Coins of Bavaria.pdf - numismatas.com

On 25 December, Christmas Day, Clement was consecrated and Henry and Agnes were crowned Holy Roman
Emperor and Empress. The populace gave him the golden chain of the patriciate and made him patricius, giving the
powers, seemingly, of the Crescentii family during the tenth century: the power to nominate popes. Henry's first acts
were to visit Frascati, capital of the counts of Tusculum, and seize all the castles of the Crescentii. He and the pope
then moved south, where his father had created the situation as it was then in his visit of 1038. Henry reversed
many of Conrad's acts. At Capua, he was received by Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno, also Prince of Capua since
1038. However, Henry gave Capua back to the twice-deprived Prince Pandulf IV, a highly unpopular choice. Guaimar
had been acclaimed as Duke of Apulia and Calabria by the Norman mercenaries under William Iron Arm and his
brother Drogo of Hauteville. In return, Guaimar had recognised the conquests of the Normans and invested William
as his vassal with the comital title. Henry made Drogo, William's successor in Apulia, a direct vassal of the imperial
crown. He did likewise to Ranulf Drengot, the count of Aversa, who had been a vassal of Guaimar as Prince of
Capua. Thus, Guaimar was deprived of his greatest vassals, his principality split in two, and his greatest enemy reinstated.
Henry lost popularity amongst the Lombards with these decisions and Benevento, though a papal vassal,
would not admit him. He authorised Drogo to conquer it and headed north to reunion with Agnes at Ravenna. He
arrived at Verona in May and the Italian circuit was completed.
On Henry's return to Germany, many offices which had fallen vacant were filled. First, Henry gave away his last personal
duchy: he made Welf duke of Carinthia. He made his Italian chancellor, Humphrey, archbishop of Ravenna. He
filled several other sees: he installed Guido in Piacenza, his chaplain Theodoric in Verdun, the provost Herman of
Speyer in Strasbourg, and his German chancellor Theodoric in Constance. The important Lorrainer bishoprics of
Metz and Trier received respecively Adalberon and Eberhard, a chaplain.
The many vacancies of the Imperial episcopate now filled, Henry was at Metz (July 1047) when the rebellion then
stewing broke out seriously. Godfrey was now allied with Baldwin of Flanders, his son (the margrave of Antwerp),
Dirk of Holland, and Herman, Count of Mons. Henry gathered an army and went north, where he gave Adalbert of
Bremen lands once Godfrey's and oversaw the trial by combat of Thietmar, the brother of Bernard II, Duke of
Saxony, accused of plotting to kill the king. Bernard, an enemy of Adalbert's, was now clearly on Henry's bad side.
Henry made peace with the new king of Hungary, Andrew I and moved his campaign into the Netherlands. At
Flushing, he was defeated by Dirk. The Hollanders sacked Charlemagne's palace at Nijmegen and burnt Verdun.
Godfrey then made public penance and assisted in rebuilding Verdun. The rebels besieged Liège, defended stoutly
by Bishop Wazo. Henry slowed his campaigning after the death of Henry of Bavaria and gave Upper Lorraine to one
Adalbert and left. The pope had died in the meantime and Henry chose Poppo of Brixen, who took the name
Damasus II. Henry gave Bavaria to one Cuno and, at Ulm in January 1048, Swabia to Otto of Schweinfurt, called the
White. Henry met Henry of France, probably at Ivois again, in October and at Christmas, envoys from Rome came to
seek a new pope, Damasus having died. Henry's most enduring papal selection was Bruno of Toul, who took office
as Leo IX, and under whom the Church would be divided between East and West. Henry's final appointment of this
long spate was a successor to Adalber in Lorraine. For this, he appointed Gerard of Chatenoy, a relative of Adalbert
and Henry himself.
The year of 1049 was a series of successes. Dirk of Holland was defeated and killed. Adalbert of Bremen managed
a peace with Bernard of Saxony and negotiated a treaty with the missionary monarch Sweyn II of Denmark. With the
assistance of Sweyn and Edward the Confessor of England, whose enemies Baldwin had harboured, Baldwin of
Flanders was unable to harassed by sea and unable to escape the onslaught of the imperial army. At Cologne, the
pope excommunicated Godfrey, in revolt again, and Baldwin. The former abandoned his allies and was imprisoned
by the emperor yet again. Baldwin too gave in under the pressure of Henry's ravages. Finally, war had ceased in the
Low Countries and the Lorraines and peace seemed to have taken hold.
In 1051, Henry undertook a third Hungarian campaign, but failed to achieve anything lasting. Lower Lorraine gave
trouble again, Lambert, Count of Louvain, and Richildis, widow Herman of Mons, and new bride of Baldwin of
Antwerp, were causing strife. Godfrey was released and to him was it given to safeguard the unstable peace
attained two years before.
In 1052, a fourth campaign was undertaken against Hungary and Pressburg (modern Bratislava) was besieged.
Andrew of Hungary called in the pope's mediation, but upon Henry's lifting of the siege, Andrew withdrew all offers of
tribute and Leo IX excommunicated him at Regensburg. Henry was unable immediately to continue his campaign,
however. In fact, he never renewed it in all his life. Henry did send a Swabian army to assist Leo in Italy, but he
recalled it quickly. In Christmas of that year, Cuno of Bavaria was summoned to Merseburg and deposed by a small
council of princes for his conflicting with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Cuno revolted.