Leadership in Organizations

The 7 S framework
Soft Systems methodology (SSM)
• Organizations, societies and human groupings are considered.
• By considering humans, each person can perceive a situation differently and act
differently.
• When you solve a problem for one person, they may be rise a problem for
another person.
• More concerned with why things are done.
• CATWOE:
o Customers: how are these groups or individuals likely to react when the
changes are announced?
o Actors: who are the groups who will implement any change? Who do I
need to win over?
o Transformation: what changes are being proposed and how do they
interlink?
o Weltanschauung: worldview. Considering the big picture
o Owners: who runs the systems? What would make these people follow the
instructions? Of what would make them resist the change?
o Environmental constraints: considering external factors that may help of
hinder.
➔ Make a systems map with the different elements of the problem and show
interconnection
Hard systems methodology
Problem is well defined
System is clearly bounded
Problem is separable from system
Who ought to be involved is clear
Data to solve the problem is known and
available
Soft systems methodology
Problem can be undefined
System is fuzzy-edged
What is the problem?
Not sure who ought to be involved
Unsure what information is needed
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