The Greek Revolution, A Critical Dictionary, Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Constantinos Tsoukalas, March 25, 2021

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Note on TransliterationThe only standard system for the transliteration of the Greek alphabet into languageswritten in Latin characters is that used for the transliteration of classicalGreek. The transliteration of ancient Greek, however, is quite inappropriatefor rendering the spelling and especially the phonetics of modern Greek. Accordinglythe following modifications have been introduced to make it conformmore to the modern morphology and sound of the language. Diphthongshave generally been retained, except in those cases where the modern pronunciationof Greek requires a consonant to be adequately rendered (for example,“aftou” not “autou”). The Greek vowels η and ι have been uniformly renderedwith i, and similarly ο and ω have been rendered with o. The Greek υ has beenrendered with y, except when it forms part of a diphthong; then it is renderedby u (for example, “tou”). The rough breathing has been dropped.Consonants have generally been rendered phonetically. Thus the Greek β hasbeen rendered by the Latin v rather than b. The Greek consonant φ is renderedby ph in all words with an ancient Greek root. Conversely, Greek names withLatin roots (such as Constantinos) have been transliterated as closely as possible to their original form.We have generally followed the monotonic accentuation system in force inGreece today for the spelling of Modern Greek, but we have respected individualauthors’ use of the polytonic system in cases where such a preferenceoccurs in the text of their essays.The names of modern Greek authors appear in the form used by the authorsthemselves if they have published work in a foreign language. Inevitably someinconsistencies will remain, but we hope the reader will find this understandablein a book of this nature. Place names have been used in their standard forms
Note on Transliterationxviin the En glish language, other wise they have been transliterated following thegeneral rules adopted in this book.Words and terms originating in the Turkish language as well as Turkish nameshave been used in the conventional forms established by usage in English-languagewriting. In some cases diacritics have been added to help pronunciation ofthese linguistic forms.
Page 2 and 3: the greek revolution
Page 4 and 5: The GreekRevolutiona critical dicti
Page 6: In honor of the generations of scho
Page 9 and 10: ContentsviiiChios Christos Landros
Page 12 and 13: Note to the ReaderThis book is inte
Page 14: xiiiNote to the Readereign observer
Page 20 and 21: ForewordThe outbreak of the revolut
Page 22 and 23: xxiForewordan in de pen dent Greek
Page 24 and 25: xxiiiForewordGreece do not belong t
Page 26: the greek revolution
Page 29 and 30: Introduction 2The Age of the Demo c
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 4articulated amid inte
Page 33 and 34: Introduction 6The richness of theor
Page 35 and 36: Introduction 8complete new history
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 10The revolutionary Gr
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 12and Chania. Peloponn
Page 41 and 42: Introduction 14Many aspects of Capo
Page 44: Icontexts
Page 47 and 48: the greek revolution 20included Ode
Page 49 and 50: the greek revolution 22which had be
Page 51 and 52: the greek revolution 24sons of Daci
Page 53 and 54: the greek revolution 26cousin Georg
Page 55 and 56: the greek revolution 28Clogg, Richa
Page 57 and 58: Balkan Hinterlands: The South Slavi
Page 59 and 60: the greek revolution 32there by the
Page 61 and 62: the greek revolution 34Serbian and
Page 63 and 64: the greek revolution 36ReferencesCl
Page 65 and 66:
Diasporas and HomelandsScholarly di
Page 67 and 68:
the greek revolution 40that some of
Page 69 and 70:
the greek revolution 42national pre
Page 71 and 72:
the greek revolution 44again that t
Page 73 and 74:
the greek revolution 46vessels in E
Page 75 and 76:
the greek revolution 48As they grew
Page 77 and 78:
the greek revolution 50Capodistrias
Page 79 and 80:
the greek revolution 52church, anno
Page 81 and 82:
the greek revolution 54nomination.
Page 83 and 84:
the greek revolution 56Karidis, Vir
Page 85 and 86:
Ottoman ContextWhen one examines th
Page 87 and 88:
the greek revolution 60ViennaH A B
Page 89 and 90:
the greek revolution 62sometime bet
Page 91 and 92:
the greek revolution 64Regarding Ac
Page 93 and 94:
the greek revolution 66subjecthood
Page 95 and 96:
the greek revolution 68In most of t
Page 97 and 98:
the greek revolution 70In the wake
Page 99 and 100:
the greek revolution 72At the time
Page 101 and 102:
the greek revolution 74There are mo
Page 103 and 104:
the greek revolution 76March 1824.
Page 105 and 106:
the greek revolution 78Ilicak, Süc
Page 108 and 109:
CommunitiesThe Greek Revolution est
Page 110 and 111:
83 Communitiescharged with a broad
Page 112 and 113:
85 CommunitiesThe functioning in th
Page 114 and 115:
87 Communitiesgion’s Christian co
Page 116 and 117:
89 CommunitiesOttoman power (Papast
Page 118 and 119:
91 Communitiesization of the Pelopo
Page 120 and 121:
93 Communitiesand remedial judge (a
Page 122 and 123:
95 Communities“ under the same fl
Page 124 and 125:
97 Communitiesmation of the state a
Page 126 and 127:
99 CommunitiesStathis, Panagiotis.
Page 128 and 129:
101 Forms of Re sis tanceiors, atti
Page 130 and 131:
103 Forms of Re sis tancetime, the
Page 132 and 133:
105 Forms of Re sis tancethe Balkan
Page 134 and 135:
107 Forms of Re sis tancetaxes) and
Page 136 and 137:
109 Forms of Re sis tanceTheir opti
Page 138 and 139:
111 Forms of Re sis tance“however
Page 140 and 141:
113 Forms of Re sis tanceIn Rumeli,
Page 142 and 143:
115 Forms of Re sis tanceenced cons
Page 144 and 145:
117 Forms of Re sis tanceWhile Xant
Page 146 and 147:
119 Forms of Re sis tanceStathis, P
Page 148 and 149:
121 Secret Socie tiesBefore present
Page 150 and 151:
123 Secret Socie tiesTheir duties w
Page 152 and 153:
125 Secret Socie tiesstudents in Pa
Page 154 and 155:
127 Secret Socie tieswe shall see,
Page 156 and 157:
129 Secret Socie tiesthos, the “c
Page 158 and 159:
131 Secret Socie tiesFigure 1 Diony
Page 160 and 161:
133 Secret Socie tiesThe Archi memb
Page 162 and 163:
135 Secret Socie tiescircumstantial
Page 164 and 165:
137 Secret Socie ties2. Widespread
Page 166 and 167:
139 Secret Socie tiessembly convene
Page 168 and 169:
141 Secret Socie tiesGreeks and kno
Page 170 and 171:
143 Secret Socie tiesKoukkou, Eleni
Page 172:
IIIevents and places
Page 175 and 176:
the greek revolution 148traders. Th
Page 177 and 178:
the greek revolution 150on the seas
Page 179 and 180:
the greek revolution 152modern Gree
Page 181 and 182:
the greek revolution 154Figure 4 Ka
Page 183 and 184:
the greek revolution 156ships, and
Page 185 and 186:
the greek revolution 158historiogra
Page 187 and 188:
the greek revolution 160ReferencesA
Page 189 and 190:
the greek revolution 162The militar
Page 191 and 192:
the greek revolution 164but signifi
Page 193 and 194:
AthensOn his return to England, Geo
Page 195 and 196:
the greek revolution 168Figure 8 Di
Page 197 and 198:
the greek revolution 170ViliaMegara
Page 199 and 200:
the greek revolution 172the adminis
Page 201 and 202:
the greek revolution 174Figure 9 Ge
Page 203 and 204:
the greek revolution 176in a minor
Page 205 and 206:
ChiosThe 1821 revolution on Chios b
Page 207 and 208:
the greek revolution 180it was deem
Page 209 and 210:
the greek revolution 182of Chiots a
Page 211 and 212:
the greek revolution 184Giatrakou,
Page 213 and 214:
the greek revolution 186“office
Page 215 and 216:
the greek revolution 188Grigorios V
Page 217 and 218:
the greek revolution 190in 1792 and
Page 219 and 220:
the greek revolution 192Papas, who
Page 221 and 222:
the greek revolution 194communities
Page 223 and 224:
the greek revolution 196GramvousaSE
Page 225 and 226:
the greek revolution 198for help. A
Page 227 and 228:
the greek revolution 200moved into
Page 229 and 230:
the greek revolution 202Kritovoulid
Page 231 and 232:
the greek revolution 204Figure 12 E
Page 233 and 234:
the greek revolution 206all the pro
Page 235 and 236:
EpirusThe armed conflict of Ali Pas
Page 237 and 238:
the greek revolution 210In late Mar
Page 239 and 240:
the greek revolution 212the “exod
Page 241 and 242:
the greek revolution 214wariness or
Page 243 and 244:
the greek revolution 216the enemy a
Page 245 and 246:
the greek revolution 218could now u
Page 247 and 248:
the greek revolution 220Infantry un
Page 249 and 250:
the greek revolution 222several of
Page 251 and 252:
the greek revolution 224Committee a
Page 253 and 254:
the greek revolution 226Marinos Ste
Page 255 and 256:
the greek revolution 228although le
Page 257 and 258:
the greek revolution 230ReferencesA
Page 259 and 260:
MacedoniaIn the early nineteenth ce
Page 261 and 262:
the greek revolution 234Map 7Moreov
Page 263 and 264:
the greek revolution 236Meanwhile,
Page 265 and 266:
the greek revolution 238were met ag
Page 267 and 268:
the greek revolution 240after Ali
Page 269 and 270:
the greek revolution 242heads were
Page 271 and 272:
the greek revolution 2441828 where
Page 273 and 274:
the greek revolution 246man. Natura
Page 275 and 276:
MesolonghiIn the early nineteenth c
Page 277 and 278:
the greek revolution 250their milit
Page 279 and 280:
the greek revolution 252Map 8Revolu
Page 281 and 282:
the greek revolution 254Ottoman nav
Page 283 and 284:
the greek revolution 256Figure 14 T
Page 285 and 286:
MoreaAt the crucial meeting of the
Page 287 and 288:
the greek revolution 260Hurşid, wh
Page 289 and 290:
the greek revolution 262so on), as
Page 291 and 292:
the greek revolution 264In these co
Page 293 and 294:
the greek revolution 266later in Tr
Page 295 and 296:
the greek revolution 268persons who
Page 297 and 298:
the greek revolution 270Figure 15 D
Page 299 and 300:
the greek revolution 272Figure 16 D
Page 301 and 302:
the greek revolution 274their teeth
Page 303 and 304:
the greek revolution 276sense of th
Page 305 and 306:
the greek revolution 278for the Gre
Page 307 and 308:
the greek revolution 280the Philiko
Page 309 and 310:
the greek revolution 282The ebb and
Page 311 and 312:
the greek revolution 284top of the
Page 313 and 314:
the greek revolution 286new conflic
Page 315 and 316:
the greek revolution 288responsible
Page 317 and 318:
PalaiokastroMap 10Battle of Navarin
Page 319 and 320:
the greek revolution 292By 2 p.m. t
Page 321 and 322:
the greek revolution 294Ibrahim was
Page 323 and 324:
the greek revolution 296ReferencesB
Page 325 and 326:
the greek revolution 298their own a
Page 327 and 328:
the greek revolution 300the north c
Page 329 and 330:
the greek revolution 302countryside
Page 331 and 332:
the greek revolution 304Figure 18 K
Page 333 and 334:
the greek revolution 306property (G
Page 335 and 336:
the greek revolution 308troops, to
Page 337 and 338:
the greek revolution 310The Siege o
Page 339 and 340:
the greek revolution 312air unable
Page 341 and 342:
the greek revolution 314Kitromilide
Page 343 and 344:
the greek revolution 316(Carmagnole
Page 345 and 346:
the greek revolution 318Georgios Lo
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
the greek revolution 322north coast
Page 351 and 352:
the greek revolution 324the sea bet
Page 353 and 354:
the greek revolution 326even by Gre
Page 355 and 356:
the greek revolution 328Philiou, Ch
Page 358 and 359:
ClergymenThe attitude of the Orthod
Page 360 and 361:
333 Clergymenonly in the provinces
Page 362 and 363:
335 Clergymenlectuals as members of
Page 364 and 365:
337 Clergymenis why the variations
Page 366 and 367:
339 Clergymenrios was another chara
Page 368 and 369:
341 Clergymentionary mobilization.
Page 370 and 371:
343 Clergymenbecause he maintained
Page 372 and 373:
345 Clergymenwords and actions of t
Page 374 and 375:
347 ClergymenHatzopoulos, Marios. 2
Page 376 and 377:
349 Civilian Leaders and the Beginn
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
365 Diplomats and DiplomacyFigure 2
Page 394 and 395:
367 Diplomats and Diplomacytion. Af
Page 396 and 397:
369 Diplomats and Diplomacytians le
Page 398 and 399:
371 Diplomats and DiplomacyLaw at O
Page 400 and 401:
373 Diplomats and Diplomacydismiss
Page 402 and 403:
375 Diplomats and DiplomacyEgyptian
Page 404 and 405:
377 Diplomats and Diplomacyextended
Page 406 and 407:
379 Diplomats and Diplomacythe peni
Page 408 and 409:
381 Diplomats and DiplomacyViennaRU
Page 410 and 411:
383 Diplomats and Diplomacytion in
Page 412 and 413:
IntellectualsThe number of intellec
Page 414 and 415:
387 Intellectualsitrios Ypsilantis
Page 416 and 417:
389 IntellectualsAnthimos Gazis (bo
Page 418 and 419:
plate 1 Exoriare Aliquis. Lithograp
Page 420 and 421:
plate 4 Louis- Léopold Robert, A Y
Page 422 and 423:
plate 6 CesareMussini, “SaremoLib
Page 424 and 425:
plate 9Horace Vernet, The Defeat, 1
Page 426 and 427:
plate 12 Jean-Baptiste Vinchon, Mod
Page 428 and 429:
plate 15 Theodoros Vryzakis, Hellas
Page 430 and 431:
plate 17 Eugène Delacroix, Scenes
Page 432 and 433:
plate 19 George- Philip Reinagle, T
Page 434 and 435:
plate 22 Denis Dighton, Defeat of t
Page 436 and 437:
plate 25Athens.Filippo Marsigli, Th
Page 438 and 439:
plate 27 Peter von Hess, The Recept
Page 440 and 441:
plate 29 Christian Perlberg, A Fest
Page 442 and 443:
391 Intellectualsat Epidavros and t
Page 444 and 445:
393 Intellectualsand Frangiskos Mav
Page 446 and 447:
395 Intellectualsof the most mature
Page 448 and 449:
397 IntellectualsArgyropoulos, Roxa
Page 450 and 451:
Military LeadersA distinction betwe
Page 452 and 453:
401 Military Leadersof kinship, mar
Page 454 and 455:
403 Military LeadersFigure 28 Spyri
Page 456 and 457:
405 Military Leadersit. The groups
Page 458 and 459:
407 Military Leadershe adopted a co
Page 460 and 461:
409 Military Leadersthe Rus sian, F
Page 462 and 463:
411 Military Leadersfare rendered t
Page 464 and 465:
413 Military LeadersFigure 32 Karl
Page 466 and 467:
415 Military Leaderslegitimization
Page 468 and 469:
417 Military LeadersFigure 33 Karl
Page 470 and 471:
419 Military LeadersVeremis, Thanos
Page 472 and 473:
421 Womebravely helped many resid
Page 474 and 475:
423 Womewomen chose to die rather
Page 476 and 477:
425 Womethat there was nothing mu
Page 478 and 479:
427 Womesecuted. In 1825 she was
Page 480 and 481:
429 Womeretired to Gastouni to re
Page 482 and 483:
431 WomeEleni, was said to have a
Page 484 and 485:
433 Womewomen who filed for a div
Page 486 and 487:
435 WomeReferencesPrimary sources
Page 488:
VInstitutions
Page 491 and 492:
the greek revolution 440centralized
Page 493 and 494:
the greek revolution 442interests.
Page 495 and 496:
the greek revolution 444the rule th
Page 497 and 498:
the greek revolution 446one part of
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
the greek revolution 450This is not
Page 503 and 504:
the greek revolution 452“Greek De
Page 505 and 506:
the greek revolution 454without gre
Page 507 and 508:
the greek revolution 456usually rec
Page 509 and 510:
the greek revolution 458Assembly, d
Page 511 and 512:
the greek revolution 460expressed t
Page 513 and 514:
the greek revolution 462to lie fall
Page 515 and 516:
the greek revolution 464Minting of
Page 517 and 518:
the greek revolution 466Pantelis, A
Page 519 and 520:
the greek revolution 468factionalis
Page 521 and 522:
the greek revolution 470Archives. A
Page 523 and 524:
the greek revolution 472to teach an
Page 525 and 526:
the greek revolution 474The applica
Page 527 and 528:
the greek revolution 476while Genna
Page 529 and 530:
the greek revolution 478its transla
Page 531 and 532:
the greek revolution 480Aspects of
Page 533 and 534:
the greek revolution 482and seven m
Page 535 and 536:
The Orthodox ChurchNineteenth- cent
Page 537 and 538:
the greek revolution 486Adamantios
Page 539 and 540:
the greek revolution 488Ottoman res
Page 541 and 542:
the greek revolution 490Although th
Page 543 and 544:
the greek revolution 492in the decl
Page 545 and 546:
the greek revolution 494in de pen d
Page 547 and 548:
The PressWith the outbreak of the G
Page 549 and 550:
the greek revolution 498another fic
Page 551 and 552:
the greek revolution 500censorship
Page 553 and 554:
the greek revolution 502The Ellinik
Page 555 and 556:
the greek revolution 504The “anno
Page 557 and 558:
the greek revolution 506Ephimeris.
Page 559 and 560:
the greek revolution 508and thankle
Page 561 and 562:
the greek revolution 510Ελλην
Page 564:
VIIdeas and CreativeExpression
Page 567 and 568:
the greek revolution 516Greek world
Page 569 and 570:
the greek revolution 518Iosipos Moi
Page 571 and 572:
the greek revolution 520Greek prese
Page 573 and 574:
the greek revolution 522Figure 38 A
Page 575 and 576:
the greek revolution 524major issue
Page 577 and 578:
the greek revolution 526regularitie
Page 579 and 580:
the greek revolution 5282011, 344).
Page 581 and 582:
the greek revolution 530From the Or
Page 583 and 584:
Lit er a ture, Learning, and Print
Page 585 and 586:
the greek revolution 534conscious a
Page 587 and 588:
the greek revolution 536They symbol
Page 589 and 590:
the greek revolution 538throughout
Page 591 and 592:
the greek revolution 540mature man,
Page 593 and 594:
the greek revolution 542somewhat mo
Page 595 and 596:
the greek revolution 544enriched th
Page 597 and 598:
the greek revolution 546What is in
Page 599 and 600:
the greek revolution 548the first a
Page 601 and 602:
the greek revolution 550is complete
Page 603 and 604:
the greek revolution 552side, the l
Page 605 and 606:
the greek revolution 554Politis, Al
Page 607 and 608:
the greek revolution 556life in Gre
Page 609 and 610:
the greek revolution 558The folk so
Page 611 and 612:
the greek revolution 560being trans
Page 613 and 614:
the greek revolution 562encampments
Page 615 and 616:
the greek revolution 564couple, the
Page 617 and 618:
the greek revolution 566or from nar
Page 619 and 620:
the greek revolution 568imagery are
Page 621 and 622:
the greek revolution 570απεστ
Page 623 and 624:
the greek revolution 572This volume
Page 625 and 626:
the greek revolution 574but in quit
Page 627 and 628:
the greek revolution 576and the lib
Page 629 and 630:
the greek revolution 5781803) and S
Page 631 and 632:
the greek revolution 580final stres
Page 633 and 634:
the greek revolution 582(Improvised
Page 635 and 636:
the greek revolution 584poet pessim
Page 637 and 638:
the greek revolution 586On Psara’
Page 639 and 640:
the greek revolution 588The Afterli
Page 641 and 642:
the greek revolution 590Solomos, Di
Page 644 and 645:
PhilhellenismBetween Souliote Chief
Page 646 and 647:
595 Philhellenismand governments ou
Page 648 and 649:
597 PhilhellenismGenoa in July. Ove
Page 650 and 651:
599 Philhellenismdifficulty, and th
Page 652 and 653:
601 Philhellenismrather than ideolo
Page 654 and 655:
603 PhilhellenismWithin a month, th
Page 656 and 657:
605 Philhellenismadvocated the caus
Page 658 and 659:
607 PhilhellenismDelacroix was fasc
Page 660 and 661:
609 Philhellenismsecurity. Several
Page 662 and 663:
611 PhilhellenismStates (see Ioanni
Page 664 and 665:
613 PhilhellenismStanhope, Leiceste
Page 666 and 667:
615 American Philhellenismaddition
Page 668 and 669:
617 American Philhellenismto elevat
Page 670 and 671:
619 American Philhellenismthan the
Page 672 and 673:
621 American PhilhellenismAnnals of
Page 674 and 675:
623 The Visual Narration of the Gre
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Page 680 and 681:
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
Page 686 and 687:
Page 688 and 689:
Page 690 and 691:
The Revolution and the Romantic Ima
Page 692 and 693:
641 The Revolution and the Romantic
Page 694 and 695:
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Page 700 and 701:
Page 702 and 703:
Page 704 and 705:
Page 706 and 707:
Page 708 and 709:
Page 710 and 711:
Sounding the Greek Revolution: Musi
Page 712 and 713:
661 Sounding the Greek Revolutionvo
Page 714 and 715:
663 Sounding the Greek RevolutionGr
Page 716 and 717:
665 Sounding the Greek RevolutionGr
Page 718 and 719:
667 Sounding the Greek RevolutionKa
Page 720 and 721:
669 Historiographical Traditions an
Page 722 and 723:
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Page 740 and 741:
Page 742 and 743:
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
695 Anniversariesthe centenary of t
Page 748 and 749:
697 Anniversariesof the modern Gree
Page 750 and 751:
699 AnniversariesOlympic Stadium or
Page 752 and 753:
701 Anniversariesmodern Greek deman
Page 754 and 755:
703 Anniversariesthe battles agains
Page 756 and 757:
705 Anniversaries1971— could hard
Page 758 and 759:
707 AnniversariesMakrides, Vasilios
Page 760 and 761:
709 Symbolic Commemorations and Cul
Page 762 and 763:
Page 764 and 765:
Page 766 and 767:
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776:
SUMMARY ChronologyContributorsAckno
Page 779 and 780:
SUMMARY Chronology 7281820Insurrect
Page 781 and 782:
SUMMARY Chronology 730September 8Se
Page 783 and 784:
SUMMARY Chronology 732March 30July
Page 785 and 786:
SUMMARY Chronology 734November 18De
Page 787 and 788:
SUMMARY Chronology 7361828January 8
Page 790 and 791:
ContributorsNicos C. Alivizatos, Na
Page 792 and 793:
Acknowl edgmentsBoth editors feel d
Page 794:
743 Acknowl edgmentsthe map of Meso
Page 797 and 798:
index 746Akarnania, 100, 211-214, 2
Page 799 and 800:
index 748Blake, William, 722Blaquie
Page 801 and 802:
index 750Constitutions (continued)(
Page 803 and 804:
index 752Euboea (Evia), 76, 150, 15
Page 805 and 806:
index 754Howe, Samuel Gridley, 12,
Page 807 and 808:
index 756Kiamil Bey of Corinth, 557
Page 809 and 810:
index 758London, Protocols of (1830
Page 811 and 812:
index 760Modon. See MethoniMohammed
Page 813 and 814:
index 762Palamidis family, 350Palat
Page 815 and 816:
index 764Prague, 392Praidis, Georgi
Page 817 and 818:
index 766shipowners, 48, 85, 95, 14
Page 819 and 820:
index 768Trieste, 38-39, 42, 44, 46
Page 821:
index 770Ypsilantis, Alexandros (co
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The Greek Revolution, A Critical Dictionary, Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Constantinos Tsoukalas, March 25, 2021

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