Maize: Origin, Domestication, and its Role in the Development of Culture

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xii Figures List 5.10. A typical Proto-Kculli cob from Los Gavilanes. 173 5.11. An ideotype of ramified ears that may have been the original form of wild maize, with axillary hermaphroditic inflorescences. 174 5.12. Pollen grain, Los Gavilanes, Epoch 2, with its surface enlarged by 10,000 and showing the uniform distribution of the spinules. This corresponds to a pure maize. 175 5.13. Pollen grain, Los Gavilanes, Epoch 2, with its surface enlarged by 10,000 and showing the loss of the spinules (see arrow), which according to Umesh Banerjee indicates a relation with Tripsacum. 177 5.14. A fragment of a preceramic cob (ASID-1 = 2) from Áspero. It is an evolved form of Proto-Confite Morocho. 183 5.15. A fragment of a preceramic cob (ASlV-3 = 3) from Áspero. It is a more evolved race than Proto-Confite Morocho and may mark the transition toward more advanced races. 183 5.16. A preceramic cob from Áspero (ASIV-4 = 5) with 10 spiraling irregular rows, possibly of a purple cob color and an overall cylindrical form, with horny glumes. It is a race that is more evolved than Proto-Confite Morocho. 184 6.1. A drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1936: 1047 [1157]) showing the harvest of maize in May, “… when they have to pile up the maize, peel it and shell it, removing the seeds and having the best maize placed aside to eat, and setting out the worst to make chicha.…” 223 6.2. A drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1936: 776 [792]) showing a cacique principal (Indian chieftain). 228 9.1. A drawing from Girolamo Benzoni’s Historia del Mondo Nuovo. It shows Indians preparing hicha in the Antilles. 259 A.1. A phylogeny of selected grass tribes and species. 445
Acknowledgments from the Spanish Edition Although it may seem an exaggeration, the acknowledgments are for me one of the things I find the hardest when writing a book. This is because no book is ever the work solely of one author, as other individuals, to whom the author is much indebted, have also taken part in one way or another. And there is always the fear that someone will slip by without being acknowledged. I therefore apologize for any involuntary omission. Clearly this book would not have been written without the help I had from the Universidad San Martín de Porres. This institution not only took over the publication of this book but, even more importantly, allowed me to devote a whole year to the research and preparation of the manuscript. This is priceless in countries like Peru, where retired university teachers receive no support at all with which to continue practicing their profession. I would therefore like to thank the officials in the Universidad San Martín de Porres who made this project possible, particularly Ismael Pinto, Juan Carlos Paredes, and Sergio Zapata Acha, with whom I had a constant contact and who were able to understand my anxieties and needs. Some individuals did not directly contribute to the preparation of this book, yet without them it would never have been written. Foremost among them is David H. Kelley, with whom I undertook my fieldwork as a student in the oh-so-distant year of 1958. Kelley had participated in the excavations Richard MacNeish had undertaken in Mexico, and so it was thanks to our lengthy conversations that I first became acquainted with the significance those excavations had in regard to maize. It was Kelley who realized the significance the site of Los Gavilanes – which Edward Lanning had discovered – could have. And it was Kelley who suggested to Professor Paul Mangelsdorf that I take charge of the excavations the Harvard Botanical Museum carried out in Huarmey in the early 1960s. So it was that I established contact with this master scholar, with whom I constantly corresponded almost right up to the moment he passed away. And Mangelsdorf certainly was the major influence that made me continue studying the maize problematic. xiii
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Page 5 and 6: Maize: Origin, Domestication, and I
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Page 10 and 11: viii Contents Genetic Information 8
Page 13: Figures List 1.1. A sample of moder
Page 17 and 18: Acknowledgments from the Spanish Ed
Page 19 and 20: Acknowledgments to the English Edit
Page 21 and 22: 1 The Maize Problematic Maize is
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Page 35 and 36: Maize as Seen by Europeans 15 faneg
Page 37 and 38: Maize as Seen by Europeans 17 (Mang
Page 39 and 40: Maize as Seen by Europeans 19 2.1.
Page 41 and 42: Maize as Seen by Europeans 21 melgo
Page 43 and 44: The Origin of Maize 23 Wild Maize A
Page 45 and 46: The Origin of Maize 25 the small nu
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The Origin of Maize 45 ears (female
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The Origin of Maize 47 3. Abscissio
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The Origin of Maize 49 The Triparti
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The Origin of Maize 51 a postscript
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The Origin of Maize 53 is correct.
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The Origin of Maize 55 origin in th
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The Origin of Maize 57 a normal dis
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The Origin of Maize 59 their work o
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4 The Domestication of Maize The or
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The Domestication of Maize 63 nativ
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The Domestication of Maize 65 BC -
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The Domestication of Maize 67 First
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The Domestication of Maize 69 unpub
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The Domestication of Maize 71 So Co
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The Domestication of Maize 73 facto
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The Domestication of Maize 75 in hi
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The Domestication of Maize 77 by a
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The Domestication of Maize 79 frequ
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The Domestication of Maize 81 The s
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The Domestication of Maize 83 Goodm
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The Domestication of Maize 85 There
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The Domestication of Maize 87 There
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The Domestication of Maize 89 To st
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The Domestication of Maize 91 selec
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The Domestication of Maize 93 do no
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The Domestication of Maize 95 (tass
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The Domestication of Maize 97 accou
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The Domestication of Maize 99 genet
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The Domestication of Maize 101 4. M
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The Domestication of Maize 103 to d
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The Domestication of Maize 105 The
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The Domestication of Maize 107 Knob
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The Domestication of Maize 109 numb
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The Domestication of Maize 111 McCl
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The Domestication of Maize 113 with
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The Domestication of Maize 115 On t
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The Domestication of Maize 117 it f
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The Archaeological Evidence 119 Can
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The Archaeological Evidence 121 fir
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The Archaeological Evidence 123 fir
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The Archaeological Evidence 125 are
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The Archaeological Evidence 127 For
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The Archaeological Evidence 129 ori
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The Archaeological Evidence 131 409
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The Archaeological Evidence 133 teo
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The Archaeological Evidence 135 bet
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The Archaeological Evidence 137 ign
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The Archaeological Evidence 139 Pol
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The Archaeological Evidence 141 381
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The Archaeological Evidence 143 fou
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The Archaeological Evidence 145 is
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The Archaeological Evidence 147 It
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The Archaeological Evidence 149 Val
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The Archaeological Evidence 151 at
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The Archaeological Evidence 153 wit
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The Archaeological Evidence 155 ass
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The Archaeological Evidence 157 The
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The Archaeological Evidence 159 Lan
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The Archaeological Evidence 161 5.3
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The Archaeological Evidence 163 fro
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The Archaeological Evidence 165 pre
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The Archaeological Evidence 179 acc
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The Archaeological Evidence 181 the
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The Archaeological Evidence 185 Uni
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The Archaeological Evidence 187 In
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The Archaeological Evidence 189 Sha
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The Archaeological Evidence 191 Sha
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The Archaeological Evidence 193 cor
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The Archaeological Evidence 195 “
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The Archaeological Evidence 197 Mac
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The Archaeological Evidence 199 (Ma
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The Archaeological Evidence 201 pro
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The Archaeological Evidence 203 the
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The Archaeological Evidence 205 Com
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The Archaeological Evidence 207 ref
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The Archaeological Evidence 209 Los
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The Archaeological Evidence 211 app
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The Archaeological Evidence 213 lon
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The Archaeological Evidence 215 a c
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The Archaeological Evidence 217 con
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6 The Role of Maize in Andean Cultu
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The Role of Maize in Andean Culture
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Maize as Seen by the First European
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The Dispersal of Maize around the W
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Chicha 259 9.1. A drawing from Giro
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Chicha 261 Tschudi then added: Of t
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Chicha 263 the word common in the I
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Chicha 265 discovered, that is unkn
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Chicha 267 Cárdenas, 1947: 34-35),
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Chicha 269 or girls and boys chew -
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Chicha 271 chicha called claro just
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Discussion and Conclusions 273 incl
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Discussion and Conclusions 275 diff
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Discussion and Conclusions 277 mind
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Discussion and Conclusions 279 Cuev
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Discussion and Conclusions 281 Sout
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Discussion and Conclusions 283 as t
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Discussion and Conclusions 285 cult
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Discussion and Conclusions 287 We s
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Discussion and Conclusions 289 On t
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Discussion and Conclusions 291 It w
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Discussion and Conclusions 293 Grob
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Discussion and Conclusions 295 of t
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Discussion and Conclusions 297 The
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Discussion and Conclusions 299 alte
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Discussion and Conclusions 301 that
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Discussion and Conclusions 303 R. M
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Discussion and Conclusions 305 samp
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Discussion and Conclusions 307 Any
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Discussion and Conclusions 309 What
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Discussion and Conclusions 311 One
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Discussion and Conclusions 313 1987
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Discussion and Conclusions 315 Nort
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Discussion and Conclusions 317 here
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Discussion and Conclusions 319 Fina
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Discussion and Conclusions 321 prov
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Discussion and Conclusions 323 resp
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Discussion and Conclusions 325 This
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Discussion and Conclusions 327 atte
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APPENDIX ORIGIN, DOMESTICATION, AND
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Appendix: Origin, Domestication, an
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Afterword While the present book wa
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Bibliography ACOSTA, Padre José de
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Bibliography 491 ATHENS, J. S. 1990
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Bibliography 493 1999. On the origi
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Bibliography 495 of Maize, edited b
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Bibliography 497 BONAVIA, Duccio, a
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Bibliography 499 BUCKLER, Edward S.
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Bibliography 501 CHEVALIER, Alexand
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Bibliography 503 CURATOLA, Marco 19
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Bibliography 505 DILLEHAY, Tom Dalt
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Bibliography 507 ENGEL, Frédéric
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Bibliography 509 und Vergleichenden
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Bibliography 511 1971b. Identificac
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Bibliography 513 Linguistics, Bioge
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Bibliography 515 (Note: A copy of t
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Bibliography 517 2009. Rio Balsas m
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Bibliography 519 ILTIS, Hugh H., an
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Bibliography 521 1976. Cytological
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Bibliography 523 LATCHAM, Ricardo 1
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Bibliography 525 1981b. Synthesis a
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Bibliography 527 1983a. The search
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Bibliography 529 McCLUNG de TAPIA,
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Bibliography 531 1973. Rite and cro
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Bibliography 533 ORTEGA, Ynes R., a
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Bibliography 535 10. Museum Applied
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Bibliography 537 1978. Origins and
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Bibliography 539 PIPERNO, Dolores R
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Bibliography 541 1959. The origin o
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Bibliography 543 ROE, Daphne A. 197
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Bibliography 545 SAINT-HILAIRE, A.
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Bibliography 547 by Sissel Johannes
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Bibliography 549 1980a. Plant remai
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Bibliography 551 TABÍO, Ernesto E.
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Bibliography 553 TSUKADA, Matsuo, a
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Bibliography 555 1981b. Early and/o
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Bibliography 557 1970. Teosinte int
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Index Abeja (Colombia), 144 abnorma
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Index 561 Puerto Rico, 143 United S
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Index 563 Chapalote race, 108-9, 11
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Index 565 crossings domestication o
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Index 567 variability of maize afte
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Index 569 Ga1-s allele, 409-10 Ga2-
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Index 571 domestication of maize, 9
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Index 573 Italy cultivation of maiz
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Index 575 South American domesticat
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Index 577 Oliveira, Paulo E. de, 20
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Index 579 diffusion of maize, 80 do
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Index 581 Rinderknecht, Andrés, 21
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Index 583 sterility, male, 412-15 s
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Index 585 introgression in South Am
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