Origins of the Tainan Culture, West Indies

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was alloyed by Carib tribes in the Venezuelan highlands south of the Orinoco and had spread from there to Espanola.1) These regions have never been an Indian gold centre. Guanin was a variable alloy of gold with copper containing silver from Andean Colombia. 2 ) Archaeologically considered, guanin or caricoli in Colombia has its proper centre in the Cauca Valley. On the other hand, pure gold predominates among the Chibchas, although caricoliobjects are certainly not rare within their former domain.3), such as crescent-shaped nose-adornments or ornaments for the breast, made of thin plate. The origin of the guanin in the West Indies also, I will seek for in the Cauca Valley. From there it passed in trade by way of northern Venezuela eastward and found its way to the Antilles over Paria. Gold went out from the Chibchas into the interior of Venezuela, and it was worked there in certain gold-centers. But so far as I can find out, it was only pure gold that was melted and worked in these places. Such a" community was Cabritu, at the bend of the Orinoco.4) The islands in Lake Tacarigua were another centre of gold trade although it is not expressly said that gold was melted there. 5) However it seems to have been the case, because they melted gold not so far from there in a place on the Indian trail along the south side of the Serrania del Interior.6) From what the cacique Topiawari, probably a True Arawak, living on the coast south of the Orinoco delta, told RALEIGH it appears that most of the gold that the Indians here had in the form of "plates and images" was not gold mined in the monn- ') camp. L'Ortevrerie des Antilles de Guyanes et du Venezuela, J. Soc. Americauistes de Paris, n. s., t. XV the map. p. 192 and p. 193--194. 2) Camp. H. ARSANDA'C'X and P. RIYET, L'Orjevrerie du Chiriqui et de Colombie, p. 177, analysis from "da province d'Antioquia", and p. 178, "d'origine Chibcha". 3) RESTREPO TIRADO, Atlas, PI. IX, Fig. 20, two semilunar nose-ornaments, "gilded". 4) SD-rON, .Yol. 3, p. 222. "Crisoles", casting-moulds. Nothing is said about alloying. 5) OYIEDO Y BANOS, Vol. II, Doc. p. 226: "algunas islas, las cuales estan pob Jarlas, estos indios tratan oro, es gente pacifica." ill See OVIEDO, Vol. II, p. 247.
470 tains, but came from "the lake of Manoa" and was collected "in grains of perfect gold" in rivers; also that afterwards it was united with copper. l ) I am of the opinion that by Manoa is meant the real "El Dorado" lake, Guatavita, and not the so-called "Lago de Parima" on the interior savanna of Guiana. Possibly RALEIGH can have got the idea that this lake was located in the interior of Guiana from the fact that the rivers southwest of the Sierra of Imataca are gold-bearing. At the present time gold is washed there. Topiawari's statement also indicates the Colombian origin of guanin, the copper-alloyed gold. Indeed, possibly a quantity of the same reached the True Arawaks from the Cauca Valley, over the land of the Chibchas and along the Orinoco. The Indian wealth of gold along the lower Orinoco was also considerable. A French privateer ,vas offered there a large number of "aguilas y caracories de oro fino y oro bajo. "2) But even greater was the abundance of gold in the long valley of the Carib highland east of Cumana, as is shown by the expedition of Francisco de Alava.3) Hay, coca, which \vas highly valued by the Indians, was produced in this valley; and its value was enhanced by the fact that this was the only region in northeastern South America where it was cultivated.4) In Cumana gold was acquired in exchange for salt and female slaves5), who were presumable captured from the Arawak tribes, for of course the Cumanagotos were Caribs. Indeed it was often the case that the Indians richest in gold \yere not those who produced it themselves, but for the most part were those who possessed some other product, usually salt, in exchange for which they received gold. There are several reasons for concluding that the guanin on the Greater Antilles came by way of the I(esser Antilles from the South American mainland coming from there presumably by way of Paria and Cumaml. I have already cited from PA~E, that the ') The Discovery etc., performed in the year 1595, Hakl. Soc., Vol. III, London 1848, p. 90. ') OVIlWO, Vol. 11, p. 308. 3) Ibid., p. 307. 4) Compo Apol. His!., p. lSI. 5) OVIEDO, Vol. II, p. 307; the Indians took salt from the salt-beds of Araya in the dry season. Compo lVIAR'l'YR-lIac Xntt, p. 156.
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Origins of the Tainan Culture, West
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Origins of the Tainan Culture, West
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Table of contents: Page Preface ...
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VII Page CHAPTER X. - Social Condit
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Preface In all regions around the w
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CHAPTER 1. Immigrations and Indian
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The Guana- Only in the extreme west
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more as in its continuation informa
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an exclusively typical Siboneyan cu
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for the rest have rock suitable for
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Fulgur (Busycon).1) Presumably in t
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St. John's River district shows its
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of hematite. This also must be cons
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in elements. It contains many objec
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axe types, it can clearly be seen t
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when all the wild animals have been
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also of the caves along the south s
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subordinate significance from South
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The Arawak Race on the Continent. \
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Orinoco. This is in harmony with th
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Arawaks, they sold such things to t
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tion of RALEIGH of the word Salvaga
Page 48 and 49:
5t:erra de Perifa1) and in the west
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I am not mistaken in assumption tha
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But when the latter made raids in o
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"Arvacas" lived on the south coast,
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to the northeastern part of Espanol
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Such long strong bows COLUMBUS saw
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the language of the True Arawaks,l)
Page 62 and 63:
carbon" .1) He must have been decei
Page 64 and 65:
menon. According to all that we can
Page 66 and 67:
I agree with BRINTON, that the isla
Page 68 and 69:
the northeastern part of Santo Domi
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island of Vieques 1 ), who were esp
Page 72 and 73:
"From this it can be in/erred that
Page 74 and 75:
had only seen a small quantity of c
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aportaron much muello los indios de
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The "parilla" on which the Indians
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foreign to the Indians of North Ame
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to the neighbouring islands from Es
Page 84 and 85:
on Guadeloupe, called out to the Sp
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land communication between them was
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the time of the Discovery.I) The pr
Page 90 and 91:
in the vicinity.I) The information
Page 92 and 93:
But the cacicazgo was comprised of
Page 94 and 95:
very difficult to explain in Cuba.1
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y the Haitians, were Camag~lay and
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wealth of cotton.l ) The Jamaicans
Page 100 and 101:
the village itself was located here
Page 102 and 103:
The character of sanctuary is seen
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which is so common in Puerto Rico.
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egion which was thickly populated b
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de la pelota (que ellos llaman bale
Page 110 and 111:
llamamos bay1ar cantando" .1) I rep
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shown to be an actual one. DUERDENl
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101 In the shell-heaps can be seen
Page 116 and 117:
103 Through the friendly offices of
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1 05 On another fragment of finer w
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I07 they originated, Columbia, wher
Page 122 and 123:
109 strong rain. The soil of the fi
Page 124 and 125:
III eum there are also celts with b
Page 126 and 127:
II3 Certain shell-heaps of Jamaica,
Page 128 and 129:
There are shell-mounds only between
Page 130 and 131:
II7 meant l'rinidad. The Arawaks se
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shell-heaps contain not only marine
Page 134 and 135:
I2I solid form of house. In additio
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I23 live in caves, where there was
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JAMES M. WRIGHT mentions "Lycayan b
Page 140 and 141:
127 Inst., vol. XXVII, 1907, pIs XL
Page 142 and 143:
129 On East Caicos Island, DE Booy
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trace back to the religious cult th
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I33 kind of burial with the body si
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER III. Stone Artifacts, Celts
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137 dies, where in early times the
Page 152 and 153:
I39 Importation, in reality occasio
Page 154 and 155:
to the handle, in exchange, we know
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I43 is an adze,!) like several othe
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145 Grenada. A collection coming fr
Page 160 and 161:
I47 among them an adze,l) which typ
Page 162 and 163:
149 On St. Kitts-Nevis, celts were
Page 164 and 165:
151 lection, coming from St. Vincen
Page 166 and 167:
153 Hafting of the RIVET'S designat
Page 168 and 169:
155 reproduced by HAMY,l) the same
Page 170 and 171:
I57 p. I61.) Ii'rom the vicinity of
Page 172 and 173:
159 ceremonial axes, with blades of
Page 174 and 175:
161 ing that it appeared first in t
Page 176 and 177:
Bahamas. DE Booy, Lucayan Artifacts
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ability is increased because the co
Page 180 and 181:
the West I nd£es, the specimens wi
Page 182 and 183:
169 Celts with 0 b 1 i que e d g e
Page 184 and 185:
I7 I Axes. The general type of the
Page 186 and 187:
173 In judging the method of haftin
Page 188 and 189:
175 "winged types" with rounded but
Page 190 and 191:
177 the axe with the rounded blade
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I79 belongs to the same type as the
Page 194 and 195:
181 I~ashing is not conceivable in
Page 196 and 197:
on the head, as well as the large c
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I8S In FEWKES I, pl. XXI e, is seen
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least of all from the continental p
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189 The semicircular blade appears
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I9 I Lesser Antilles. \Ve find this
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I93 Above all things, the great num
Page 208 and 209:
I95 St. Croix. PvIuseum oj Copenhag
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197 a ridge, and the projection is
Page 212 and 213:
199 DB GOEJE, I. A. E., Vol. XIX, P
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201 to the T-shaped axes. The butt
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203 The Trinidad specimen was found
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205 stone. FUNDERS PETRIE says: "Th
Page 220 and 221:
207 If we return to Guiana, the pre
Page 222 and 223:
209 influences complicated the deve
Page 224 and 225:
211 As flint occurs in the Lesser A
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213 linked to the Siboneyan culture
Page 228 and 229:
215 Flint artifacts on Cuba are alm
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2 17 KRIEGER does not give any info
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2Ig nicks by which to secure lashin
Page 234 and 235:
221 this is the only kind of artifa
Page 236 and 237:
223 Cuba, and in second hand for Ha
Page 238 and 239:
225 painting of good quality, not o
Page 240 and 241:
227 points out that the finding of
Page 242 and 243:
229 The Parana The Argentine invest
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23 I ated eyes on a level with a co
Page 246 and 247:
233 The archaic heads reproduced by
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235 And I know just as little about
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237 In Antillean vessels \ve often
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239 Margarita. THEODOR DE Booy, La
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go completely through, it is fired
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243 the inverted bottom-side of no.
Page 258 and 259:
245 Important ceramic developments
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247 as their pottery seems to have
Page 262 and 263:
249 The Island \Ve learn very lit
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25 I G. M. I6.I5.20, Nordlund Call.
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253 The two bird heads from Erin Ba
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255 painted before firing. I) It ha
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257 engraved figures appear very di
Page 272 and 273:
259 South American continent. They
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26r Lesser Antilles from the Southe
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are occasionally representend as a
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St. Kitts-Nevis. BRANCH, Amer. Anth
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267 same characteristic, moreover,
Page 282 and 283:
269 polychrome ceramic on which the
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27 1 in FEWKES II, Pl. 83 c-f are e
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273 That the thin painted ware on S
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275 pottery. They are not always fo
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277 found on the outside close to t
Page 292 and 293:
279 Point shell-heap", b, "in an ol
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28r does he publish of the "finger-
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Islands. In the Igncrian sites, Lon
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285 Our knowledge of Puerto Rican c
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how the Tainos, after they had esta
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289 ville in Alabama.!) This latter
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29 I nor at L. Tacarigua,l) and on
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293 Far more difficult is the quest
Page 308 and 309:
295 GOELDI found these large, ta11
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297 vessels (1928) are from dwellin
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299 dish, KRIEGER I, Pl. I9, a, (or
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30r Booy excavated, lies in a tract
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nearly a Cuban.I ) Then too, in a m
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30 5 very unlike the Andres-bowl, b
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307 Yessels, as is the case in east
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and isolated from it are two hands.
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3II vessels easier to handle, real
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a slight angle from the rim, which
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315 the water from springs in "cest
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3I 7 by an elevated eye-ringl) or b
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decoration, carried out on the broa
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321 bent "lugs". Fig. 6. shows anot
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323 an ceramics are verv hard to es
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grooves. Although both these thin-w
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327 islands are investigated archae
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ern States entered in at a late per
Page 344 and 345:
33 1 ics, in Trinidad.!) A low, clo
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333 triangles over the Floridian fr
Page 348 and 349:
335 Probably Floridian influence ha
Page 350 and 351:
337 lands had only the character of
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339 una casa de paja que terna comu
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34I tral post that supported the en
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343 otras (that is, the houses of t
Page 358 and 359:
345 madero can otro e para atar las
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347 casa dascubierta", something at
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349 for cassava. \Vhen there was an
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35 I possessed were the eoa, the di
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353 These three great food-plants i
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355 This information given by LAS C
Page 370 and 371:
357 But the Spaniards only were in
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359 little from that usual among th
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in Oriente as in the forests of Gui
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y the women of the I
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use, the burens stood on three or f
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among the Indians, for these cakes
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Yahutia. Yahutia is a very peculiar
Page 384 and 385:
37 I had real maizales and carried
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373 del habia grandes montanas y mu
Page 388 and 389:
375 setiembre, y que en este tiempo
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377 ano y mas tiempo, encerrado en
Page 392 and 393:
379 corn."!) Other grinders in Soci
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Without Infor- FEWKES II, Fig. 55,
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circumstance leads one to suspect t
Page 398 and 399:
to the fact that only mealing stone
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y the natives. For the same purpose
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forked snuff-tubes on Espanola. Sti
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39 1 to avert revenge or ill-will,1
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393 the snuff through the nostrils
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395 in the following manner; they c
Page 410 and 411:
397 on the Antilles through influen
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399 the cause of his death, and if
Page 414 and 415:
40I is singular. I have previously
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One fruit which seems to have been
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gIVing their Tainen names,1) and fo
Page 420 and 421:
native to more islands than Jamaica
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The milk-like juice of the fruit of
Page 424 and 425:
4II which made it possible for the
Page 426 and 427:
of America, is very much like yuca
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"tierra colorada" of Mona, the Tain
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sufre la longitud y latitud de el a
Page 432 and 433: from Laudoniere's Expedition 1Il 15
Page 434 and 435: 421 Nevertheless, fishing was made
Page 436 and 437: I) That among the Island-Caribs the
Page 438 and 439: 4r J the Tainos used their harpoons
Page 440 and 441: taken the materiaP) Indeed, LAS CAS
Page 442 and 443: fact that the noose with which the
Page 444 and 445: 43 1 CUSHING is of the opmlOn that
Page 446 and 447: 433 The biayas, a species of Cuban
Page 448 and 449: 435 suited to kill small hutias tha
Page 450 and 451: 437 goose-catching in lVIojoSl) The
Page 452 and 453: 439 however, it can not be shown wi
Page 454 and 455: Spear Throwers. 441 To a consider
Page 456 and 457: 443 an indubitable appurtenance of
Page 458 and 459: 445 out in their own fashion. But t
Page 460 and 461: 447 the Spaniards the Higueyan warr
Page 462 and 463: 449 gente y varas por armas" .1) La
Page 464 and 465: 45 I Perhaps the first observers di
Page 466 and 467: 453 Caribs (BRETON, p. 94-95) belon
Page 468 and 469: CHAPTER VIII. Household Furniture.
Page 470 and 471: 457 not only a chair of the Tainan
Page 472 and 473: 459 rtensils. The household utensil
Page 474 and 475: As fas as we know with certainty, t
Page 476 and 477: CHAPTER IX. Gold. Ornaments. Dress.
Page 478 and 479: asentar en betum que elIas facen, s
Page 480 and 481: The Maya masks which the Discoverer
Page 484 and 485: 471 Haitians called the South Ameri
Page 486 and 487: 473 annual festival. No finds of tu
Page 488 and 489: 475 aunque no esquinadas, sino redo
Page 490 and 491: 477 the western Chaco must have obt
Page 492 and 493: 479 Espanola it was considered suff
Page 494 and 495: side of which the space was divided
Page 496 and 497: Espanola. From the description of B
Page 498 and 499: women, which is drawn through betwe
Page 500 and 501: jubones antiguos de los franceses,
Page 502 and 503: was Ignerian. At the time of the Co
Page 504 and 505: 491 the men predominated more among
Page 506 and 507: 493 shells "que suenan como cascabe
Page 508 and 509: 495 Drums. JOYCE (1916)1) and VON L
Page 510 and 511: 497 he has moreover found in Americ
Page 512 and 513: 499 LAS CASAS has discussed the rea
Page 514 and 515: 501 tribes of the mainland. The wor
Page 516 and 517: Cor;CMBUS advanced to Guacanagari's
Page 518 and 519: It was the duty of the cacique to r
Page 520 and 521: 507 tion given by MARTVR of what to
Page 522 and 523: 509 con sus coronas" visited COUTMB
Page 524 and 525: 5II The cacique-insignia of Espanol
Page 526 and 527: 513 hammered gold. 1 ) In like mann
Page 528 and 529: In the conquest of Puerto Rico, alr
Page 530 and 531: Caonab6, "The Home of Gold", probab
Page 532 and 533:
5I 9 heard of the arrival of COLUMB
Page 534 and 535:
52! and in religion, but I will not
Page 536 and 537:
523 his arm about the waist of his
Page 538 and 539:
525 game were, that at each throw t
Page 540 and 541:
The cacique's wifes lived with him
Page 542 and 543:
times.1) The only place in the hist
Page 544 and 545:
53! y Jamaica, no usaban el pecado
Page 546 and 547:
533 this. For gold belonged to "cos
Page 548 and 549:
535 a sanguinary revenge even for a
Page 550 and 551:
537 formation without exception, th
Page 552 and 553:
539 grande y continuo tormento, may
Page 554 and 555:
CHAPTER XI. Burial Customs. Differe
Page 556 and 557:
543 ching position. This mode of bu
Page 558 and 559:
545 effects, others with clay vesse
Page 560 and 561:
547 on Puerto Rico. HARRINGTON'S su
Page 562 and 563:
549 private house. On the other han
Page 564 and 565:
55r d. Direct burial in caves Many
Page 566 and 567:
553 any scientists having had the o
Page 568 and 569:
555 ser Antilles, but gives no deta
Page 570 and 571:
557 Each different form of crematio
Page 572 and 573:
559 burial that have been described
Page 574 and 575:
561 akan mythology. \Ve find them i
Page 576 and 577:
The idea of God. PAXE, Introdue- Ho
Page 578 and 579:
tailed account as to her functions.
Page 580 and 581:
The people of The Pomeroon Arawaks
Page 582 and 583:
569 gttanara, which means »sitio a
Page 584 and 585:
57 1 vvished to see him again. Yay
Page 586 and 587:
573 This ends PANE'S relation of th
Page 588 and 589:
lIedicine-men. Bohutios. buhitibus,
Page 590 and 591:
577 ed the proper diet. In the fore
Page 592 and 593:
579 so that in this manner they re-
Page 594 and 595:
581 Its ongm reveals itself in the
Page 596 and 597:
\vith tobacco smoke.I ) which tickl
Page 598 and 599:
dead were to give oracular answers.
Page 600 and 601:
there dwelt the spirit of a cazique
Page 602 and 603:
S89 influenced from Peru, because Q
Page 604 and 605:
59! dora de los Achaguas », a twil
Page 606 and 607:
593 ceremonial uses. Possibly it ma
Page 608 and 609:
595 caziques. They were worshipped
Page 610 and 611:
597 stone, often jade. I ) In forme
Page 612 and 613:
599 The West locality not particula
Page 614 and 615:
60r have been zemi images. One of t
Page 616 and 617:
Stone images. Apart from the Puerto
Page 618 and 619:
605 he considers it to be a piece o
Page 620 and 621:
607 Figurines. 'While large-sized T
Page 622 and 623:
noted that the side projections are
Page 624 and 625:
6rr longs to a different type, and
Page 626 and 627:
613 corded so far south as Nasca. B
Page 628 and 629:
615 by impulses in later times then
Page 630 and 631:
617 spirit of Guarionex's father, a
Page 632 and 633:
619 lieved that the powerful I,ord
Page 634 and 635:
62! had to be preceded by vomition
Page 636 and 637:
having reached the Tainos from Nort
Page 638 and 639:
625 of maraca. "In a disguised voic
Page 640 and 641:
~ 0 true stone masks are known to m
Page 642 and 643:
- if not even fortuitous -- occurs
Page 644 and 645:
among whom it no doubt it was a tra
Page 646 and 647:
JOYCE states that "the rock from wh
Page 648 and 649:
Borinqueiian culture that crossed o
Page 650 and 651:
to interpret it as representing a b
Page 652 and 653:
All this anthropomorphous sculpture
Page 654 and 655:
"corresponds closely with that of s
Page 656 and 657:
elongated cone above an engraved fa
Page 658 and 659:
of wood, as mentioned in Chap. VI.
Page 660 and 661:
lateral sides, bottom face incised,
Page 662 and 663:
ling earthenware feet are very comm
Page 664 and 665:
As regards stamps no ccnnexion exis
Page 666 and 667:
Stamps constituted female toilet re
Page 668 and 669:
Teotihuacan culture the manufacture
Page 670 and 671:
Summary. The Tainos were a people t
Page 672 and 673:
tion from which parts of the island
Page 674 and 675:
66r Tainan ethnography, such as we
Page 676 and 677:
ence in the Lesser Antilles of axes
Page 678 and 679:
vidualized and consequently more di
Page 680 and 681:
higher degree, to a richer developm
Page 682 and 683:
669 from Honduras-Caribs accordingl
Page 684 and 685:
medicine-men employed magical means
Page 686 and 687:
In hunting - as also in battle - bo
Page 688 and 689:
method of placing crossbeams on top
Page 690 and 691:
Everything points to their not havi
Page 692 and 693:
them, :vI:exico was of no importanc
Page 694 and 695:
681 The social system among the Tai
Page 696 and 697:
western elements the Tainos had ado
Page 698 and 699:
685 characteristic of these islands
Page 700 and 701:
een found in Cuba. Further similari
Page 702 and 703:
vessels, generally elliptical, and
Page 704 and 705:
69 1 grave 111 St Kitts. Deformatio
Page 706 and 707:
sides pure and simple medicine-men
Page 708 and 709:
ongm the spear-thrower of estolica
Page 710 and 711:
Addenda. 1. On effects of tobacco.
Page 712 and 713:
6 Plate II. 1- 9. SALT RIVER, ST. C
Page 714 and 715:
Plate IV. 1. GUADELOUPE. Club-sh ap
Page 716 and 717:
Plate VI. I. ST. CROIX. Celt. 1/2,
Page 718 and 719:
1. BARBADOS. Axe. "/10' R. M. ' / 2
Page 720 and 721:
P late x . ST. CROIX. ESTATE OF CON
Page 722 and 723:
plate XII. b-l
Page 724 and 725:
Plate XIV. ANTILLES. Twin figures o
Page 726 and 727:
Plate XVI. SANTO DOMINGO. Effigy cl
Page 728 and 729:
Plate XVIII. PUERTO RICO. Stone col
Page 730:
INDIAN WEST INDIES "= -- 0 P. ... ,
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Origins of the Tainan Culture, West Indies

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