181982937-Clark-s-Pocket-Handbook-For-Radiographers-pdf (1)

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Projection TerminologyAnteriorPosteriorAnteriorMSPPosteriorAntero-posterior (AP)projectionAnteriorPosteriorAnteriorMSPPosteriorPostero-anterior (PA)projectionAnteriorImagereceptorRightMSPLeftPosteriorRight lateral projection11
Key Aspects of Radiographic PracticeObliqueThe central ray passes through the body along a transverse plane at someangle between the median sagittal and coronal planes. For this projectionthe patient is usually positioned with the median sagittal plane at someangle between 0 and 90 degrees to the receptor with the central ray atright-angles to the receptor. If the patient is positioned with the mediansagittal plane at right-angles to or parallel to the receptor the projectionis obtained by directing the central ray at some angle to the mediansagittal plane.Anterior ObliqueThe central ray enters the posterior aspect, passes along a transverse planeat some angle to the median sagittal plane and emerges from the anterioraspect. The projection is also described by the side of the torso closest tothe cassette. In the diagram opposite the left side is closest to the cassettetherefore the projection is a described as a left anterior oblique.Posterior ObliqueThe central ray enters the anterior aspect, passes along a transverse planeat some angle to the median sagittal plane and emerges from the posterioraspect. Again the projection is described by the side of the torso closest tothe receptor. The diagram opposite shows a left posterior oblique.Oblique Using Beam AngulationWhen the median sagittal plane is at right-angles to the receptor, rightand left anterior or posterior oblique projections may be obtained byangling the central ray to the median sagittal plane. NB This cannot bedone if using a grid unless the grid lines are parallel to the central ray.Lateral ObliqueThe central ray enters one lateral aspect, passes along a transverse plane atan angle to the coronal plane and emerges from the opposite lateral aspect.With the coronal plane at right-angles to the receptor, lateral obliqueprojections can also be obtained by angling the central ray to the coronalplane. NB This cannot be done if using a grid unless the grid lines areparallel to the central ray.12
Page 2 and 3: CLARK’sPOCKETHANDBOOKFORRADiograp
Page 4 and 5: CLARK’sPOCKETHANDBOOKFORRADiograp
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgementsSect
Page 8 and 9: Skull - Occipito-frontal 18830 Degr
Page 10 and 11: PREFACEThis text is an accompanimen
Page 12 and 13: SECTION 1KEY ASPECTS OFRADIOGRAPHIC
Page 14 and 15: Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical po
Page 16 and 17: Anatomical TerminologyAuricular lin
Page 18 and 19: Positioning TerminologyPosition for
Page 20 and 21: Positioning TerminologyDorsiflexion
Page 24 and 25: Projection TerminologyMSPRightRight
Page 26 and 27: Patient Identity And ConsentPATIENT
Page 28 and 29: Justification Of ExaminationJUSTIFI
Page 30 and 31: Radiation ProtectionRADIATION PROTE
Page 32 and 33: Radiation ProtectionTable 1.1 Radia
Page 34 and 35: PregnancyAsk patient ‘Are you or
Page 36 and 37: ‘The 10-Point Plan’5 Correct im
Page 38 and 39: ‘The 10-Point Plan’Underexposed
Page 40 and 41: Examination Timeline■■■■Giv
Page 42 and 43: Assessment of TraumaGUIDELINES FOR
Page 44 and 45: Theatre RadiographyTHEATRE RADIOGRA
Page 46 and 47: Theatre Radiography■■■Patient
Page 48 and 49: Hand - Lateral 118Hip - Antero-post
Page 50 and 51: This page intentionally left blank
Page 52 and 53: Abdomen - Antero-posterior SupinePo
Page 54 and 55: Abdomen - PronePositioning for pron
Page 56 and 57: Abdomen - Left Lateral DecubitusPos
Page 58 and 59: Acromioclavicular JointPositioning
Page 60 and 61: Ankle - Antero-posterior/Mortice Jo
Page 62 and 63: Ankle - LateralPositioning for late
Page 64 and 65: Calcaneum - AxialPositioning for ax
Page 66 and 67: Cervical Spine - Antero-posterior C
Page 68 and 69: Cervical Spine - Lateral ErectPosit
Page 70 and 71: Cervical Spine - AP C1-C2 ‘Open M
Page 72 and 73:
Cervical Spine - Lateral ‘Swimmer
Page 74 and 75:
Cervical Spine - Lateral SupinePosi
Page 76 and 77:
Cervical Spine - Posterior ObliqueP
Page 78 and 79:
Cervical Spine - Flexion and Extens
Page 80 and 81:
Chest - Postero-anteriorPositioning
Page 82 and 83:
Chest - Antero-posterior (Erect)Pos
Page 84 and 85:
Chest - LateralPositioning for late
Page 86 and 87:
Chest - Supine (Antero-posterior)Po
Page 88 and 89:
Chest - Mobile/Trolley (Antero-post
Page 90 and 91:
Clavicle - Postero-anteriorPosition
Page 92 and 93:
Clavicle - Infero-superiorPositioni
Page 94 and 95:
Coccyx - LateralPositioning for lat
Page 96 and 97:
Elbow - Antero-posteriorPositioning
Page 98 and 99:
Elbow - AP Alternate Projections fo
Page 100 and 101:
Elbow - LateralPositioning for late
Page 102 and 103:
Facial Bones - Occipito-mental45°P
Page 104 and 105:
Facial Bones - Occipito-mental (30
Page 106 and 107:
Femur - Antero-posteriorPositioning
Page 108 and 109:
Femur - LateralPositioning for late
Page 110 and 111:
Fingers - Dorsi-palmarPositioning f
Page 112 and 113:
Fingers - Lateral Index and Middle
Page 114 and 115:
Fingers - Lateral Ring and Little F
Page 116 and 117:
Foot - Dorsi-plantarPositioning for
Page 118 and 119:
Foot - Dorsi-plantar ObliquePositio
Page 120 and 121:
Foot - Lateral ErectPositioning for
Page 122 and 123:
Forearm - Antero-posteriorPositioni
Page 124 and 125:
Forearm - LateralPositioning for la
Page 126 and 127:
Hand - Dorsi-palmarPositioning ford
Page 128 and 129:
Hand - Dorsi-palmar ObliquePosition
Page 130 and 131:
Hand - LateralPositioning for later
Page 132 and 133:
Hip - Antero-posteriorPositioning f
Page 134 and 135:
Hip - Lateral Neck of Femur (Trauma
Page 136 and 137:
Hip - ‘Frog Leg Lateral’Positio
Page 138 and 139:
Humerus - Antero-posteriorPositioni
Page 140 and 141:
Humerus - LateralPositioning for la
Page 142 and 143:
Knee - Antero-posteriorPositioning
Page 144 and 145:
Knee - LateralPositioning for later
Page 146 and 147:
Knee - Horizontal Beam Lateral (Tra
Page 148 and 149:
Knee - Tunnel/Intercondylar NotchPo
Page 150 and 151:
Knee - ‘Skyline’ Patella (Super
Page 152 and 153:
Lumbar Spine - Antero-posteriorPosi
Page 154 and 155:
Lumbar Spine - LateralPositioning f
Page 156 and 157:
Lumbar Spine - ObliquePositioning f
Page 158 and 159:
Lumbar Sacral Junction (L5-S1)Posit
Page 160 and 161:
Mandible - Postero-anteriorPosition
Page 162 and 163:
Mandible - Lateral Oblique30°Posit
Page 164 and 165:
Orbits - Occipito-mental (Modified)
Page 166 and 167:
Essential Image Characteristics■
Page 168 and 169:
OrthopantomographyExample of correc
Page 170 and 171:
Pelvis - Antero-posteriorPositionin
Page 172 and 173:
Sacro-iliac Joints - Postero-anteri
Page 174 and 175:
Sacrum - LateralPositioning for lat
Page 176 and 177:
Scaphoid - Postero-anteriorPosition
Page 178 and 179:
Scaphoid - Anterior ObliquePosition
Page 180 and 181:
Scaphoid - Posterior ObliquePositio
Page 182 and 183:
Scaphoid - Ulnar DeviationPositioni
Page 184 and 185:
Shoulder Girdle - Antero-posteriorP
Page 186 and 187:
Shoulder Joint - Antero-posteriorPo
Page 188 and 189:
Shoulder - Supero-inferior (Axial)P
Page 190 and 191:
Shoulder Joint - Lateral Oblique
Page 192 and 193:
Sinuses - Occipito-mental45°Positi
Page 194 and 195:
Sinuses - Occipito-frontal 15 Degre
Page 196 and 197:
Sinuses - LateralPositioning for la
Page 198 and 199:
Skull - Occipito-frontal 20 Degrees
Page 200 and 201:
Skull - Occipito-frontal 30 Degrees
Page 202 and 203:
Skull - Lateral ErectPositioning fo
Page 204 and 205:
Skull - Fronto-occipital 20 Degrees
Page 206 and 207:
Skull - Modified Half Axial25°Posi
Page 208 and 209:
Skull - Lateral (Supine/Trolley)Pos
Page 210 and 211:
Sternum - LateralPositioning for la
Page 212 and 213:
Thoracic Spine - Antero-posteriorPo
Page 214 and 215:
Thoracic Spine - LateralPositioning
Page 216 and 217:
Thumb - Antero-posteriorPositioning
Page 218 and 219:
Thumb - LateralPositioning for late
Page 220 and 221:
Tibia and Fibula - Antero-posterior
Page 222 and 223:
Tibia and Fibula - LateralPositioni
Page 224 and 225:
Toe - Hallux - LateralPositioning f
Page 226 and 227:
Toes - Dorsi-plantarPositioning for
Page 228 and 229:
Toes Second to Fifth - Dorsi-Planta
Page 230 and 231:
Wrist - Postero-anteriorPositioning
Page 232 and 233:
Wrist - LateralPositioning for late
Page 234 and 235:
Zygomatic Arches - Infero-superiorP
Page 236 and 237:
Non-imaging Diagnostic TestsNON-IMA
Page 238 and 239:
Medical TerminologyMEDICAL TERMINOL
Page 240 and 241:
Medical TerminologyTrans-Urin- or u
Page 242 and 243:
Medical AbbreviationsD&VD&CDVTDIPDD
Page 244 and 245:
Medical AbbreviationsOFOMORIFPAPEPI
Page 246 and 247:
INDEXNote: page numbers in bold ref
Page 248 and 249:
Indexflexion 8, 8, 9cervical spine
Page 250 and 251:
Indexmastoid process 58maxillary si
Page 252 and 253:
Indexlateral 164, 166posterior obli
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