Literature Review on Childhood Obesity Sample
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<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
Interesngly,studiesshow agreatercumulaveincidenceofmalnutri<strong>on</strong>andobesity<br />
thanpre-schoolchildrenfrom socialydeprivedintheenvir<strong>on</strong>mentwithappropriate<br />
socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicopportuniesinwhichchildrengrow up(9.5% to6.9%)(Armstr<strong>on</strong>get<br />
al.,2003).<br />
Analysisofthepresenceof<strong>on</strong>eormoreriskfactorsforobesitydevelopmentisanecessarystepinplanningaprogram<br />
forobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>.Itisknownthattheinheritance,<br />
reindeermass,thelengthofbreaseeding,theageatwhichthefeedingwasintroduced<br />
andtheso-caledsitedwayofourlivesaffectstheappearanceofobesechildren.<br />
Althoughnumerousgenelocusandknownhereditaryobesitymechanisms(lepnmuta-<br />
<strong>on</strong>s,lepnreceptors,neuropepdeY,proopiomelanocorn,prohorm<strong>on</strong>ec<strong>on</strong>vertase1,<br />
melanocornreceptorMCR4 .)havebeendiscovered,theinterpreta<strong>on</strong>ofgenec<br />
obesityresearchisslverycomplex.M<strong>on</strong>ogenousobesity,aswelassec<strong>on</strong>daryobesity<br />
thatappearsaspartofsomeendocrinedisorders(hypothyroidism,Cushing'ssyndrome,<br />
corcosteroid therapy,lackofgrowth horm<strong>on</strong>e,hyperinsulinis,type2 diabetes,<br />
pseudohipoparataireoidism,centralnervoussystem lesi<strong>on</strong>s(tumorsHypothalamus)or<br />
syndrome(Prader-Wili,Laurence-Mo<strong>on</strong>-Biedlsy,Alstrom syndrome,Mauriac<br />
syndrome,Cohensyndrome .),occurrelavelyrarely.From apublichealthpointof<br />
view,aen<strong>on</strong>isdrawntobafflingobesity,whichaccountsformorethan95% ofits<br />
overalprevalence.Analyzingthepathophysiologicalbackgroundforobesitydevelopment,butalsotheresp<strong>on</strong>seofanindividualtotheinterven<strong>on</strong>measurestaken,theinvesgator'saen<strong>on</strong>isparcularlyc<strong>on</strong>ducivetotheinterplayofgenecpredisposi<strong>on</strong>and<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>mentalfactors.Theliteraturedescribesasignificantassocia<strong>on</strong>betweenobesityof<br />
parentsandchildren(Magarey,2003),whichisexplainedbythemutualac<strong>on</strong>ofhereditary<br />
andsocio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicfactors.Childrenwhoseobstetricsareobese,especialyiftheirweightis<br />
greaterthan4000grams,needenhancedsurveilanceinthesenseofpreven<strong>on</strong>forobesity,<br />
asshownbytheresultsofLakeetal.(1997).<br />
ComprehensivereviewworkbyBairdetal.based<strong>on</strong>theresultsof24studies,suggeststhat<br />
thevalueofreindeermass,theform inwhichthechildgrowsduringchildhood,especialythe<br />
rateofgrowth,affectstheappearanceofobesityduringchildhoodbutalsoofadulthood<br />
(2005).Earlyeanghabitsmayalsoaffectobesityinchildrenandadolescents,although<br />
somestudiesd<strong>on</strong>otcorelatetheeffectofbreaseeding<strong>on</strong>thelevelofobesity.<br />
ThestudybyGilmanetal.showedthatbreaseedingandbreastlengthhaveaprotecveeffect<strong>on</strong>obesityduringchildhoodandadolescence(2001).AccordingtoProcter,<br />
theprotecveeffectofl<strong>on</strong>g-term breaseeding<strong>on</strong>theriskofdevelopingobesityatage<br />
4isenhancedbytheac<strong>on</strong>ofculturalyandgeneralyfavorableenvir<strong>on</strong>mentalfactors<br />
(2008).
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