Abs.. voi. 40; 1946, p; 7662; PB 225: B,~oaETT ~. soe abs .273i. ' .
Wax from various:Fischer-Tropscl~ plants was oxi- • lq.~nnLw, . 5. S. . Zce . abe: 15a. . .
dized
.
in A1
.
vessels,
. . .
the
.
oxidatioa reaction being
V
exo- ' __.
1~.
~
15.&IqKEE.
..
J.k:
~"
~-~
.q
~EBASTI~kN d:o[
_ -
S SC~-M]~nT
_
J~
_
l)
thermm A certan, proportmn of the fatt., acids : ,~" ~OL~O-~. .'S :~7,m."p ~re~ ssura ~-e' "~'#7'uer ztr'*" ~'owoere~," ' "" 7~
produce
. . .
d
.
was
. .
:u~ed ~ .
m
.
the manufactur
. :
e of edible fats .
t~o,
~ al
o':~l:
~ ~'le~
•
FI
nel.
"v
Dlvlae~l
: " - 7
~Ol
-i
(is.
. . .
lnu.
.
~sng. :
s~mflar to oleomargarine. Chem., vol. 43, .No. 5, 195i,.pp.:1204-1200.
141: B!*LT: E. C, C. PEPPER. W. P,: AND YEn.~o.-,,-. C. E.
kdserptiou of I-lydrous ~.Metullic - Oxides-=bylKtesel - :
....
- purification
High cost
nnd
of (:ompression
synthesis to
of
liqui4
tbe synthesis
fuels favor
gas
gasificabefore
-
.
:
=: Gese11Carb°n volM°n°xide63B 1930°n :Cobalt.]pp °°°6-o°37'Ber" deUt.chem them.Abe addition.¢~ . . toward . . . the' . . de~elelnuent .
of deep:hardening O~r~ guhr..Tra~s. Farad,~): See.. VOL 35. :1939, pp~ 1165- tion at elevated pressures of ~l)oWdered coal with
vol o~" 1931 p o,~ " ' - ~-~ ~ , • ....... -~arnenmg quallty in steel is suggested dependent 1175 ; Chem. Abs.. V01, 33,1939, p. 908~. i
- : superbeated steam aml 0:. Thus, it was necessary to
• "- ...... ' : -: ~ : : on the effect of the addition to retard transformation ' Method is described for p~wifying kieselgahr- The . develop a method of contimmus Charging of finely,
: .. Finely divided metallic Co does not dissnciate CO " in the 600°2500 ° range. This is:the: only fundamental
• clay and part of theorganic matter were removed by powdered coal into a pressurized gas' generator. Ex- '
' coat 225combined °" Thewithdissoeiation9 °4~ ~ -o0f ,~CO,~takes- place. . :on tbe property involved in securing .the final quality: of .t repeated extraction with hot 4 ~" HC1, tim last traces of perimentalwork under pressures up to :1~0 p s. i proved
_ _ -- , ~ -o ,~-.,-. -

22 BIBLi0GRAPIKY OF FISCR'ER-TROPSCSE
to form a molecule of adsorbed CO plus a molecule of
. H~0 in the gas phase; (c) the molecule of CO is de-
sorbed ; (d) step (b) controls the rate of the reaction.
The results of the im'estigation show that thiS method
of adjusting the synthesis gas composition is feasible,
but that its use would depend upon the economic ad-
vantage of employing a large excess of superheated
Steam in the c0al gasification step. :
BARNES, D. K. Seo abs. 3273a.
i45. B~UR, W• E• Glass-Blowing Art in Petroleum Re- ;
SYIqT]KESIS AND ]RELATED PROCESSES
fnjected into the generator.. In~ection of solutions
of alkali and alkaline-earth salts likewise suppresses
the formation of soot. Since these catalysts are
present as colloidal particles, they facilitate the re- .
action between soot and steam by preventing eoagula.
lion of the primary soot particles.
150. BARTLETT, E. P., H~THE!tINGTON, H. C., KVALNES, :
H. M., AND TRE.MEARNE, T, H. Compressibility Iso.
therms of Carbon Monoxide at Temperatures From
70°-o00 ° and Pressures to 1,000 Atmospheres. Jour. :
Am.'Chem. 8oc., v01. 52, 1930, pp. 1374-1381~ Chem.
search. Petrol. Refiner, vol. 26, No. 2, 1947, PP" . Abs4 vol. 24, 1930, p. 2925.
103-106.
This discu~sion, originating in the laboratory of the
Gulf Research & Development Co•, has been under-
C0 is shown-to be similar to N.~ in physical proper- ?
ties at high pressure. In the low-pressure range, CO
taken with the view of clarifying, in general terms,
the operation of a glass-blo~ving shod and its relation
to petroleum re~earch It~ application to tbe fabrics-
• ~
lion of Fischer-Tropsch apparatus is simwm '
is siightly more compressible tlmn N-. and in the high- .'
pressure range slightly less compressible. At about ~'
375 atm. pressure, the deviation of CO from the law of
theideal gas is approximately constant (1.2i7) through
270t At this pressure, the volume of a given mass
146• BA~m~L, J. [Total Gasification of Fuels hythe
Koppers Process.] Cidm• et ind•, vol• 57, 1947.
pp. 441--443; J0ur. Inst. Petrol., vol. 33, :1947, p.'
of C{) is a linear function of the absolute temperature.
1771aB.~sAK, N. G. ,.gcc abs. 1182, 1187, 1188, 1189,
. .
.
. .
30S A; Chem. Abs. vol. 41 1947. p. 63S5.
n,, r~. ,,i ,~o~ :~ desi ne~ tO convert 10w 151. BASH~IROV, A• N•, AND CHEaTKov, I, B. [Oxida-
~ne ~.p~.~rs proe~ ~ g .. - tion of High-Molecular-Weight Synthetic :Paraffin:] ~:
: ~'ade ~olid fuels into a synthesis gas suitable as feed Bull aead sci U R S 8 8ec Tech 8ci 1947 pp. ¢
to a Fischer-Trop.4ch plant A simplified flow uiagram S1~.~So4 : " " ' : '
of the
lY
access is
%g
iven
:,
as
~.
well
.....
as an
v~d
analysis
The ~rocess
of the
. Paraffin
- •
:obtained by the Fischer-Tropsch
;
reaction,::;.
• ~
fuel ana gas an(l OE El1 e e0SE~ lll¥Ol et. l~ . " . . ;' " , -• "~'.
is applicable to fuei.~ having an ash Content as high as ' (molecular w~ht:,ab°ut l~00)~a~: a°.~dmedes~l~;; *.
o ~ The lant and the operation at Schwai'zheide air i n ~n~ ~"~Y'u ~?~r =u "~ .......... " ,: :
of the rates of reactions ~II and I, on the 1st catalyst,
at 240 °, is 3•4, on the 2d catalyst, at ~O °, it is 13.6.
The primary reaction on Ni, C~, and Fe is reaction II,
and C0: is a secondary product.
192a. ---. [Mechani.~m of the synthesis of Hydro:
carbons From Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen.]
D0klady Akad. Nauk S. S. 8. 1~, vol. 7S, 1951, pp.
275-276 ~ Chem. Abs:, vol. 45• 1951, p~ 7,861•
Assumption (abs. i52)that the prinmry net in the
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is CO+2H:-*CH~_-{-H.-O,
and not 2C0-}-H:-~CH:-}-C0~, and timt CO_. is formed
only as a result of ti~e secondary reaction CO-{-H:O~
C0~+H_", was confirmed directly by flow experiments
in which a very short contact time prevented the secondary
reaction from taking place to any appreciable
extent in 1 single Pass,.and the I~-O formed in each
LITEI~T~URE ABSTRACTS 23
• Increases in O: cost are quite rapid as the size of the
• plant is reduced : $'L00 for a 100-ton plant; $4.80 for
300 tons; and $3.50 for 1,000 tons. The function of O_.
iu the production of synthetic liquid fuels is primarily
the gasification of coal with 0.. to produce mixtures of
CO-}-H~-. which then may be used directly, in the case
of the Fiseher-Tropsch synthesis, or as a source of H-.
for coal hydrogenation. Among tho potential advan:
rages of the substitution of O~ for a~r in the coal-gasi-
fication step are th e following: (1) Fuel economy; (2)
into-eased capacity of equipment ; (3) wider range of
possible foels; (4) greater adaptability to pressure
operation : and (5) higher rauge of attainable tempera-
tures. The amount of O: necossary to produce synthetic
fuel by Fiseher-Tr0psch is about 690 lb. per bbh of
: liquid fuel• This amount of 0: at $5.00 per ton would
amount to $1.72 per bbl. and at $3.00 to $1.03. Each
pass was removed by condensation between l~sses in change of $1.00 per ton for 0.- will change the cost per
repeated recirculation• The experiments were cO n- bbl• Of sYnthetic fuel from this procoss by about $0.35•
ducted with a C0:H,=I:2 mixture at 300 ° under In the coal-hydr0genation proceeds, a relatively large
20 atm., at a gaseous space velocity of 150;000 1. per
I. catalyst per hr•i :practically compiete eonversioo part of the required H~. is to be recovered from the tail
• gases by low-temperature separation and produced hy
was ensured by repeated recycling, with the fresh reforming the Product OH~ with stcam. Thus, the O: "
gas admitted at tlm rate of ~44 1. Per hr. Under these, requirement for coal:gasification is only a fraction of
conditions, 290 1. gas gave, after several hr.. liquid timt for Fischer-Tropseh. About 99 lb. Of 0: will be
hydrocarbons "2-~.5 gm per mA gaseous hydrochrbons required to make1 bbl. of synthetic fnel by coal hydro-
(C~-}-C~} 44.2. CH, 1O0.0. 1~I..O 252:2 gnU. per m• ~, and genation. At ~.00 per ton, the 0: test Would mnsunt to
~on% % _ :gHhiS result ,excludes~the::d~recC re aetixon about $0.22 per bbl. of oil and at ~ O0 to ab( ut $0 14.
- - -. . • , , ae e age ~ .00 per bl I. in O: cost will ehauge the
and Fe catalysts ahke, CO.- is formed only through a cost ,)er bbl by about .~0 04
secondary reaction between C0 and ~ r : .= ,~ .• ..... :.~ :2 ' "' . . . . .
. . . . ' " 105. ~ATC]IEY.DER,:~I. I(., TENXEY. R. F., SKIA'NEU. L. C:,
153. BAsonE, C.:A. :Research and tile Coal Industry: : DREssLEm I~. G., AND HInST, L. L. Role of Oxyge~t -
Mfrs.:Record, vol..100,..N02 12, 1931; DP- 29-30/ - in ProductiOn of SYnthetic Liquid Fuels From Coal.
....
, : Kopp " er sI ~reiareffdirectiv _1 . bvparral:combuston-ana-: , .'2. • : ............... =- ...* :.~.•
reduction of steam at high temperatures, uot onb ....
.......... 11.~°--1-°0 ~ , . with . 0.2 . nermangonate . . and ~-hr, ^ reacuon:-~, -
1.15°-120 ~ with :0.2 pern]ang ~ ....... and identified "~'~1 Discusses briefly::pr0dffction Of syntlietie Me0Hmnd Trans.-Am. 8oc: Mech. Eug.. Process Ind/:)iv Conf,
= gases for the synthesis of motor fuel and of MeO.H: t~ne=n~ne van°us~2cl~¢, Is ~Paa~'~istribution"~ein~'~::;| 'homologous ak.oh01s from C0 and H:. Possibilities ..... Paper:50-PRi:7 1950.': .... ...... :
but als6 head ~g gas without using G: but only air r~,~.~v~m~rm~/-~ -~--~ --~ 7 -' :.:~:|
.... . m,xea " .... wl~n s~ ~cam • . ...... " - . . . . . . . " . . _...r.y e, . ~ .... _~__, • A_x- .... rru~-m. %~ B. . ANn
:: : :147; .: [use ~f oxygen in the Gasificati0n of:~ j 1,~s~;;~;nT;~o'~;~e~."n-~'~a"~d;
oftbeSyntbesisofHydroearbons~i:|
Fuels.] G4me C~vfl; vol. 12_4._194~, o pp. 333-~v, : From ~:,~, Cm.h,, Carbon Mmmxide Monoxide nnd aud H)•dr0gen.]
Hvdr0gen ] C0mPL[~|
Chem. Abs., vol• 42, 194S, p. 9!-0 .... - • rend. ncad sci: U. 1~ 8~ 8, vol. 67~ 1949, pp• 102~:|
: Descriptions with diagrams are given ~rth~ ~u~i : : 1031 ASS;C: Tech: Services, Transl. RJ-21, Marca2;~'|
. process Utilizing O- and pressure for tl e g 7 1950" Chem Abs vol 43 1949• p. :9415. -@~|
- • " • ~ ~ Ko ~ers rocess '' '" •' " ,, .,'-~
• cotton of hgn~te for c~ty gas, and tl e PI P --- -' - ~ ~ on Fe Catalysts CO-I-H~ "~"
• : : . . . . . . . ; .... ~•-~ ...... ~o~ ,~,.-~sure to zasifv ::: '~'ne reacuon ooser'eu •. ,:: .... _,~:]~
~ - .... . uSmga U~deV" ~ananU e~te"~o[ fuels"? "~2"~:Y?:~nmesm ~'Y~-ga~ ..... *~ p~-uu, ~-~%u^e~ CH~-{-C0- .... (I) ~u contrast to..the n-~ "reacu°n uu-l-zx~_~; inte~ )fete .~. , ~[
: "" ' g _ " u... ~, : ...... on- Of CH.+H:O (II) occurring on l~i a a t~o, 18 ~ ~-.|:
. : :~ by the latter Pr0eess VY m0mzYmg:um P r~p~ru ~ : :as the sum of the primary reaction (II) and the su~,~
are emphasized .... : : .... - : -. : - . : :Use of O.- in place of a/r or of:external heating in the
"BATc:K~DE~'H. R~ Sen abs: 1431, 2458~ 3311. ; :gasification 9f coal for the prbduetion.0f H.- for coal
-1~ . BATC~[ELDEn . . . i . H . R, A~n 8TEaNnEn0, J C Thermo- hydrogenation • .~x or " Of OO-H.:mixtures "
for l~schern
~vnamlc ~ ~,
~a~,
n
• o~
• ~
~oa~
• ~_ ~aslncarl0n .~- -. ~A .M)pnca~,e ,- ,,, , to .... - Tropsch •~ ~ mthesm : may have 1 or more o " of the following "
" ~`
~uspenslon
.
~asmeanon
~" . . . . .
o~
.
±-mverlzea
. .' . . . . . advantage~ : (1) Fuet economy- (. increased eapamt~
,Joal. ±nu• - of e ui meat• "3" wider r'ln" ' of ) "hi ~1 " - "•"
Eng• Chem, . v01• . 42, . No• . 5,1950,:pp• . . 877-$82~ , q P ' t ~ • ge pesm e z~ era, (-~)
Thermodynamic studies of the continuous ssi~cat{0n greater adaptability to. pressure operation ; and (5) a
0 . . . . . . . . .
g
.
hi
g
her range
"
of attainable
'
temperature A~ to the
f suspended pewdered coal witii superheated steam : relation of 0_- cost to that of srnthetic fuel it'is well:
and 0-. have been undertaken. .k method of calmflation " established that for the Fischer-Trousch• " _nro~cess about
-has been devised and,will be:presented;in :detai]~ in a. , 690 lb• 0.. are neefled: to make lbbL of synthetic liquidlater_
paper. ThroUgh• systematic application of the " fuel. This amount Of 0~ at $5.00 per ton would amount
;
• - !.. - :- o: and steam.. • ~ .... :- . :-~ o- - :" :sequent secondary reaction C0-I-H:0"~C0~W H~ (I~'~::i[~ :. ~method of calculation - series • of curves have been oh- to ~$172 per bbl and nt $3 00 to $1 03: :Each change of
: . 148. BArmER, B. [Intercryst~dl~e %~l~Pnti0~-b]s~ou~• , This "point of view is eorr0borat~ bylan~lyS%S?:l,~:?,t'~ ..... tMned for the probable ranges~0f Operation: in the-',$1•00 per ton in the cost of 0.-Will'ehange the bbl:c0s~ :,' ' :
• :" :
. . . .
:-
"
"•7
: ~
•
:
ehim. phys vo1.:47 19v0, PP. 8"- ; r .,. •~ gaseouS produCts obtained onpre p ~ ' ~.*-~' ~.'~. gasiflcation of a typical Rock 8prings,~Vyo:,c0aland . of synthetic fuel by nbout $0 35 Foreomparison,:smi- "
44, 1950, p. 6701, : : : " : with mixtures of C0 "H--1 ; 1 in the presence 'of aaae~:.~;, ...... ::a Union County, Western Kentucky ~ c0al. . with ~O. and,. '. la~" calculations made on. coal would show that a than. e ":~
omprea~...*v • ~ ; ........ cnmn•,rx Y ~ ........ nre~enfed of~work ~ub-* .... H__v ~O auor . . at2°0 . . . ° . 050 ° , unddratmosphericpressure, ............ at,:~ ~ ! ~ :!~ ~ 'superheated . . . . steam . These en~es " mdmate certain " o f $• 100 I )er : t o n : in Is n ce would result in a chan-e g of " :
lis~ed-on the sorption Of. gases in silicate and.ionic ::space velocity-~100 per hr. T_be paomnc=e, ab0ut$0.40perbbl. TheO, requirement for coalh.~dro-:
crystals.- The relative accessibilities of th e Anter: ::-is , expressed b_y 2 90+m/d,-~l/-xt)'-'~e ~ u ~ : ~ ; ~ o n s underlying the calculations are subsequently., genation is only a fraction Of that for the:Fischer ......
sfitial adsorption sites increase in the order : beryl

:': LITERATURE ABSTRACTS
~- I;
" en The Velocity of C from the
2~ BIBLi0GR~ 0F ~'2SC2~ER-TROPSC2E SYNTHESIS AND RELATED PBOCESSES - re nor~ ran-cadre the metaL. OractionbY pr0teetiVeshow tnargl%~%s~,t i~nn~e~l°e~r ~ ..~ . q'heiJaetmantitvedges- determine'sL~d%de:n~[-~t?~e~a-
~ C ngasm S o . f . . . - --
: a .~m.nts on the d~trucnve . .... ~t.lllzation velocltj. - ~ .,~:,,.n~ with the original C eon~en~ .
=C T--~). The significance of the fezroma" gn'etic 162: BA~Y~L0~, W., .~.'~D Foaovn, -%- K.. [Decarburiza.o '-:" ~'Pe"\Teriue to y strong, mechamcal forces o~ ~,., . ..... . . . not increaSeutectoiapro "P°r--~'°"a~ast'~,m~-~ Fe, us. it dues in . steel.in.
....
"
x a f(~.~..-.~fi~ t...~ ..~..~ is discussed in the li-ht
an~p"~'%~-~--'~":t~'[~:%-~,--+-~o'-- FoNi ~o
ottheresulrsozanumDer.u~'~'=2~'s ....... " '-.-'
the ferrocobalts, magnetite ann manganese arsenlue,
The aroma etic behavior of these substances can be
P gn • • " '
accounted for by a shght extension . . of the . . 1dee tnat
: lion of Cast and Malleable Iron in Hydrogen and .
in Mixtures of Hydrogen and "Water Vapor.] Arch.
~,~o.~i~*~n~ vm an 1942 ~n 855-36 o" Chem :
x~, ......... 7:,.., ...... , " "~" "' " ;
Abs., vol. 3~, 1943, p. 6619. ,
- - pc v ~.
.Addition of about. _~ by..relume of H:0 apor. . to :::d
,~.a denos*ted C. . . . . . * xr-ri,
oz '~L ~ ^.. xv ~xoHr~n~mG- [Innnen~e ~,%'-=~=
165- ~uxxu.~, ":7J:'*.mo Oxides Upon Carbon -uo~'~"
-us 5Ietals ,,ina~xvt---:=.-=. :-~.~ ahem:, vol: =:~o,
Y Decomposition.] ztscnr, a--~,- ~, ~936 "~ 5139
lfle o o. hem ADS. VO~- u., * ~ x'•
.~-,~"~ ~..nn 3-1-33-, C "" ~ ' ...... • .¢s.-~"

26
Q
GRAPt=~" .OF !?!SC.HEI~TTI~gPSC~ SlqqT]KESIS AND RELATED PROCESSES.
pounds.] Angew. Chem.~ voI. 54, 194I, pp. 353-356;
Chem. Abs. sol 35, 1941, p. 69°_3.
Technical production of aliphatic compounds is a
much islet development than that of aromatic com-
lmunds but has already surpassed the latter and prom-
~ses to surpass the production of inorganic chemicals•
Unlike the countries with large supplies of petroleum
and carbohydrates. Germany is forced to use coal, CO,
and H.~ as raw materials. Among several most im-
portant developments mentioned m'e paraffin oxida-
tio n to fatty acids and Me0H dud higher alcohols.
171. :BF-L~U, C. M. Production of Synthetic Alcohol
from Ethylene. Chem. Eng, Progress, sol 43, 1947,
Pp. 92-9{}. ....
reaction, yieIding a finished product for eOmmeI
an intermediate product, other than Water gas,
serves as a :raw material for subsequent proees
using the coke to make water gas, a starti~lg ma:
:for many important synthesis. The produeti(
some o£ these chemicals is discussed, In patti
the synthesi s 0f MeOH and the production of nylc
BEEeE, R.A. ~ee abs. 1771.
175. BEE~E, R. A:, -~D S~V~NS, N. P, Beats oJ
sorption of Gases on ]~ron-Synthetie Ammonia
a]ysts at Low Temperat~}res. flour~ Am. Chem.
sol. 62, 1940, pp. 2134-2140; Chem. Abs., rol
1940, p. 651~.
- :
Alcohol manufacture fronl grain, molasses, and
C.I=I, is briefly rex•iewed. The properties are cbarted
and the prewar and war uses of industrial EtOH are
shown. 1 bu. 0£ grain will yield about 2.5 gal. of alcobol.
About2.5 gal. of molasses is required [o produce
1 gaL of 190 proof alcohol and theoreticanv about-
Data are given for the adsorptian isotherms o~
~ollowlng gases on doubly promoted Fe catalyst
raining 1.59c~ K:0 and 1.3~ AI:O,, 0:, CO, N,. N:, A
H.. at --183% CO= and CO at --78 °, and CO at O°ei
heats Of adsorption are given for these gas
this catalyst and on aa unprmuoted pure Fe cata
containing 0.15% AI:Oa :imparity. These meas~
:
3.9 lb. of C.~L will make 1 gal. of alcohol Tbe price
of alcohol at present depends largely upou supply:
merits indicate that the adsorption of N and of
--1S3° is exclusively of the van tier V,~aals type;~
and demand and on ~he fluctuation in the cost of "rain tile adsorption of H at --1S3" and of CO at ~1~
• :
:
and molasses. Expansion in rbe synthesis method~wlll
tend to relieve the situation. Other possible sere'cos
of alcohol with/n tbe next few years are: Waste sal-
.rite liquors, sawdust, and h~drocarbon srnthe~i~ In
--7S ° and 0 °:Is in Dart cheu sorption; and that
is chemisorbed on the alkali-pronmted
--75" although the nds0rlitiou of this gas on
catalyst
the p
cataiyst is exclusively van der Waal's. These ecru
the next 5-10 Ye ~rs,-rhe i}roduction of industrial Et0H
by the Fischer-Tropseh syntbesis process may have
to be reckoned with and will become an important ,
sions are.in general agreement with those of Emu
and Brunauer (see abs. 388) on an analysis ~f"
low-temperature isotherms. The heat evolved is~
:: .
::
'
.
producer. . : . .
B~,L% E. H. ~CC abs. 1442.
B A ' " " "
~', rL E. 8co ab~ 2401 " :
I72.BEe~ R, ~ A.
•
EvalUation
" ~"
¢~f
"
Fluid Catah'si--De-
"
~rreversible - adsorption of O at ~l$3°formation. appr°aehesi ~
order of ma~litude, that Of i~e oxide
2ndicates
form of the
-"
thue:tem mt
: i 'ature CUrves with 0 at :- ii
complex._
~nat
:
tile adSml}tion process
. ;:
invoh'ed~
: : .
:
• : ....
..
~..~£r.CK, 0. Catalysis---a Challenge to: the Ph5
~%wo types of laboratory scale units for evahmtion : clot Rev :Modern Phys ,-1 ~7
or nu]mzed catalyst bave beel devel0ued k ~,o,h~,, : ,~Z:.'.- ~, ": ...... . --, ..... , I945 pp. 61~
ically stirred unit With ]ielicallr fi,~,~;1 • ~.~ ,::'h ~""?," W*'e'u" .~us.,.rot. -in, ;1u-t6 p. 4598. . :
: . . . - ....... r.,,r ,~a,~es ]~ ,.4. r " • "'
possible a • ," to s}mulate • flmdizatlon . ' inde])eudeutlv - . of -: H~o .....
eweu .... . I1
g s x eloc]ty belox~ I ft. pe~ sec. A steel-stirred reactor ~ 177. • Surface Catalysis: l~ev.' .~Iodern Pl~
]s used in research wheregreat flexibility in regard to sol. 20 !948 pp. 127-130 ; Chem. Abs., sol, 42, 1~
reactant flow • rates is:desired i baffled nonstirred P~ 4435.. : : :
.... .....
:
/ -
"
. : ':.? .
unit is less subject ~o meclmnical difficulties than the Rexie~x of wo~k of Beecl
' st ~ "rred type Both • tv) ~ ' . . " ' . , " ; : '~ ~ and associates.: The(i
~. ........ - -~ . .1 e~ hax e plox ed tO be-effective covery of the effect of traces of H~O and H.S in t0w
,,uurutory rams ~or u~e testing of Small batches.0f: ing tile decomposition temperature of hydrocarbon'~
expe~nuental catabsts xxlth moderate amounts of: discussed: The mol~ ocular-ray . exl: )eriment#also sd
charge gases. For example, the use of :a superficial to indicate the decomposition of CH, into CH~ an
linear'velocity of 1 ft. per .~ee'h~ the 075-iu baffled and CHo into o CH radtcal~ ,r ~ . . . .
reactor at 400 p s i ~and ~-"~ .... ". ' ~ ~ -" - ~. --t ~.~ ts evidence
. . ~. wu ~., requires approxi- " :the ~CH radical is formed: in-the d, ecomp0siti0:
mately 140 standard eu: ft. per hr:0f total el~arge~gas ~. acetylene ~he adsorption step is the crucial:
•
as contrasted \vlth Orer 1,000 required for the open •
:2-in, reactor originally cited. With: tim stirred rein
surface catalysis, and the reaction of ethylene
~ is cited as a~i, example" Finally the tracer l~
.
actor the feed rate:can be reduced to an], (tesired lerel
without decreasing the effectiveness of Catalyst fluid- :,
nique is discussed in Connection with the isomeri~
of butane to isobutane. • . :~
•- Monoxide and Carbon Dioxi~ ~ ~' ~ : • ew York sol 2 19aP~
Inst .... oour. ~ron ~tee~ ; :. 151-195 .... :• : • : : .... . ..... ~7~
: .... :: - • (London), Ads Copy 3 ~1930::pp.:~-25~ Chem':~ ~R " : "- ~:- . . . .
• Abs sol 24 1930 p 8o03 ' ': ' .' ewew includes a dmcussmn on adsorption surf
~ . /. , r" : , ~ ~ ,, of metal catalysts,.H: adsorption isobars and the~
• Meser~ption oz work carried out in an investigation of sinteHn heat Of a ,
: • to deter~nise the-uan~-*." ....... - . . . . . " g' dsorption of I~ on Ni Fe#)
: .... ~erature and o. ~,~,~.;'~-"7~ ~,¢'2~Ue- nee oz me tem. metal films Partially covered with other adsorbed g~
- ........ oz sonu somtlons upon the sintered films and the criterion for mobility as well
: composition of a gas consisting of CO and CO-. Frankenburg s e-xperiments and the experiment~:
.... ::: " ::: '"BEe~r,c. W. 2eeabs. 654a: : : :" : ::' R0berts: :The following conclusions are reached :*-
. . . . adsorption (chemisorption) of tt~ on Clean metal:~
• ~ !74; B~cr~t£r, fl. S." Chemicals FromCoal--New De-./ faces is almost always acc0mpaaied bY absorptt hh~
velopments. Coal-Heat, ;rol. ~7, NO. 1 1945, pp.
.... 26-27, 30; Fuel Abs., No. 2079. : .... • ]~ into the interior of the structure. ~ This absorp~
- . . . . . . ~ is a slow aEtivated process'and has in 'the past~]
: : ind~u~tl?t~ti~ized~as ar~v eateri.al, for .th.e chemical mistaken for activated adsor, tion f on the ~
~..D,~ *zuruonlza~lon~ yieldiU . valu- - 0 ~" ~'~
able bxTroducts- directly as:a reac~-~* ~-~ ^~g:--- , ~ace. ~he heat of absorption of H, is coustde~
• ' . . . . ~ ~, ~ ~:~uma~ rower than the heat of chemi~0rption The hes~t~ i
~. L I T ~ E ABSTRACTS .... 27
i
~: ,~emisorption of H= on Ni and Fe are nearIy identical paeity of .'~i indicated by ehemisorption of CO or
~d decrease from about 30,000 cal. for the sparsely physical adsorption of Kr corresponds to the capacity
.~vexed surface to about 18,000 caL for the completely for rapid ~ sm2ation, chemisorption, and for catalytic
~orered surface.^ The heat of chemisorption on W de- reactions such as C.g, hydrogenation but does not
.~,~os from 45,u00 cal. to about 13,000 cal. as a rune- correspond to the capacity for slow sorption.
.~surface coverage. The lower values of Franken-
for higher surface coverage can be sati~actorily
ined on the basis of .~arface impurities on
kenburg's W powders• The heat of adsorption
, ou metals has been found to be constant over
temperature ranges (for Ni hy Beeck and co-
ors from --183 ° to ~° C., by Frankenburg on ~V
emperatures up to over 500°). The activation
,5" for the ehemisorption of H.~ on all metals studied
~remely low. Chemism'bed H= atoms on Nl are
le. They are able to migrate from one crystatlo-'
tic site to another site even at --l&~ ° C. On Fe,
!eros are mobile at room temperature but are not
~so. B~c~, O., Gr~.~s, fl. W., ~.~n R~TCmm, A. W.
Adsorption of Hydrogeu on Nicl~el Catalysts. II.
Sorption Isobars From 20 ° K. to Room Temperature.
floor. Colloid Sei., eel 5, 1950, pp. 141-147; Chem.
Abs., eel 44, 1950, p. 6228.
Sorption isobars were determined for H_- at 0.1 ram.
Hg pressure on evaporated Ni films, over the tempera-
ture range --253°-25 °. Slow activated sorption, inter-
preted as absorption of ~ into the interior of the metal
structure, was observed in agreement with previous
results. The process is exothcrmic and, after initiation
by raising the temperature to approximately --150 ° ,
will continue at much lower temperatures. :
m~b~i]ea-t --183 ° C. T!le decrease of heat of adsorp-
':fl0u as a function of Surface coverage can be ex-plahled 131. B~CK, 0., SXUTH, A. E., ~'n "WHEELE"~, A. Cata-
~ satisfactorily by interaction Of the adsorbed atoms ~ lyric Activity, Crystal Structure and Adsorptive
:::~vith:each other• Wl ile the surface of Clean metal Propertie.~ of Evaporated Metal Films. Prec. Roy.
:films appears to be homogene0us with l;egard to heat Soc: (London), sol, 177. 1940~ -~-, pp. 62-90; Chem. -.
;:of adsorption and surface coverage ithe latter within - kbs. , sol. 35, 1941~ p, 2061.
~th e limits of Size of different crystallographic Sites},
).the rate of hydrogenati0u of ethylene is markedly de-
~dent on the crystal parameter. On Ni, clmmisorp-
*~lflsn of ~ is still takiug place at 20Q K. The true
::.~.~tent of metal surfaces cannot be measured by the
Metal films Of high reprbducible Catalytic acti~-ity:
were obtained hy condeasatiou of their vapors on glass
at any desired temperature. The catalytic acti~-ity wu~
measured by the hydrogenation of C~__H,. The crystal
Structure Of these fihns was inrestigated by electron
~;BLE. T. method usiug N, since N is chemisorbed at
':"~/i96 ° C The H: adSm'ption at this tcniperature :
diffraction. By contr611ing the pressure of an iuert
'gas, N.., A,-and others, during evaporation of tlie metals,
::
:!~sures'the surfa~'e more accurately and is in close
~:~eement withthe chemisorption of CO at both liquid
° ~:~aud room temperature and with tlie van der Waal's
unoriented and oriented fihns could be produced at will,
and their catalytic activities were compared. Gom-
: pletcly oriented ~i films were 0btahied with an inert:
[sorption of krypton:
"~ ~ ~
18 references are given. :
,vla : : ...... " '
gas pressure of 1 ram. the (ll0)plaue, the ]dUSt dense
of the plane.~ tying- paranel to the baektag and the~2: :
lion: of/.Nitrogen: .m~ Ire :a m-Phvs t'ol 7 '~939
~,.~fiamoma ~yn.mem~. ~ou~'. w.a%:. -.u^:" 23~ 3 ' '
P p • 631-632 ; unem , ~ kos • voi " .5.5 ' ~_,~ p " ": ~ :
the backing, again the least deuse plane thus oriented.
Low-pressure adsorption of H-. at romu temperature
and of CO at liquid-air tempe~'ature revealed that the
:
IS/~:BEEoE, 0.; COLE, W. :A., :,kXD W12EELEe, A. ,De-:
~t~rmination of Heats of Adsorptiou Using ~Metal.
~riented gas-eyaporated .'N1 fihns have - thues the ava~lr
-able surface/gin, of randomly oriente d high-vacuum.
,.:
:~fims: Disc., l~aradav sod:: 1950, N0. 8; pP. 314-321;
!{~ti~m. Abs., v01• 45 1951, p. 9990.
films, ;but 10 times the activity; .The oriented films
llave therefore 5 times the activity Of un0riented films.
~c,~or~,~*~ , .... ~ ~,o,~ fo~ heat~ 0f adsor,)tion ? : Oriented: films of an :available. surface equal to un-
'~ ............. ~-~'~ " ~ " ~ :: ' briented but of 5:times theucti~'ity could "flso be ob:
.l~'as a: function, of fraction of Surface ¢oyered for ::tained iu high vacumu by evaporatiou onto oriented -
ml_d Fe films' atroom and liquid-air temperatures.\-i~Ims previously produced by ex'aporati0u in aa inert
~eriteri0n for mobility of adsorbed layers ~s pre- gas The activity/unit' weight 0f:the films was eou-
~te~. • ! :" : .... ~ ' : : ' : : ~ stant! this indicates ready accesSib!lity to the intericr :
~BEF~ 0 GXVE,~'S Y. W A~D 'R~cHI~ A" W ~ ' Of the film by the reacting gases.. Adsorption Of
~0rptio~ of H~-d~'o~en "on :~icl~el Catalysts "II ":~ :was found to be immeasurably fast in all cases.. Ad-: : :
dJtion I~Cha~,~ fr,~?o0 ° K to ~o0m Temperature: sorpti0n isotherms on ~i fi]ms were obtained for C.-H~, :'
~',h~ ~h-::- ~::~-"~ '--:: :~ .:CO ~= H:, and 0=; and the effect of catalyst P0is0nm~:
(~'--~" ..... : : . :by C0 and O_-, as weil as the :effect of sintering, was
,~ox, 0:: R~TCHm A. W. ,~ -W~Ei~LER, A: ::stodied:~ Loss 0£ activity, "decrease of I~ adsorption,
~rption Of Hydroge n -on ~ Nickel ~ Catalysts i. = and:amount of poisorl kvere found to be propo£'tionaL "
ct~of Sintering ~Iour Collqid SCl., sol. 3, 1948 : The mostextensive studies:were'made on Nifilms, but :
~ lO ; Chem, Abs:, .vo]~ 43, 1949 p, 2079~ '- films of Fe, Co, Pal., Pt, .~nd Cu:were also investigate d, .~
li-va'cuumeva~0rat,~ Ni films ~re~ared a~ 23 °
.~n ~.-" .~ . ~ - :_- J" ,*'~ irZ_alP.:
}}~$m0a Prevmusiy aescrioea aasorv ~a: v ~u .y.
~mneously There is little dinerence in me
and with the~ exception Of LM ~ similar results were ~: :
: obtained: :" ThE enhance& activity• of~.oriented films.: ~:
apnoars to:be associated with.the larger distances in_ : .:
+h~-~fi~ ~],na ,,¢ k~{ -r the (t11~ ~lane of Fe The ::~
~.t, ads0rbed at --7196 ° and- at room temperature .... *-----.'-- ^¢ *~o ,'oo-~*o -- *he d~finition Of active ten-
~;.-~a
~i ~- ....
marked
;
contrast
- -
to
"--'~
the results
"- '-~ -"'-Cti0il
obta~ e
'':tots and on
....
the general problem
•
of adsorption
• :~i
s
. ~:a~mysts prepared zrom ~lu uy =.- reuu ' m~c~issed . . . . - I ' . :
~orb ~ slowly at room temperature in amounts : "7 " " 5a - : * •
maes ithe amounts adsorbed at --196% :If: the BEERY, D;,W. :: See abs 1 ....... .....
.
'
.,~-evaporated films are sintered at :1007-400°, : ~ B~o~-i, Z. E. :~ee abe. 550. : •
sorptlon- Of H= is' observed. : The ratiE 0f:slowly ..... ' ~ - ~ ~v/::~ :Eeo abs 33T1 : - .'" ":
I~H~ to rapidly adsorbed H= -increases with in- : ~ ? ~ ? ~' Y" " " - : _ • ~
~ag ~mtering temperature. These-called "acti -' 182. B~x.'~m~c~, P. L ~ [Sorption of Hyurogen ny
~'hdsorptlon,, Of ~r. on Nl is not adsorption on the : Metals of the Platinam Group. I. Character of.the ~
$1~irfaee but is slow s0rntien of t~. into the : Sorption Isotherms of the :Iridium-uyoxogen, ~no-
~r~ bf the metal St~uch~re. ~ The adsorptive ca- ' allure-Hydrogen , Osmium-Hydrogen and l~uthenium-

Review.
i !i! !li i!ii i l .il ¸ ! i!i ! ii i i ii iii
r , I
I
: :
:
: "
:
: : ....
: -:--
:
i34. BELr.: H. S. Costs of 0il ~r0in Coal and Sliale:
Am. Petrol. Refining, chap. 36, rev. ed." Nat. Petrol .
News, vol. 37, .N~ 10,1945, pp.R 205-200'; Chem. Abs.~
vol. 39. 1945, p. -190.
Three methods for the ln'oduction 0f oil as a substitute
for petroleum-are compared from. an economic
• standpoint: ,(1) Bergius coal hvdrogemltion.' (o)
~ischer-Tropseh gas srnthe~is- an'd (3) ~:eeoverr of
0il from Shale: C I ) Y'iehl a'bou[ 100 gal. of ga.~01"ine/
lol~gtonofeoal, capital eost $0.90 operatingcos~$017 -
~v~/gal: (_~) 36 gal. of synthetic:crude/ton of:coke;
~.~.k.~ cost ~±.z~, operating cost s are believed to be
c°mperapje..(3) ave~:age of 43gal. of gasoline/ton of
~uule, wiEn a recovery-of 0il from . . . . • -
uu. _. __...,_ '::, . ", 2~ 'Y" '. ~x"='"~'"S vu~..;:~.2UZ ~
~,; o~ c(uue on, assmnmg uv% ~ueld of gasoline $0 14-
Cu.sb/gal. :It is concluded that'nbnGof the metii ~" -
.... . . . . . . ' ': : :~: extraction; (e) Kognsin I, the lighter fraction dis- thesis gas fr0m CI-L with diagram, description and
v Rate of ox!~lation of pure Fe at 250°-900 ° was in:
tilled in the Fiscber-Trol)SCh process boiling below composition of the gas for production of NH~ .
estlgated. 3.he cllemical nature 0f the films formed ' ~: 430 ° F. with a octane number of :35-{~}: (d) distillates BEx~xIE. 1t. S. See abs• 56:
and the mechanism of the diffusion of metal through :- from the low-temperature carb0 lization of coal and
l'he oxide film are discussed ...... ,~
197. BE.WOXT, ' " ft. [Tell ~'enrs Progre-~ in ' the .... Cheinicsl •
lignite (el distillates fi:om the hydrogenation process :Industries III. Synthetic Organic ~ Cbemicals.]
183. ~ . [Variation of the Compesitiou of Ferrous
containing 38-49% aromat|es and unsatsrates go0d:for Ind. chim., vol. 36, No: 11, 19-t9, pp. 237-249. :
Oxide:] Bull: soe. chim. France, ~1949 , D, pP::'109-
blending witl! Kogasin II; ,(f) shale oil, .
116 Chem. Abs., vo]. 43, :1949, p. 6901. ~
Summary of progress ill the fields of sYnthetic-co.l
192. BE.~EDiCr:s, C.: [Dissertation.] upsala, i904: p. chemistry as exemplified by the Fischer-Tropseh and
Composition of FeOcorrespo lds exactl to th i~
retical for FeO (?77% Fe~ .h..-= -=~Y ~ ethe,o- ~=. : 215. : ....... :~. : the Reruns processes; benzene, nnd acetylene; petrn.
A physical and pbysicoehemical study of carburlzed lento eiiemistrv--methane~ ,.~,,erhvlene, lmtylene, propyrains
75.9% Fe at 1,1~j ° a~'ld"does l~ot ,:lm~e~.a~ " :~!!
fincrease in temperature. At ~,~° .;,, ~.7~'~::?. "~ .... : ~:'#~
steel, ..... .~ ..... level ox~genateduroduct.~---me:chan01 ethanol
is_is: between the 3 pha~es Feb: 'Fe" ~]"T~'mm~- x" :~r~:
': 195. RkNED!CKS. C.I .~.xn I~FQIrIST, ~=~. [~olubi!ity of ~ de ~yde, acetald.~hrd~ ~ .i t o e. ] il(.et< e de; acetic anhydride.fbrn~]fl:et i'-:
res oil " - " "~ ' : ' "t...=,v4 ~vr- :,:~} Oxygen ill Ir0n of Ferrous Oxide • (Oxoferrite ~Viis- lene oxide and phenals.
-riteL] _Ztsci~r, anorg. Chem:~: v oh 3 71. 1928, : pp." ::198: BErroir, R. [Thermomdgnetic Study of B0rofer-
.::t-=~,~v. ~ ,tu : :expel'nnental technique. Reviews .,~
n~eracure. J :%'1--:~ :: .231--238; Che m. Abs~, yol. 22, !925, p. 3612. i - rite~ ] C0mPt.:rend:. vo1:231 ;3.950 pp: 1216-12t8;
: , ~ ,-'4 :: Diagram given for the system Fe-O labs. 3053) con- ~. Chem. Abs.,vol.'-t5 1951 p: 2355.: : .... ( :'
:
:
tradicts tile fhct:c]a|med by Sehenck.:and Dingman : : Magnetic :Suseeptililities were detern ined ill tli.
!(abs. 3052)that t!le Solubility. of 0 is as high as ~.~8%: :range 0°~-1,100 ° 'f0r bor0ferrites :B•O=.Fe=Oa-mMO, ht~: :
(oxoferrite). ~t is only 0.05%. :It hasbeen sugge~te d which BI--Mg, Cu Co Ni and Fe" "-2 in the Mg corn- :
that traces of Al.~O~ picked up from the container by
Fe:0a would explain the disca-epancies. The.solubility
: pound and 4 in tlie ot'her.~ The Curie constants were
respectively, 8.66, !0.51 19.$, 16.9, and 20.6. (I) decom-
18~. BEI~, ][. Is. ; Chem strv Of the-Blast Furnace " Sheets of .4xmco Fe 3 ram: thick, were lmated in' an
• : Jour.chem. Soe,, voL 22 .IS69 pp 903'-'954. ~- open electric-resistance furnace provided with a free I ~ ~
C atalyz!ng effect of Ni, C0, and Fe upon tl evelocit~' a~ x Cw~a't~°n of air fo r ..5 hr. at temperatures from 570", :i
of the reaction oCO=CO 4-0 l~'~n÷o~ .~.~" ~ , . . . . . hleh no perceptible oxide: I.¢ formed :to'lO~a~ "
-
tern erature~ of -~^* ^^^--
; ..........
' '
g~t~u
.
xli,,ll
.. er
• - .
cooled, sechoned,
-
and
.
examined
. '-
nnder
•
" •
,y~ '>
.... P .. ~ vta~ -~ ~yere unfavorable for. tile for h . . . . a lmcl0scope
: decompos~hon of CO to Gill the case Of metallic" F ~ " ~^t_e natu.~e and dxstnbutlo n of scale constituents~
: ...... :~-t the temperatures investigated the oxides were as =. heating ~e~e experiments at 700* 960* were f supplemented o by - isothermal
: • - effective as the metals themselves in doe~, m~,~ .. -,:- - - . - o~ up to -0 hr. Ox~dle film ro-
: decomposition of CO : : - ..... r.-~ t.e aucea~on heating F.e iS a result of Fe-diffusion out~v~rd '
186 BELr.A~ L if" ~1~' Nir~ ....... a.u o .... i~tusion Inward into the metal. These rates
........ : • . ,',. ".., J" - so~,:K, T:: German:- " of diffusion, which vary With temperature S ecif he
. . . . Chem~ca!Industn.es-L'SYntbetiC Fatty Acids: Chem. character of the scale Structure of Sca'12~e.-~Y~t-a ' :~
,: ,~-:g~--~ngXfox: oz, No, 12, 1945, pp: 178,182,184: ~ :at or above 910°. the A~ Point of tlae Stea~:}~:'~'~'-~ "33
: " : ~.~lZe~ v.-tv~. ~ PP. ; Chlm. et ind., vol 50, 1946, different from the seal e formed Under t~ist~em~ !i
• Svn= :~-?::Z~°" vo~. ~t(, xV46 , p:,662. , •: > atm e, because there is a,crystal!ographic, continuity ~,!
• ~uetlc xa~y acios have been produced on a iar~e * vwween a-.veana scale, that is absent in case of -F~ !!~
scale in Germany at a-numl~er" of plants' They lm~,a " The formation of the scale as a ~ hol T
" " • - - "~ - ...... . " . aboii . . .... : . . _ . e.foll0ws a,:par- ~'
....... a~ used a m~ilar method that of O mr damon of parer .: aecordl,g,
c funetmn.
to Other
Indxvldual curves, F~0,
constituents
and :Fe,O~
of
following
it :form ,~
:;
: ,
,
'
:
.process
fins (normally
on lignite)
from
by-air,
the Tier
Using
Temperatur
the Same
Hydrierung
method as
,
-"
-
~
~eraight line and Fe0 a parabolic function The
: ~
: ..... • that worked by the:Pasco Co. of America, which holds::J :influence of temperature: on tota 1 scaling up to 900 ° :
: : ~ licenses from ~. G -' The Tief Temperatu~'-Hydrierun~: ~ can be : presented by the Well-known ex 0nentlal ~
, Process isa new single-steu hrdro~ena+~ ....... :: eq.uatiom : 'P
. " in whleh brown-c0al tar i - . . . . . .~ ,..~.~: .... :: . • -~
• : with . ~.t.1 ........ S ~eate,d ~ the liquid phase 190~ B~Ap~, J., ~n KIoP, zAu J Kineti ..... ';~
..... : ~ .v~.- ~?~-~-." ..... mriaa clay -t- ur andMo oxides: x~eaucti0n of Peroxide Wi~ :rr[~a . c~Stedy of :~
~em~n_g,:a io, w-quality gasoline, 'bO,eetane number rend. vol 231 1950'nn:902L~a""rvg en'~ '~omP~" ~,~
..... ~ese, m.l,.an.a wax. The first fraction consistin, of :At 500* th- -:- • 'J'-" ....... : ~ :'~
~ gulw
~ . , ac;es is recovered, fractJonated-~,n,l i;s~.n ~^.: .... .._ _ e sno~vs .a n induction period of 20 ":i
......... nllu., a Perma o~: aceeleratxng reaction 3t0 mira, a period, ii~
various purposes. The Cr-~, acids, which: are in: 0f.steady reaction rate 9_3 rain., and a •period of decelerr
soluble hi H-.0, are obtained as the first fraction of atmg reaction. At 4~0 ° the induction period is ~2.5 ~
vacuum distiliation and separated, into the Cr-&, hr. at 550 ° the lnduetion period is suppressed ; at 760?
of 0 in a lmre Fe-0 systen] is So ]0w that it is diffi- posed above 1 100L C'hl (II) e]ianged to Cu(I) at $90".
cult to admit that this solubility is increased by the- BE~SMAx~'. C: H. N: Zee abs. 3393.
presence of foreign matter~ MgO :for instance. ~ , : : . • ~
;! BE~EDIeT, W::S.. ~'eeabs. 2321, 2322. , ; : :: : BE.wso~ /, H • E :' 8c~ - abs : 646, 64, 7~ 648 : ': :
'I34..BE~SCH, F. :'[Stability 0f Complex Iron:.Man: i I :~ :;i Bz~re~ --" ~', A " ~ • '- Ree abs ~ 3681 "~: i : :
gnnese Carbides.] Anyagvizsgii]6k KSzlSnye. vol.:19, : 199. BENTON, A-'F. A.wn W~I~E, T.A: Adsorption Of :
. " :: 1941, pp : 1-:30 ; Chem. Zentralb, •1942, I, :pp, 1180 -2 : Hydrogen by h*iekel at Low: Temperatures. ~'our.
,1181 ; Chem•:Abs, vo1:37, i943 p. 9.2,o°.- - - :. Am. Chem. Soc., v01. 52, 1930, pp. 2325-2336 ; ChenL:
":Inve • shgates : the "~ ~tablhty "" of '- eomplex~, : Fe:-~In car- . ,. .A.bs ~•ol , .... 24 1930 , ' p. 3937. :, : ,, : . : " : : :
:b~des in the anstenitic 12 and 20% Mn steels (1.1c~ -0); : Adsorption of H= onNi was studied at pressures 6-:1.- "
• Annealed for a 10ng time at 650~--850°, the free Fe-hIfi : :atm. andat 11 temperatures between --210" and 110%
carbides, 10se their homogeneity and chunge their At a given pressure the adsorption is relatively largeat :
:,structures:slmilar to the hypereutectoid-carbon steels , the lowest temperature,' decreasing to a minimum at
at corresponding temperatures. In the cases investi:: . :between--200 ° and ~-175 °, then rising toe maximum ::, :
gated, the hardness and, therefore, ' the~ number Of in the neighborhood .of ---100"/ and finally decreasing ,
:.Precipitated double carbides-are a: direct funetlon of again at higher temperature~..",At 600 ram: the adsorp4:/-~
).._time and tempcratere. In the range of carbide pre- : tion is constant :between --100* and 00, presumably ~
('eipitation hardineSS increases steadilr ~ :alJ:650o-850 °~ 4ndicating the formation of a

3O
i ;
"
' '
tures sorptton consists soIe]y of physical adsorption.
Activated adsorptio~ takes place at higber temperatures.
The rate of this process is greatest for CO and
]east for N~. With H~ at 110 ° and above, a probable
solution of the gas occurs. A stepwise increase in
the adsorption at low temperatures suggests the accumulation
of definite layers of molecules.
B~ns, A. ,..qee abs, 1389.
201. B~ C. Hypersorption Process for Separation
of Light Oases• Trans. Am. lust. Chem. Eng., vol. 42,
1946, pp. 665-680:
Hypers0rption is a ligbt hydrocarbon recovery
process developed by the Union Oil Co. of Galifornia
to permit processing and recovery of hydrocarbons
from streams that cmmot be handled economically by
the conventional recovery processes. The process employs
a moving bed of activated G to adsorb hydrocarbons
out of lean gas streams. Its applications include
the recovery of C.-H, from gases prodnced in thermal
and catalytie cracking operations, tlm reco~'ery Of
C~H~ and heavier components from natural gas, the
separation of CH~ from Hz nnd many other separations.
Essential operation Involves contacting thegns stream
with a moving bed of active C that bas been previously
Stripped mid cooled to the desired temperature. Soparatinn
of tim coniponents of the feed takes place in
debydcs are form using
ZnO. S has an injurious effect on the catal - st. - y ".One
preparation and reduction of the catalyst are very important:
The gas velocity over the catalyst has considerable
influence on the reaetion. With increasing
velocity more unstable intermediate compounds are
obtained, while at low velocities the stable end products
predominate.
206. ~ [Effect Of Hydrogen on Charcoal and Ac- :
ttve Carbon and the ~Iethaue Synthesis.] Ztsehr.
physik. Cbem, vol. A162, 1932, pp 71-93 ; Chem.
Abs., vol. 27, 1933, p. 223. :
Pressure hydrogenation of charcoal and activated ::~
C gives CH, almost entirely• The thermodynmnic !
equllibrimn ]ends to certain conclusions on free energ~ :
of para-c 'ystalline C Natural C gives liquid hydrocarbons,
but since charcoal and activated: C give none
of them, their structure mast he fnndamentaily different.
Presents views of the s~ructnre and reaction
mechanism.
207. B~nLE., ~XD 3~.~xoL~.~-0. K. [Synthesis of Higher :.'
H.Vdrocarbons: From Water Gas at : Atmospheric /"
Pressure.] Ztschr. angew. Cbem, vol. 43, 1930, pp. ::(
" 435-440; Chem. Abs., voL 24: 1930, p. 3984. ~:"
in the Fischer and Tropscb water-gas reaction (sec ::!~
211. ~ - i [p~0~ess o~ Industrial- Chemistry ~rom
II~ NH~ pas.~ed over reduced Ni supported on Th0-- F. Kuhlmann to Berthelot.] Bull, soc. encour, ind,
at 170° leads to hcxugonal close-packed Ni~, which nat:, v0L 138. 1939. pp. 152-1"/4; Ind. ehin~ vol. 26,
is always contaminated by face.eentered cubic Ni~. 3.939, pp. ~-96 ; G~nie civil, voI. 114, 1939, pp. 104--
Thermomngnerie analysis seems to indicate that the
hexagonnl close-packed product is paramagnetic. It
109.
Discusses ammonia and synthetle nitrates, synthetic
starts to decompose near 190 ° C into the face-centered
~IeOH, the hydrogenation o15 coaL the Fischer synthe~s,~
cubic ferromagnetic nitride with Curie point~342°.
the chemistry of C-.H, and C=H=. artificial rubber, the
X-ray diffraction data fit hexagonal close-packed phase
chemistry of petroleum, and antiknock agents.
with a~2.668 ~ c=5.294 -~, c/a =1.609 £" For the
212. ~ . [Progress of Industrial Chemistry With
face-centered cubic phase, a=3.521 .'a. It is concluded Respect to Hydrocarbon Synthesis.] Rev. p~trolithat
nit~'iding goes by way of face-centered nitride f~re, No. 829, 1039, pp. 370-37°-.
to hexagonal close-packcd nitride. The latter reacts Reviews the hydrogenation of coal and the Fischer
with H- ut 155 ° decomposes in N.. near 450 °. 8 refs:
III, Gives discussion and bibliography on the ther- synthesis. St~.esses economic and.militarY aspect of
real stability of Fe,C. Fe~O, nnd reduced Fe powder ~ae problem of synthetic fuels.
were treated with 2 H:+CO at 590°-1•000 %. Hen thug 213~ ~ . [Water Gas and conmiercial $yuthesis,]
oe 800 ° :for-24 hr. of mixtures of cal%onyt #~ u l~ Ind. chim. belge, vol. 32, 1945, pp. 15:~-170 ; Chaleur
• "~ ~ ..... ,~ ~ r, from CO produeed Fe:t~. ~e~,-. mao~ et ind., vol. 2tl, No. 244, 1946. p. 68 D ; C~em. Abs.,
ae~Y~'H~_~Ora't 560 ° had a Cnrie lmiut of °10 ° anti vol. 40. 1940. P. 75t}tL
at 1,000 °, a Curie point nf 216 °. Tbi.s spread ~s.be- : Colltents of a paper presentc

32 B ] : B L I o G R ~ OF FIS~x:IER-TROPSC]K S'Y/~2"2KESIS A/%'D BELATED :PROCESSES - . - LITERATURE ABSTBA6"TS - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of ]913--1914, synthesis of ~leOH. Patart's Patent, and--~5 °. a pour point about 26 ° lower and a specifi e Sels, 19~6. PP. $33-$46 : Brennstoff-Chem., voL 16, esses,~ases, andthe theeliminati°ncomposition°f and°rganlCpreparati0nS fr0mofindus~trtal£~taiysts.
~iscl~er's .%ynthol, Fischer*s and Tropscb's hydrocarbona,
Kling und Florentin's process, and Bergius
process; (b) N.. question including preparation "of
(NHd)2S0, from gypsum, mixed fertil/zex;s, (NH,)_.-
HPO,, and Clande's "potazote;" (c) the general or:
gravity about ~ less than the corresponding winter
oil from Pennsylvania crude.
223. . [Large Gas Generators for the Produe-