Getting started with IoT

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The CENSIS IoT stack A company can be a user of IoT technology, or a supplier. A good way to see where an organisation sits is to assess its place in the IoT Stack. An IoT system is made up of different technology layers. The IoT stack shows: • Each layer of an IoT system • How they interconnect • Where companies can operate Some companies developing IoT will focus on one layer whereas others will deliver services across the full IoT stack. When trialling a new IoT application, there are many companies and platforms that can ease the development or implementation of an IoT system. In some IoT applications, the end user of the technology will only see the outcomes of the processed data. This is because many of the technology layers of the stack are integrated into the end application, and therefore are invisible to the user. This section will explore the different levels and guide you through the development process of producing a new IoT application. If you read through the diagram below, you’ll see the IoT Stack take shape. Most of the companies CENSIS works with are in Levels 2,3, and 4 in the middle of the stack. We also have close working relationships with companies in levels 1, 5 and 6 so can share new developments in software and hardware. Devices / Hardware Applications / Software 6 5 4 3 2 1 CENSIS 2019 Visualisation and presentation Analysis and post processing Data repository Communications, networking and wireless technologies Microcontrollers, edge and embedded computing Sensors Final step – the dashboard. At this stage, the end data will be transformed into a visual format for you to easily interpret the results. Converting the data. Software companies will create programmes and applications to convert the measured data into meaningful information. Data Science, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning can be used at this stage to provide deeper insights into the data generated. Where does the data go? Companies in this area have expertise in how to store, manage and organise data. This is known as cloud storage. From device to destination. Companies who specialise in transporting the data to a designated storage location. This is the brain of the sensor. It does all the onboard processing of the data, carries out the initial configuration then packages and sends it. This also controls power consumption. Edge computing is an emerging trend where more information is processed on the device, which enables technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to be used at this stage in the stack. The starting point. At the very bottom of the stack is where you will find the companies designing and manufacturing the actual sensors that can detect and measure change. This can be in vibration, impacts, heat, light, energy, colour, temperature etc. There’s a huge range of light, motion, and temperature sensors etc. already available off the shelf at low cost. Information CYBER SECURITY BY DESIGN Raw Data 13
1 Sensors As the ‘data gatherers’, sensors are the starting point of any IoT solution. The sensors must measure an accurate representation of the conditions, otherwise the data is unreliable and unusable. The better the quality of the data gathered through an IoT system, the better value and insight that will result from the analysis. A sensor collects information from a defined source and converts this into a signal that can be measured. The sensor resides at the edge of the IoT system and is often referred to as an ‘edge node’ or ‘end node’. There’s a vast range of sensors already on the market that can be integrated into IoT systems. Sensors readily available to measure or detect • Distance • Gases, vapours, chemicals, pH • Humidity • Image recognition • Luminosity, radiance • Magnetic & electric fields • Material stress, strain • Moisture • Motion • Pressure • Proximity • Shape, colour, pattern, movement • Sound • Speed, direction, position • Temperature • Vibration • Wavelengths of light • Multi-axis orientation Cost Ease of use and integration Reliability Availability Factors to consider when choosing sensors Accuracy levels Range, calibration and resolution required Power consumption Environment Will the sensor get too hot or cold to function? Common sensor interfaces There are many different communication protocols used to interface a microcontroller with sensors. Unlike the rest of the communication protocols found in IoT applications, these are mostly always wired. All of the protocols below are commonly supported by most microcontroller devices. • UART / Serial • SPI • I²S • GPIO • I²C • ADC • 1-Wire Always check with the sensor manufacturer that the communication protocols used by the sensor are supported on the microcontroller. Sensor Sensor Interface Data Flow Microcontroller Sensor Interface Communications Module 14
Page 1 and 2: Getting started with IoT Exploring
Page 3 and 4: Integrating IoT IoT is here and it
Page 5 and 6: The road to IoT From M2M to IoT Whi
Page 7 and 8: IoT in action Since 2016, multiple
Page 9 and 10: People flow Challenge: Counting and
Page 11 and 12: Industrial IoT (IIoT) You will also
Page 13: Emerging business models Data optim
Page 17 and 18: Edge computing Edge computing moves
Page 19 and 20: Protocols LoRaWAN: LoRaWAN is desig
Page 21 and 22: Implementing IoT The most successfu
Page 23 and 24: Glossary TERM MEANING Actuator Appl

Getting started with IoT

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