A Technical History of Apple's Operating Systems - Mac OS X Internals
A Technical History of Apple's Operating Systems - Mac OS X Internals
A Technical History of Apple's Operating Systems - Mac OS X Internals
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22 Chapter 1 A <strong>Technical</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>of</strong> Apple’s <strong>Operating</strong> <strong>Systems</strong><br />
LINC, 17 LOGO, NLS, Simula, and Sketchpad. Kay described the design and im-<br />
plementation <strong>of</strong> the FLEX machine in his 1969 Ph. D. Thesis titled The Reactive<br />
Engine. Kay’s doctoral work at Utah led to the development <strong>of</strong> Smalltalk, the first<br />
version <strong>of</strong> which was deployed at Xerox PARC in 1972; Kay was one <strong>of</strong> the found-<br />
ing members at PARC.<br />
Besides Kay, Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, and others at PARC were<br />
involved in Smalltalk’s development. Smalltalk was both a truly object-oriented<br />
programming language and an operating environment with an integrated user inter-<br />
face. Daniel H. H. Ingalls wrote the first Smalltalk evaluator in October 1972 as a<br />
thousand-line BASIC program. The first “program” to run on this evaluator was the<br />
summation 3 + 4. Shortly afterwards, the Smalltalk-72 system appeared. It was im-<br />
plemented in Nova assembly language. Several versions followed, with perhaps the<br />
best known being Smalltalk-80.<br />
Simula<br />
Simula, which was one <strong>of</strong> the inspirations behind Smalltalk, was the first<br />
language to use object concepts. It originated at the Norwegian Computing<br />
Center, Oslo, in the mid 1960s, as a form <strong>of</strong> Algol 60 extended with classes<br />
and coroutines. It was intended to be suitable for discrete-event simulation,<br />
hence the name.<br />
Later on, Smalltalk would be one <strong>of</strong> the inspirations behind the Objective-C<br />
programming language, which would be the language <strong>of</strong> choice on the NEXTSTEP<br />
platform. Apple would inherit NeXT’s technologies, and Objective-C would be a<br />
key language for Apple as well. Many similarities can be readily seen between<br />
Smalltalk and Objective-C. Every Smalltalk variable refers to an object. Every<br />
17 The LINC (Laboratory INstrument Computer) was a small stored-program computer built by<br />
Wesley Clark and Charles Molnar at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory in 1962. Digital Equipment Corporation<br />
subsequently manufactured the LINC. It is widely regarded as the first personal computer.
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