CMI Annual Report 2021

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with macro-scale optimization models of the United States energy system. The REPEAT team employs these novel tools to rapidly evaluate policy and regulatory proposals at state, county, and sometimes finer resolutions. These tools also provide politically salient analyses of the impacts of the nation’s changing energy infrastructure on air quality and public health, energy sector employment, household and business energy expenditures, and more. Results and publications are intended to provide independent, timely, and credible information and analysis for broad educational purposes, including as a resource for stakeholders, decisionmakers, and the media. The REPEAT toolkit reflects further development and refinement of the models and methods used in the landmark Princeton Net-Zero America study, which “set an entirely new standard” in energy transition modeling by offering an “unprecedented degree of clarity and granularity” in its results, according to John Holdren, former Science Advisor to President Obama and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The influential report was widely covered in major media, and the spatially explicit and granular results and associated data and maps have proven to be highly relevant to a wide range of stakeholders and decision makers. The impact of the Net-Zero America project demonstrated an appetite for more politically salient outputs from energy systems models. It also inspired and motivated the REPEAT Project, which has successfully refined, updated, and automated these detailed methods to enable evaluation of federal policies at an unprecedented pace and level of detail. Through modeling and analysis of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (a.k.a. the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill) and the Build Back Better Act published over the last six months, REPEAT Project has established itself as a critical resource that has helped shape policy negotiations, reporting, and public understanding of these major Congressional bills. Living up to its name, REPEAT Project published several timely analyses of each bill as they evolved, frequently publishing a new analysis within days or weeks of major milestones in progression of each piece of legislation through the Senate and House of Representatives. The Project’s website at repeatproject.org also provides a detailed data portal that allows anyone to explore a wide range of quantitative outcomes under each version of the policy and to compare outcomes under each policy to benchmark scenarios or other policies. This tool puts all the quantitative results from the Project at the disposal of decision makers, media, stakeholder groups, 23 Carbon Mitigation Initiative Twenty-first Year Report 2021
and the public. The REPEAT Project website was accessed by over 5,000 unique visitors between October 2021 and March 2022, and the Project’s reports were downloaded over 1,600 times during this period. The Project’s analysis has also featured in 22 news stories to date, ranging from The New York Times and Washington Post to Nature, Axios, and The New Yorker. Figure 3.1. An analysis of various potential policies’ impacts on US greenhouse gas emissions by 2035: Frozen Policies – policies as of January 2021; Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), enacted November 2021; Build Back Better Act, passed by the US House in November 2021 but is currently stalled in the Senate; and Net-Zero Pathway, a cost-optimized pathway to reduce economywide U.S. greenhouse gas emissions 50% below 2005 levels by 2030 and to netzero by 2050. (credit: Zero Lab Report Summary). With the Build Back Better Act stalled in the Senate, REPEAT Project is standing by to assess any Senate legislative vehicle that may emerge in the remainder of the 117th Congress. In addition, the Project will assess proposed regulations and other notable executive actions to assemble a more accurate picture of the impact of regulatory policy absent of or in conjunction with further legislation. Finally, the ZERO Lab and REPEAT Project collaborators continue to develop novel methods for robust evaluation of energy infrastructure deployment and options. The aim is to manage trade-offs and maximize benefits across impacts on social equity, labor, air quality, land use, and other politically salient outcomes to provide improved decision support as the United States charts a course to a net-zero emissions future. Carbon Mitigation Initiative Twenty-first Year Report 2021 24
Page 1 and 2: Annual Report 2021
Page 3 and 4: Contents INTRODUCTION 1 RESEARCH -
Page 5 and 6: The Carbon Mitigation Initiative (C
Page 7 and 8: Annual Meeting For the second conse
Page 9 and 10: Erin Mayfield (left), a postdoctora
Page 11 and 12: Research - At a Glance Toward Accel
Page 13 and 14: Modeling Large-Scale CO 2 Injection
Page 15 and 16: Diverging Fate of Oceanic Oxygen Mi
Page 17 and 18: Louisiana is an attractive initial
Page 19 and 20: Office of the Governor of Louisiana
Page 21 and 22: Bridging the Gap Between CCS Ambiti
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.2. Comparison of historica
Page 25: REPEAT Project Provides Real-time L
Page 29 and 30: Figure 4.1. Magnitude of different
Page 31 and 32: Soil Uptake and Methane Feedback of
Page 33 and 34: industrial level because most of cu
Page 35 and 36: more methanogenic (Figure 6.1a, Wil
Page 37 and 38: Modeling Large-Scale CO 2 Injection
Page 39 and 40: The most sensitive parameter in the
Page 41 and 42: Improving Forecasts of How Biodiver
Page 43 and 44: The Efficiency of Enhanced Weatheri
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9.2a-b. Map of ACCE (a) and
Page 47 and 48: full sunlight but die quickly in sh
Page 49 and 50: Future Fires Compromise Amazon Fore
Page 51 and 52: Figure 11.1. Emergence of alternati
Page 53 and 54: For the first time, the researchers
Page 55 and 56: Understanding Tropical Cyclone Freq
Page 57 and 58: estimates over the 20 th century al
Page 59 and 60: Calcium (Ca)-Based Solid Sorbents f
Page 61 and 62: This Year’s Publications Allen, M
Page 63 and 64: Larson, E., C. Greig, J. Jenkins, E
Page 65 and 66: Wang, C., B.J. Soden, W. Yang, and
Page 67 and 68: The cover and text pages of this re

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