Coins of Bavaria.pdf - numismatas.com

Conrad I (Kuno) 1049-1053
After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Emperor Henry III then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of
Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno was deposed in 1053.
Conrad I, also known as Cuno or Kuno (c.1020 – 5 December 1055), was the duke of Bavaria from 1049 to 1053. He was of the
Ezzonen family, his parents being Liudolf, Count of Zütphen and eldest son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lorraine, and Matilda. For
this, he is sometimes called Conrad of Zutphen.
After eighteen months of vacancy since the death of Henry VII, the duchy of Bavaria was filled on 2 February 1049 by the
Emperor Henry III with Cuno. Cuno was the possible successor of childless emperor. He was not the choice of the Bavarian
nobility, but was intended to draw the duchy closer to the crown. This failed, for Cuno married against the will of the emperor
when he wed Judith of Schweinfurt, daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia. He tried to increase his power in Bavaria and was in
conflict with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Finally, he was summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg in 1052-1053 and
there deposed. He was replaced early the next year by Henry's unexpectedly new-born son, later the Emperor Henry IV. Cuno,
who had not come to blows with the bishop, returned to Bavaria and rebelled. He was in league with the rebellious Welf of
Carinthia and Andrew I of Hungary. He died in exile after trying to assassinate the Emperor and seize the throne, having been
abandoned by Welf, in 1055. He was buried in St Mariengraden in Cologne in 1063.
Henry VIII 1053-1054; 1055-1061; 1077-1096
Emperor Henry III now gave the duchy first to his young son Henry (VIII), then to an even younger son, Conrad, and upon
the latter's death gave it back to Henry VIII again. Henry VIII became King of Germany (as Henry IV) in 1056.
Henry IV (November 11, 1050–August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and
Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third
emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of
the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the
Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany.
Goslar. His christening was delayed until the following Easter so that Abbot Hugh of
Cluny could be one of his godparents. But even before that, at his Christmas court
Henry III induced the attending nobles to promise fidelity to his son. Three years later,
still anxious to ensure the succession, Henry III had a larger assembly of nobles elect
the young Henry as his successor, and then, on July 17, 1054, had him elected as
king by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne at Trebur. The coronation was held in
Aachen in 1054. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the accession of the sixyear-old
Henry IV was not opposed by his vassals. The dowager Empress Agnes
acted as regent, and, according to the will of the dead emperor, the German pope
Victor II was named as her counsellor. The latter's death in 1057 soon showed the
political ineptitude of Agnes, and the powerful influence held over her by German
magnates and Imperial functionaries.
Agnes assigned the Duchy of Bavaria, given by her husband to Henry IV, to Otto of
Nordheim. This deprived the young king of a solid base of power. Likewise, her decision
to assign the Duchies of Swabia and Carinthia to Rudolf of Rheinfelden (who
married her daughter) and Berthold of Zähringen, respectively, would prove mistakes,
as both later rebelled against the king. Unlike Henry III, Agnes proved incapable of
influencing the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. The Papal
alliance with the Normans of southern Italy, formed to counter the communal resistance
in Rome, resulted in the deterioration of relations with the German King, as well
as Nicholas' interference in the election of German bishops. Agnes also granted local magnates extensive territorial privileges that
eroded the King's material power.
In 1062 the young king was kidnapped during a conspiracy of German nobles led by archbishop Anno II of Cologne. Henry, who
was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat lying in the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king sprang into the
stream, but was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, the government subsequently
placed in the hands of Anno. His first move was to recognize the Pope Alexander II in his conflict with the antipope
Honorius II, who had been initially recognized by Agnes but was subsequently left without support.
Anno's rule proved unpopular. The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his magister, while
Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's patronus. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and
his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon
became the confidant of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain the
control of his civil duties, leaving Anno only with the ecclesiastical ones.