Broad Street Scientific Journal 2020

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Table 2. Significant 2-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Test Results2-way ANOVARegion F value p-value Group Sig. Diff Tukey Comparison of Means p-value Greater ActivationACC 4.158 0.018 HR-RO 0.013 HRLeft ACC 3.438 0.035 HR-RO 0.027 HRRight ACC 4.328 0.015 HR-RO 0.011 HRLeft NAcc 4.4413 0.013 HR-RO 0.009 HRby greater deactivation or less activation for RO subjects indorsal and ventral regions. While not significant, HR andControl activation is greater than RO for all regions in theNeutral condition. HR shows the greatest activation acrossall regions except the Left DLPFC (control greater), whilecontrols show greater activation than RO in all regions.In the Negative condition, there are no significant differencesbetween groups. HR shows greater activation inall regions, while controls show greater activation thanRO in all regions but the Left DLPFC. Finally, to assessthe change in activation from the Neutral condition tothe Control condition, Neutral > Negative activation wasevaluated. While there were no significant differences betweengroups, in dorsal regions except for the right DLP-FC and the IPS, RO exhibited greater deactivation. Thisdeactivation can be attributed to RO having greater activationin Negative conditions than Neutral conditions forthose regions.3.5 - Brain Activity and Task PerformanceWe explored the impact of brain activity in workingmemory and emotional processing regions on participants’performance by the subject group during Neutraland Negative conditions. For control participants, therewas a significant link between activation and task performancein the Right NAcc in the Neutral condition.This linear relationship (t=2.125, p=0.0429) is positivelycorrelated, with greater activation linked with a higherD′ (Fig. 7). High-Risk participants showed a significantnegative correlation between activation and task performancein the Left ACC (t=-2.312, p=0.034) and Left NAcc(t=-3.086, p=0.007) for the Neutral condition and in theLeft NAcc (t=-2.876, p=0.011) , Right NAcc (t=-3.294,p=0.005) , and Right Orbitofrontal Cortex (t=-2.486,p=0.024) for the Negative condition. As presented in Figure7, when brain activation increased for High-Risk participantsin the regions above, their D′ decreased, showingworse task performance with increased activation. RecentOnset participants exhibited a significant positive correlationbetween brain activity and task performance inthe Left ACC (t=2.303, p=0.040) and Left OrbitofrontalCortex (t=2.225, p=0.046) during the Negative condition.Both Control and Recent Onset participants showed astrong positive correlation between brain activity andtask performance, while High-Risk participants showed astrong negative correlation.a) Neutral Conditionb) Negative Conditionc) Neutral > Negative ConditionFigure 6. Between Group Average Beta Values fordifferent conditions.30 | 2019-2020 | Broad Street Scientific BIOLOGY
4. DiscussionThe behavioral and fMRI findings provide insightsinto working memory and emotional regulation deficitsin patients with genetic high risk and recent-onsetschizophrenia. Our behavioral results show that patientswith RO Schizophrenia and participants in the HR groupdid not exhibit a significant change in task performancebetween the Neutral and Negative conditions, while thecontrol participants did. Imaging results of controls areconsistent with other studies and show activation in Dorsaland Ventral regions. These results support the beliefthat the dorsal and ventral regions chosen for this studyare activated during WM and emotional regulation tasks.Our results may show the effects of emotional bluntingin RO participants, since in the Neutral > Negative condition,for all ventral regions, RO did not exhibit significantdifferences. Emotional blunting may cause this, as ROparticipants are less impacted by the valence of the taskand redirect capacity to other functions, such as workingmemory. This is reflected in their performance results aswell, with the least change in D′ from Neutral to Negative,even if overall performance is worse. Increased activationin WM regions was linked with better performance inparticipants. The D′ values reflect this, as HR consistentlyhad higher activation than Controls and RO and alsoperformed better in the task.When looking at the activation in the Neutral conditionbetween groups, we observed significant abnormaldeactivation/lower activation in ACC, Left ACC, RightACC, Left DLPFC and Left NAcc. In previous studies,schizophrenic patients often have diminished activationwhen compared to controls [3]. In looking at ventralregions, the underactivation of the Amygdala in patientswith schizophrenia in response to negative stimuli maynot be due to underactivation in the Negative condition,but due to overactivation in response to neutral stimuli[3]. These findings reflect the emotional experiencereported by people with schizophrenia, where they oftenexperience more negative emotions in response to neutralstimuli [3]. Previous studies show that other brainregions also showed less activation, such as the ACC andDLPFC [3], which our results reflect.We also observed that HR participants showed consistentoveractivation in dorsal and ventral regions comparedto control participants for both the Neutral and Negativeconditions, which was surprising. Based on previous studies,we expected HR to show levels of cognitive performanceintermediate between healthy controls and schizophrenicpatients [13]. Even though HR activation tendedto be more similar to control activation in scale, it was alwaysgreater than Control and RO activation. One possibleinterpretation is that HR participants are suffering fromWM and emotional processing deficits, so the activation isgreater in order to compensate for these deficits; RO mayjust have less activation overall due to task tunneling andhaving a lower capacity to spend on both WM and emo-Figure 7. Significant links between D′ and Activation.tional regulation.Interestingly, our results suggest that during an effortfulcognitive task, less brain activity was associated with a significantreduction in CON and RO patients’ performanceand more brain activity was associated with a significantreduction in HR participants’ performance. HR exhibitedthe opposite trend compared to RO and Control participantswhen examining brain activation and task performance.Further connectivity analysis could help us gain abetter understanding of why this occurs.This study has several limitations. First, the sample sizeof the participant groups (Con, HR, RO) was relativelysmall and there were significant differences regarding participantage and gender between groups, which may limitthe interpretability of the results. Secondly, only Neutral,Negative, and Neutral > Negative conditions of the taskwere considered. By utilizing the positive conditions andother brain circuits, we might be able to provide more informationabout the differences between groups during anemotional one-back task. There was no co-variate includedfor medication in the RO group, which may affect ourresults. Finally, the behavioral results were only for a subsetof participants, which may limit the interpretability ofthe D′ values and the linkage with performance.In the future, we hope to utilize these results in patientdiagnosis and patient outcome. We also hope to explorethe interplay of symptoms of schizophrenia with WM andemotional regulation and include different neural circuitsbased on the regions involved.BIOLOGYBroad Street Scientific | 2019-2020 | 31
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