WCN December 2019
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Continued from Page 33<br />
pinhole-sized entrance into the nut, the<br />
worm eventually grows to feed on the<br />
entire nut, leaving behind a significant<br />
amount of webbing and frass. It can also<br />
leave the nut vulnerable to toxic molds.<br />
As with all tree nut types, an aggressive<br />
winter sanitation program is of<br />
the utmost importance. Knocking<br />
mummies and then destroying all<br />
unharvested nuts is the most effective<br />
way to prevent navel orangeworm from<br />
finding sites to overwinter.<br />
Winter Weeds<br />
Preemergent herbicides can be<br />
helpful in controlling weeds, and in<br />
reducing the need for post-emergent<br />
herbicides later in the season. How<br />
effective preemergents are is fairly<br />
dependent on the amount of rainfall<br />
a particular region experiences, as the<br />
water helps activate the chemicals by<br />
getting them into the soil where weeds<br />
seeds germinate. Patient growers in<br />
drier regions can wait for a rain event,<br />
but they also know that they can’t<br />
depend on the weather.<br />
In a very general sense, preemergent<br />
applications begin in November and<br />
<strong>December</strong> in an attempt to catch some<br />
help from the rain. Using the right<br />
herbicides—and in the correct ways—is<br />
key to the effects of the chemicals on<br />
the weeds, which is why keeping a weed<br />
survey can be so helpful. If growers<br />
know what to expect, they can prepare<br />
for it. And, even more effectively, they<br />
can spot spray, which helps to reduce<br />
herbicide resistance.<br />
Postemergent herbicides are also an<br />
available option. Some are designed to<br />
be selective and target specific plant<br />
species, and others are not, just as there<br />
is also the option of either contact<br />
herbicides that directly damage the<br />
weeds, or translocated herbicides that<br />
move within the plant to kill it.<br />
There aren’t many growers who use<br />
the reduced-herbicide option of cover<br />
crops, but for those who do, cover crop<br />
growth is seen about every other row.<br />
Farm, crop, pest control advisors, and<br />
other personnel can help with these<br />
actionable steps, as well as with recommendations<br />
as to what works best<br />
for any particular orchard in a specific<br />
growing region.<br />
Comments about this article? We want<br />
to hear from you. Feel free to email us at<br />
article@jcsmarketinginc.com<br />
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34<br />
West Coast Nut <strong>December</strong> <strong>2019</strong>
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