The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus

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CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006 Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey Aggression,” p. 141. 152 Stephens and Bredemeier, “Moral Atmosphere and Judgments About Aggression in Girls’ Soccer,” p. 163. 153 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 6. 154 Bredemeier and Shields, “The Utility of Moral Stage Analysis in the Interpretation of Athletic Aggression,” p. 141. 155 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression,” p. 22. 156 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression,” pp. 23, 25. 157 In Brenda Jo Bredemeier and David L. Shields, “Game Reasoning and Interactional Morality,” Journal of Genetic Psychology, 147 (June 1986), “intimidation” and “physical retribution” are called aggressive and equated with “hurting people” (p. 262), yet neither intimidation by a player nor physical retribution need be intended to injure (the assumed definition of ‘aggression,’ p. 263). 158 For a fuller description of the stages, see Anne Colby and Lawrence Kohlberg, The Measurement of Moral Judgment, vol. 1: Theoretical Foundations and Research Validation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 18-19. 159 The original scoring method devised by Kohlberg and his associates was extremely labor-intensive, requiring extended interviews with subjects that were then scored according to an elaborate protocol (see Anne Colby and Lawrence Kohlberg, The Measurement of Moral Judgment, vol. 2: Standard Issue Scoring Manual [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987]). 160 Bredemeier and Shields, “The Utility of Moral Stage Analysis in the Interpretation of Athletic Aggression,” p. 142. This was the study in which the aggressiveness of subjects was measured in two ways: by coaches’ assessment of their players and by tabulating player fouls per minute played. Given the definition of aggression used by Bredemeier and Shields, it is not surprising that they found no correlation between players foul-quotient and their level of moral reasoning (p. 146). 161 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 17. 162 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 589. 163 Bredemeier, “Moral Reasoning and Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sports Acts,” p. 111. 164 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 2 165 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 2; Bredemeier, “Moral Reasoning and Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sports Acts,” p. 111. 166 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 2. www.civicyouth.org 43
CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006 Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey 167 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning, p. 4. 168 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, p. 95. The scoring manual referred to by Haan, and used by Bredemeier and Shields, has never been published. 169 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” p. 1. 170 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, p. 342. 171 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, pp. 24-5. 172 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, pp. 39, 40. 173 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, p. 342. 174 Haan, Aerts, Cooper, Moral Grounds, p. 341. 175 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression,” p. 18. 176 For another related analysis of Haan’s methodology, see Gough, “Moral Development Research in Sports and the Quest for Objectivity,” pp. 134-47. 176 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 586. 178 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression,” p. 23. Emphasis added and transitions between paragraphs elided. 179 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 586. 180 Bredemeier, “Moral Reasoning and Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sports Acts,” p. 111; Shields and Bredemeier, “Sport, Militarism, and Peace,” p. 372. 181 Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning,” pp. 1-2 (emphasis added.) 182 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 590. 183 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 593. 184 Shields and Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity, pp. 120, 122. 185 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression,” pp. 21, 22. 186 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 593. 187 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 593. Emphasis added. www.civicyouth.org 44
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The e-Advocate Executive Summary, S
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