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causes are traumatic events from the past(from life changing surgery to emotionaland physical abuse), low self-esteem,others that are critical of the person’sappearance, and not fitting in the Eurocentricbeauty standard.Callisto.ggsrv.comNeurocognitive FunctionThere has been little research on theneurocognitive functions of peoplediagnosed with BDD. Concerning visualmemory, there have been studies thatconclude that people with BDD may havevisual memory deficiencies. In one studyof cognitive functioning, subjects wereasked to copy and recall a complicatedfigure drawing. The BDD group recalledmore specific parts of the drawinginstead of the overall structure whichmakes sense because BDD patients focuson a specific part of their body. Inaddition, there has been research aboutorganization and planning for people withBDD, and a study by “K.R. Hanes foundthat BDD subjects made more errors on asearch task, demonstrating deficits inworking memory, compared to healthycontrols. They also were slower on a taskmeasuring planning ability.”⁵ ⁶ A studyby Ulrike Buhlmann et al., found thatpeople with BDD were more likely thanhealthy subjects to mistake neutral facesas angry.⁷ This means that patients withBDD have a harder time processingemotions than healthier subjects. Lastly,another study from Ulrike Buhlmann etal. found that patients with BDD had“more delayed responses to words suchas attractive and beauty compared tomore neutral words.”⁸32| SUMMER 2021HeritabilityHeritability is by far one of the mostlimited studies concerning BDD, butresearchers found that “8% of individualswith BDD have a family member alsodiagnosed with BDD, a statistic 4–8Visual Processingtimes theprevalence inthe generalpopulation.”⁹Additionally,there is aconnectionwith OCDthat comesfrom familystudies. Inone study byPhillips etal., “7% ofBDD patients had a first-degree relativewith OCD.”¹⁰ Therefore, OCD and BDDmay be correlated and BDD itself may beheritable.Researchers studied the ways patientswith BDD distinguished their own facescompared to others’ faces. One study byJose A Yaryura-Tobias et al. showed thatBDD patients perceived distortions oftheir own faces which were not reallythere.¹¹ In another study by UlrichStangier et al., BDD participants weremore accurate than healthy subjects indetecting changes in beauty features ofothers’ faces.¹² The studies showed thatpeople with BDD have a superior abilityto process details after it was found thatthose with BDD were faster than healthycontrols at identifying others’ faces thatwere upside down. These studies suggestthat BDD individuals have a greatersensitivity to detecting details, whichmay lead them to notice defects that areunnoticeable to others.¹³TreatmentCurrently, there is no way to preventbody dysmorphic disorder, but since themental illness begins in adolescenceyears, it may be easier to detect the issueand begin treatment early.¹⁴ Sometreatments include psychotherapy whichis individual counseling that focuses onchanging a person’s cognitive thinkingand behavior. There is also exposure andresponse prevention which uses thoughtsand real-life situations to prove to thepatients that their view of themselves isnot accurate. Medication can also be usedas antidepressants. For example,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) may help treat body dysmorphicdisorder as it increases serotonin (ahormone that controls overall well-beingand happiness) in the brain. Lastly, thereis group or family therapy which allowsfamily members to learn to understandbody dysmorphic disorder and recognizethe signs and symptoms of the BDDpatient.¹⁵ConclusionOverall, body dysmorphic disorder is anillness with harmful effects if undetectedor left untreated. Due to limitedinformation known, it is very difficult toreceive help and diagnose people withBDD. However, people should be aware ofBDD and empathize with people with thisillness and be cognizant of theirsymptoms. More resources should befunneled to researching BDD so help canbe provided for those who suffer fromBDD.Chainwit, Wikimedia CommonsReferences[1] "Obsession." InternationalEncyclopedia of the Social Sciences,
edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed.,vol. 6, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008,pp. 17-18. Gale in Context: Global Issues,link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3045301797/GIC?u=lom_inac&sid=bookmark-GIC&xid=099f864a. Accessed 28 July2021.[2] Li, Wei, et al. "Body DysmorphicDisorder: Neurobiological Features and anUpdated Model." Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov,2013,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237698/#R27. Accessed 28 July 2021.[3] Scott M. Granet, LCSW. "Impact ofBDD." iocdf.org, bdd.iocdf.org/expertopinions/impact-of-bdd/.Accessed 28July 2021. International OCD Foundation[4] Willingham, Emily Jane, and HeidiSplete. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder." TheGale Encyclopedia of Medicine, edited byJacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 2, Gale,2020, pp. 763-67. Gale in Context:Science,link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7986600285/SCIC?u=lom_inac&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=3017dcaf.[5] Lai, Tsz Man, et al. "TheNeurobiology of Body DysmorphicDisorder." iocdf.org,bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/neurobiologyof-bdd/.International OCD Foundation[6] Hanes, K. (1998). Neuropsychologicalperformance in body dysmorphicdisorder. Journal of the InternationalNeuropsychological Society, 4(2), 167-171.[7] Buhlmann, U., Etcoff, N., & Wilhelm,S. (2006). Emotional recognition bias forcontempt and anger in body dysmorphicdisorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research,40(2), 105-111.Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Aug 15; 48(4):287-93[10] Li, Wei, et al. "Body DysmorphicDisorder: Neurobiological Features and anUpdated Model." Www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov,2013,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237698/#R27. Accessed 28 July2021.[11] Yaryura-Tobias, J., Neziroglu, F.,Chang, R., Lee, S., Pinto, A., & Donohue,L. (2002). Computerized perceptualanalysis of patients with bodydysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectrums,7(6), 444-446.[12] Stangier, U., Adam-Schwebe, S.,Muller, T., & Wolter, M. (2008).Discrimination of facial appearancestimuli in body dysmorphic disorder.Journal of abnormal psychology, 117(2),435-443.[13] Lai, Tsz Man, et al. "TheNeurobiology of Body DysmorphicDisorder." iocdf.org,bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/neurobiologyof-bdd/.Accessed 28 July 2021.International OCD Foundation[14] Mayo Clinic Staff. "Body dysmorphicdisorder."Www.mayoclinic.org,www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/body-dysmorphicdisorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938. Accessed 28 July 2021.MayoClinic[15] "Body Dysmorphic Disorder."My.clevelandclinic.org,my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-bodydysmorphic-disorder.Accessed 28 July2021. Cleveland Cliniccallisto.ggsrv.com/imgsrv/FastFetch/UBER1/ZI-0359-2015-OCT08S1-IDSI-14-1.Accessed 29 July 2021.Chainwit. Is this me mental disorder oflooking.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 24Dec.2018,commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Is_this_me_mental_disorder_of_looking.jpg. Accessed 28 July 2021.(Image Credit: Society of Mental Health Studies)ABOUT THE AUTHOR[8] Buhlmann, U., McNally, R., Wilhelm,S., & Florin, I. (2002). Selectiveprocessing of emotional information inbody dysmorphic disorder. Journal ofAnxiety Disorders, 16(3), 289-298.[9] Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, RiddleMA,Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA,Grados MA, Nestadt GImage Citations"Body Dysmorphic Disorder." Anxiety &Depression Association of America,adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/bodydysmorphic-disorder.Accessed 28 July2021. "Brain Imaging." Callisto.ggsrv.comChinedum Aguwa is a rising seniorliving in Michigan, USA. She isinterested in neuroscience and wantsto inform marginalized communitiesabout important public health issues.She also likes reading, sewing, anddoing yoga.EUNOIA GLOBAL HEALTH |33
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