The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus

CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006
Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey
ENDNOTES
1 Charles W. Kennedy, Sport and Sportsmanship (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
1931), pp. 1, 8.
2 Margaret Gatz, Michael A. Messner, and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, eds., Paradoxes of Youth and Sport
(Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 2000), “Introduction,” p. 5.
3 See Revised European Sports Charter at http://cm.coe.int/ta/rec/1992/92r13rev.htm (visited November
12, 2003).
4 See Vivian Reding’s comments at www.eyes-2004.info/219.0.html (visited November 11, 2003).
5 See President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, www.fitness.gov/aboutpcpfs.aboutpcpfs.html
(visited November 11, 2003).
6 Christopher L. Stevenson, “Socialization Effects of Participation in Sport: A Critical Review of the
Research,” Research Quarterly, 46 (1975), p. 297.
7 Bruce C. Ogilvie and Thomas A. Tutko, “Sport: If You Want to Build Character, Try Something Else,”
Psychology Today, 5 (October 1971), p. 61.
8 Andrew W. Miracle and C. Roger Rees, Lessons of the Locker Room: The Myth of School Sports
(Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1994), pp. 92, 88.
9 David Light Shields and Brenda Light Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” in Robert
N. Singer et al., eds, Handbook of Sports Psychology, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001),
p. 598. See also David Lyle Light Shields and Brenda Jo Light Bredemeier, Character Development and
Physical Activity (Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 1995), pp. 2, 104, 107, 179, 187, 190; D.
Stanley Eitzen, Fair and Foul: Beyond the Myths and Paradoxes of Sport (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman
& Littlefield, 1999), p. 54; Barry D. McPherson and Barbara A. Brown, “The Structure, Processes, and
Consequences of Sport for Children,” in Frank L. Smoll et al., eds., Children in Sport, 3rd ed. (Champaign,
Illinois: Human Kinetics, 1988), pp. 273, 274; Agnes Elling, Paul De Knop, and Annelies Knoppers,
“The Social Integrative Meaning of Sport: A Critical and Comparative Analysis of Policy and Practice in
the Netherlands,” Sociology of Sport Journal, 18 (2001), pp. 419, 422; Paul De Knop and Kristine De
Martelaer, “Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Youth Sport in Flanders and the Netherlands,”
Sport, Society & Education, 6 (2001), p. 36; Margaret Gatz, Michael A. Messner, and Sandra J. Ball-
Rokeach, “Introduction,” in Gatz et al., eds., Paradoxes of Youth and Sport, p. 5; Jay Coakley, “Using
Sports to Control Deviance and Violence Among Youths: Let’s Be Critical and Cautious,” in Gatz et al.,
eds., Paradoxes of Youth and Sport, pp. 23-4; James Curtis, William McTeer, and Philip White, “Do High
School Athletes Earn More Pay?” Sociology of Sport Journal, 20 (2003), p. 23; Jay Coakley, Sport in
Society: Issues and Controversies, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 2001), pp. 91-2, 93; Sharon K. Stoll
and Jennifer M. Beller, “Do Sports Build Character?” in John R. Gerdy, ed., Sports in School: The Future
of an Institution (New York: Teachers College Press, 2000), pp. 20, 24; Maureen R. Weiss, “Psychological
Effects of Intensive Sport Participation on Children and Youth: Self-Esteem and Motivation,” in Bernard R.
Cahill and Arthur J. Pearl, eds., Intensive Participation in Children’s Sports (Champaign, Illinois: Human
Kinetics, 1993), p. 39. For claims (asserted or reported) that sports participation is actually harmful to
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