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GREEN CORNER The Processing Possibilities of Using Used Cooking Oil to Produce Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as Fuel PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK In order to respond to the constant increase in the demand for liquid fuels, especially in transport, there is an irresistible need for renewable fuels development. Ivana Čović Knezović ivana.covic-knezovic@ina.hr Hydrotreating of used cooking oil and animal fats for the production of hydrotreated vegetable oil used as a fuel in transport is a promising technology that will inevitably develop in the following years in European Union countries or in oil companies in order to replace part of the fossil fuels with renewable fuels in economically and environmentally effective way. 24 Fuels&Lubricants No. 3 OCTOBER 2018
GREEN CORNER Introduction During the 20th century efforts and research were mainly on cultivated crops and production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME or biodiesel) and bioethanol. The most commonly used feedstock s were sugar beet, sugar cane and corn for bioethanol production and rapeseed oil and palm oil for biodiesel production. However, obtaining biofuels from feedstock suitable for the production of human and animal feed has an impact on the growth of food prices, and therefore a limit on the share of biofuels from edible raw materials is defined by legislation. Directive 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuel and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources [1] limits the share of energy from biofuels produced from food crops and cultures grown as primary crops on agricultural land, primarily for energy purposed, to 7% of final energy consumption in the Member states in 2020. Also, it states the need to incentive research and development of advanced biofuels produced from the waste, which does not compete with agricultural crops. Directive introduced an extra support for advanced biofuels by setting the national sub-targets with a reference value of 0.5 % in energy terms. Among the feedstock, the contribution of which towards the target is considered to be twice their energy content are: used cooking oil (UCO) and animal fats (AF) classified as categories 1 and 2 in accordance with Regulation EC No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (laying down health rules as refers animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption). In comparison with FAME, HVO is produced by hydrotreating process and obtained products are paraffin similar to ones contained in fossil diesel fuel, without sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbon components. Due to its exceptional properties, HVO could be used as a fuel and as a biocomponent in diesel fuel blending. BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF BIOFUELS Of all renewable energy sources, only biomass can be used to obtain liquid fuels, comparable to fossil fuel, for which there is a huge demand in the world, primarily for transport needs. The consumption of liquid fuels dominates in relation to other energy forms and is expected to remain so after 2030 [2]. More than one billion of different types of transport means are involved in transport today, and this number is expected to double in the next 10 to 20 years [3]. There are currently over 600 million passenger cars in the world (not including engines, buses, trucks and other types of road vehicles) running around 3.5 billion litres of gasoline [4]. According to forecasts, crude oil demand is expected to increase by 1% per annum over the next two decades, primarily due to increased energy needs in China, India and other South Asian countries, which are not members of the Organization of the Oil Exporters (OPEC) Petroleum Exporting Countries. Expectations are that up to 97% of demand will be related to fuels in the transport sector [2]. In order to respond to the constant increase in the demand for liquid fuels, especially in transport, there is an irresistible need for renewable fuels development. Substitutes of gasoline and diesel will, according to their characteristics, correspond to the existing supply and use existing supply systems, in particular as drop-in fuels in blends with fossil-based fuels [5]. Biomass as feedstock for production of HVO is rich in lipids or triglycerides (ester of trihydroxyl alcohol glycerol with higher fatty acids). Conversion of biomass into biofuels depends on the energy value of the basic constituents of biomass, which increases with the reduction of oxygen content as well as with the increase in the ratio of hydrogen and carbon in their molecules. FEEDSTOCK The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of longchain saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids (“fatty acids”), while the alcohol component is 1,2,3-propantryl, more commonly referred to as glycerol. The common name of this compound is triglycerides or triacylglycerols. The acid part of the ester linkage or fatty acid typically contains from twelve to twenty carbon atoms, in the straight-chain structure with up to three unsaturated bonds usually in the 9, 12 and 15 cis orientation. Vegetable oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids, while in solid animal fats are predominantly saturated Of all renewable energy sources, only biomass can be used to obtain liquid fuels, comparable to fossil fuel, for which there is a huge demand in the world, primarily for transport needs. Fuels&Lubricants No. 3 OCTOBER 2018 25
Page 1: 2018 Fuels &Lubricants JOURNAL FOR
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Page 6 and 7: High Pressure Influence on Oil Soli
Page 8 and 9: Table 2: Pressure limit for some oi
Page 10 and 11: of the oil. The starting temperatur
Page 12 and 13: REGULATION CORNER New European Fuel
Page 14 and 15: LUBE CORNER The Impact of Safety an
Page 16 and 17: INTERVIEW Using Simulator Training
Page 18: INTERVIEW What type of knowledge op
Page 21 and 22: LEGISLATION CORNER Following the ob
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Page 29 and 30: GREEN CORNER CATALYSTS AND REACTION
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Page 33 and 34: FUELS CORNER By 2040, the world pop
Page 35 and 36: NEWS CORNER MOL Group Enters into a
Page 37 and 38: Research Laboratory for Corrosion E
Page 39 and 40: This work is sequential in the sens
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